Religion in Latvia#History

File:Аглонская Базелика - panoramio (1).jpg]]

Latvia was one of the last regions in Europe to be Christianized. The inhabitants of the region that is now Latvia once practiced Finnic paganism and Baltic mythology, but this practice gradually diminished through the course of the centuries. In the 12th to 13th centuries Latvia first became part of the Catholic Church, as the Christian kings of Denmark, Sweden and the North German Livonian and Teutonic military orders fought for influence in the region in what later became known as the Northern Crusades.

Despite the Christianization, the local populace in the countryside maintained their pagan belief system for several centuries, with pockets of paganism surviving in Latvia up until the 17th century. Along with the rest of the traditional holidays, Christmas (Ziemassvētki) and Easter (Lieldienas) in Latvia still largely retain their pagan roots.

During the Protestant Reformation the teachings of Lutheranism from Northern Germany and Scandinavia completely changed the religious landscape in the country, and eventually only eastern Latvia (Latgale) remained Catholic, due to the influence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Before World War II, 2/3 of Latvia was Protestant; overwhelmingly Lutheran with scarce Calvinist population and individual cases of adhering to other Protestant confessions.Encyclopedia of Global Religion by Mark Juergensmeyer, Wade Clark Roof; page 111.State Responses to Minority Religions by Dr David M Kirkham, p. Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century by Richard Crampton, Benjamin Crampton; p. 90; "Inter-war Latvia: Religious composition"

Because of the state policy of atheism during the Soviet era and the general European trend of secularization, religiosity declined drastically, and today a growing percentage of Latvians claims not to follow any religion, with low church attendance.

According to the Annual Report of Religious Organizations and their Activities published by the Ministry of Justice (MOJ), based on 2022 data, the largest religious groups are Lutheran (37 percent), Roman Catholic (19 percent), and Latvian Orthodox Christian (13 percent);{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/latvia/|title= US State Dept 2022 report on Latvia}} almost 30 percent of the country is unaffiliated to any religious group.

In a survey from 2015, the ISSP found that 62.6% of the Latvian population declared to belong to a Christian denomination, divided in 19.7% Russian Orthodox, 18.5% Roman Catholic, 17.8% Protestant, 6.1% Old Believers and 0.5% belonged to smaller Christian denominations. A further 36.7% declared to have No Religion and 0.7% declared to belong to other religions.{{Cite journal|date=2015|title=Country specific religious affiliation or denomination: Latvia - weighted|url=http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/velocity?v=2&V187slice=1&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6770_V187&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6770_V441&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6770&gs=5&mode=table&top=yes&executepdf=true|journal=International Social Survey Programme: Work Orientations IV - ISSP 2015|via=GESIS}}

In the same year the Eurobarometer survey by the European Commission found different results, with 76.7% of the Latvians regarding themselves as Christians, divided in 26.2% Catholics 24.0% Eastern Orthodox, 16.6% Protestants, and 9.9% other Christians. The unaffiliated people made up the 22.0% of the respondents and were divided in Atheists with 4.7% and Agnostics with 17.3%.{{citation|title=DISCRIMINATION IN THE EU IN 2015|url=http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?v=2&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V294&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA6595_V499&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA6595&V294slice=1&gs=7&mode=table&top=yes|work=Special Eurobarometer|year=2015|series=437|location=European Union|publisher=European Commission|access-date=15 October 2017|via=GESIS}}

The Latvian polling agency SKDS has also gathered information regarding the religious affiliation of Latvia over the years. In 2018, 26% of the population was Orthodox, 20% identified as Catholic while 17% was Lutheran, and 3% were Old Believers. 14% believed in God without being affiliated to any religion, while 15% declared themselves as atheist. A further 3% belonged to other Christian sects or religions.{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ArnisKaktins/status/1044214761557282816|title=Lūk, kā izskatās Latvijas iedzīvotāju reliģiskās un konfesionālās piederības pēdējās 3 aptaujās, kur tas ir ticis prasīts. Kā redzams, tad par katoļiem sevi patlaban uzskata ~ 20% iedzīvotāju. Pareizticīgo ir vairāk: ~ 26%, bet luterāņu mazāk: ~ 17%.pic.twitter.com/hM5kHIxeXZ|last=Kaktiņš|first=Arnis|date=2018-09-24|website=@ArnisKaktins|language=lv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620202439/https://twitter.com/ArnisKaktins/status/1044214761557282816|archive-date=2019-06-20|url-status=live|access-date=2019-06-20}}

{{Graph:Chart

| width = 500

| height = 200

| xAxisTitle = Year

| x = 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2018

| colors = dodgerblue, purple, red, gray, black

| yAxisTitle = & claiming affiliation

| yAxisFormat = %

| yGrid =

| y1 = .28, .238, .25, .20, .21, .21, .24, .22, .20, .23, .184, .20, .17

| y2 = .19, .223, .21, .21, .20, .22, .22, .24, .23, .21, .226, .22, .20

| y3 = .22, .189, .25, .24, .26, .24, .24, .23, .23, .25, .256, .25, .26

| y4 = .10, .128, .09, .11, .10, .10, .10, .10, .11, .09, .097, .10, .14

| y5 = .18, .177, .12, .16, .14, .14, .11, .15, .16, .14, .164, .17, .15

}}

Religion in Latvia, SKDS surveys 2000-2018

{{legend|DodgerBlue|Lutherans}}

{{legend|Purple|Catholics}}

{{legend|Red|Eastern Orthodox}}

{{legend|Gray|Unaffiliated believers}}

{{legend|Black|Irreligious}}

File:Riga Russisch-Orthodoxe Kathedrale Christi Geburt 3.JPG, the largest Orthodox cathedral in the Baltic region.]]

File:Saeimas priekšsēdētāja piedalās Viņa Svētības pāvesta Franciska vizītes pasākumos (44840974432).jpg in Latvia, September 2018]]

File:Lokstene Dievturi Shrine in Liepsalas, Klintaine Parish, Pļaviņas Municipality, Latvia.jpg]]

The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia has 708,773 members.{{cite web|url=http://www.tm.gov.lv/lv/labumi/TM.docx|title=Tieslietu ministrijā iesniegtie reliģisko organizāciju pārskati par darbību 2011. gadā|language=lv|access-date=2012-07-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126013327/http://www.tm.gov.lv/lv/labumi/TM.docx|archive-date=2012-11-26}} The Catholic Church in Latvia has 430,000 members.Reliģiju Enciklopēdija, [http://www.bibelesbiedriba.lv/religiju-enciklopedija/statistika.html Statistika] (in Latvian). Accessed 2009-07-23. Historically, the west and central parts of the country have been predominantly Protestant, while the east – particularly the Latgale region – has been predominantly Catholic, although Catholics are now common in Riga and other cities due to migration from Latgale.{{Cite web|first=Valters |last=Ščerbinskis |year=1999 |title=Eastern Minorities |publisher=The Latvian Institute |url=http://www.li.lv/index.php?Itemid=471&id=102&option=com_content&task=view}} Historically, Lutherans were the majority, but Communist rule weakened Lutheranism much more than Catholicism, with the result that there are now only slightly more Lutherans than Catholics. The Latvian Orthodox Church is then-semi-autonomous and has 400,000 members. Orthodoxy predominates among the Latvian Russian population.

{{As of|2022}}, the population of Jews in Latvia was 4,000, although some estimates are double this;{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/latvia/|title= US State Dept 2022 report on Latvia}} there are 1,000 Muslims in Latvia. The neopagan Latvian ethnic religion is Dievturība.

The Reformed Church in Latvia is a small Reformed denomination with two congregations in Riga.

As of 2011, the Justice Ministry had registered 1145 congregations. This total included: Lutheran (294), Catholic (250), Orthodox (122), Baptist (94), Old Believer Orthodox (69), Pentecostal (52), Seventh-day Adventist (51), Evangelical (39), New Generation (18), Muslim (17), Jehovah's Witnesses (15), Jewish (13), Methodist (12), New Apostolic (11), Hare Krishna (11), Dievturi (10), Buddhist (4), Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) (4), and 18 other congregations. In 2003, the Government also registered the Christian Scientists as a recognized religious congregation.

In 2022 Latvia passed a law removing all influence or power over the Orthodox Church from non Latvians, which would include the Patriarch of Moscow, making the Orthodox Church of Latvia completely independent.{{cite web |title=Orthodox Church of Latvia seceded from Moscow – It was a matter of national security, says the President |url=https://orthodoxtimes.com/orthodox-church-of-latvia-seceded-from-moscow-it-was-a-matter-of-national-security-says-the-president/ |date=10 September 2022}}

; Church membership

In 2011, churches in Latvia provided the following estimates of church membership to the Justice Ministry:

In 2023, the country was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.[https://freedomhouse.org/country/latvia/freedom-world/2022 Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08]

• Dievturība
• Catholic Church in Latvia
• Islam in Latvia

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{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite journal|author=Stradiņš J |title=Martin Luther and the Impact of the Reformation on the History of Latvia. - Dialogue between Christianity and Secularism in Latvia |journal=Annals of European Academy of Sciences and Arts |volume=15 |number=VI |year=1996 |page=75}}
• {{Cite journal|author=Klīve V |title=The Latvian Struggle for Survival: A Religious Perspective |journal=Humanities and Social Sciences. Latvia |year=1993 |number=1 |pages=51–52}}

{{Christianity in Latvia}}

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{{Religion in Europe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Religion In Latvia}}