Restrictions on TikTok in the United States#2025 shutdown
{{Short description|Federal-government-imposed ban}}
{{For|the federal law that de jure banned TikTok|Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
File:Screenshot of TikTok error when accessed in US.png
The short-form video-hosting service TikTok has been under a de jure nationwide ban in the United States since January 19, 2025, due to the US government's concerns over potential user data collection and influence operations by the government of the People's Republic of China. The ban took effect after ByteDance, the China-based parent company of TikTok, refused to sell the service before the deadline of the Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act (PAFACA). Prior to the ban, individual states, cities, universities, and government-affiliated devices had restricted TikTok.
In 2020, President Donald Trump proposed a ban of the app as he viewed it as a national security threat. In August, he signed an executive order instructing that ByteDance divest from the app, though the order was blocked by a court injunction in September and was reversed by the Biden administration in 2021. However, in 2024, PAFACA was proposed in Congress due to alleged security concerns and pro-Palestinian bias. The bill was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden, setting a deadline for the app to be banned unless a qualified divestment were made before then. Following a legal challenge from TikTok, the law was upheld by the Supreme Court.
On January 18, 2025, the day before the deadline of the law, TikTok voluntarily suspended its services in the United States, even though Biden had declined to enforce the ban. The following day, after President-elect Trump signaled that he would grant an extension to TikTok upon being inaugurated, services were restored. On January 20, the first day of his term, Trump signed an executive order that halted enforcement of the ban for a 75-day period while his administration pursues a potential sale of TikTok to American owners. This brought the deadline to April 5. On April 4, Trump signed an executive order to halt the ban's enforcement for another 75 days, to June 19.
Federal restrictions
{{Further|TikTok#United States}}
= First Trump administration (2017–2021) =
{{Main|Donald Trump–TikTok controversy}}
In December 2019, the United States Army and Navy banned TikTok on government devices after the Department of Defense labeled it a security risk. Before the policy change, army recruiters had been using the platform to attract young people. Unofficial promotional videos continue to be posted on TikTok under personal accounts, drawing the ire of government officials, but they have also helped boost the number of enlistees; several accounts have millions of views and followers.{{cite news |last = Howe |first = Elizabeth |date = November 16, 2021 |title = Army Recruiters on TikTok Dance Around Ban To Reach Gen Z |url = https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2021/11/army-recruiters-tiktok-dance-around-ban-reach-gen-z/186881/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230920222259/https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2021/11/army-recruiters-tiktok-dance-around-ban-reach-gen-z/186881/ |archive-date = September 20, 2023 |access-date = September 5, 2023 |work = Defense One |publisher = Atlantic Media }}{{cite news |last = Kelly |first = Makena |title = The Army is in hot water over TikTok recruiting activity |date = December 14, 2021 |publisher = The Verge |url = https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/14/22834405/tiktok-army-marco-rubio-ban-report-government-personal-devices |access-date = September 5, 2023 |archive-date = June 24, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230624035021/https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/14/22834405/tiktok-army-marco-rubio-ban-report-government-personal-devices |url-status = live }}{{cite news |last = Sung |first = Morgan |title = TikTok-famous 'Island Boys' promote Army recruitment in Cameo |date = January 25, 2022 |publisher = NBC News |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/viral/tiktok-famous-island-boys-promote-army-recruitment-cameo-rcna13347 |access-date = September 5, 2023 |archive-date = June 2, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230602150237/https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/viral/tiktok-famous-island-boys-promote-army-recruitment-cameo-rcna13347 |url-status = live }}
{{Excerpt|Donald Trump–TikTok controversy|paragraphs=1-2|templates=no|hat=no}}
= Biden administration (2021–2025) =
File:Executive Order 14034.pdf
On June 9, 2021, the Biden administration issued Executive Order 14034, "Protecting Americans' Sensitive Data from Foreign Adversaries" ("EO 14034"), overturning three executive orders signed by Donald Trump: Executive Order 13942, Executive Order 13943, and Executive Order 13971. Despite revoking these Executive Orders, the Biden Administration's EO 14034 has called upon other federal agencies to continue a broad review of foreign-owned applications set to continuously inform the President of the risk that the applications pose to personal data and national security.{{Cite web |last = Brown |first = Abram |title = Let's Talk About What Biden Just Did With Trump's TikTok Ban |url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2021/06/09/lets-talk-about-what-biden-just-did-with-trumps-tiktok-ban/ |access-date = November 26, 2021 |website = Forbes |language = en |archive-date = November 26, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126044249/https://www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2021/06/09/lets-talk-about-what-biden-just-did-with-trumps-tiktok-ban/ |url-status = live }} The White House said that, "The Biden Administration is committed to promoting an open, interoperable, reliable, and secure Internet; protecting human rights online and offline; and supporting a vibrant, global digital economy."{{Cite web |title = Biden reverses Trump's effort to ban TikTok, orders broader review of foreign-owned apps |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-reverses-trump-s-effort-ban-tiktok-orders-broader-review-n1270133 |access-date = November 26, 2021 |website = NBC News |date = June 9, 2021 |language = en |archive-date = November 26, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126044248/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-reverses-trump-s-effort-ban-tiktok-orders-broader-review-n1270133 |url-status = live }}
In December 2022, Senator Marco Rubio and representatives Mike Gallagher and Raja Krishnamoorthi introduced the Averting the National Threat of Internet Surveillance, Oppressive Censorship and Influence, and Algorithmic Learning by the Chinese Communist Party Act (ANTI-SOCIAL CCP Act), which would prohibit Chinese- and Russian-owned social networks from doing business in the United States.{{Cite web |last = Feiner |first = Lauren |date = December 13, 2022 |title = Lawmakers unveil bipartisan bill that aims to ban TikTok in the U.S. |url = https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/13/lawmakers-unveil-bipartisan-bill-that-aims-to-ban-tiktok-in-the-us.html |access-date = December 13, 2022 |publisher = CNBC |language = en |archive-date = September 28, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230928050911/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/13/lawmakers-unveil-bipartisan-bill-that-aims-to-ban-tiktok-in-the-us.html |url-status = live }}{{Cite web |last = Oshin |first = Olafimihan |date = December 13, 2022 |title = Lawmakers introduce bill to ban TikTok in US |url = https://thehill.com/policy/technology/3773695-lawmakers-introduce-bill-to-ban-tiktok-in-us/ |access-date = December 13, 2022 |website = The Hill |language = en-US |archive-date = June 4, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230604021049/https://thehill.com/policy/technology/3773695-lawmakers-introduce-bill-to-ban-tiktok-in-us/ |url-status = live }}
On December 30, 2022, President Joe Biden signed the No TikTok on Government Devices Act, prohibiting the use of the app on devices owned by the federal government, with some exceptions.{{cite news |last = Ingram |first = David |title = Biden signs TikTok ban for government devices, setting up a chaotic 2023 for the app |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/tiktok-ban-biden-government-college-state-federal-security-privacy-rcna63724 |work = NBC News |date = December 30, 2022 |access-date = January 1, 2023 |archive-date = January 1, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230101212713/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/tiktok-ban-biden-government-college-state-federal-security-privacy-rcna63724 |url-status = live }} Days after the Biden administration called on ByteDance, which owns TikTok, to sell the platform or face a ban, law enforcement officials disclosed that an investigation into TikTok was taking place. On March 17, 2023, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) officially launched an investigation of TikTok, including allegations that the company spied on American journalists.{{Cite web |date = March 17, 2023 |title = The DOJ and FBI are investigating TikTok over allegations that employees spied on journalists |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/doj-fbi-are-investigating-tiktok-allegations-employees-spied-journalis-rcna75497 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230322205539/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/doj-fbi-are-investigating-tiktok-allegations-employees-spied-journalis-rcna75497 |archive-date = March 22, 2023 |access-date = March 20, 2023 |website = NBC News |language = en }}
On January 25, 2023, Missouri Senator Josh Hawley introduced a bill to ban the platform nationwide. After Shou Zi Chew, the CEO of TikTok, testified before the U.S. House of Representatives, Hawley's attempt to force a vote on this bill in the Senate was blocked on March 29, 2023, when Kentucky Senator Rand Paul objected.{{Citation |title = TikTok ban pushed by Missouri's Hawley blocked in Senate |last = JALONICK |first = MARY |url = https://apnews.com/article/hawley-tiktok-ban-senate-bill-blocked-dc504ad560b949bd11e2970afd3669dd |work = Associated Press |access-date = April 12, 2023 |date = March 29, 2023 |publication-date = March 29, 2023 |archive-date = April 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230413065806/https://apnews.com/article/hawley-tiktok-ban-senate-bill-blocked-dc504ad560b949bd11e2970afd3669dd |url-status = live }}
In February and March 2023, the DATA Act and the RESTRICT Act were both introduced in the House of Representatives and Senate, respectively. The DATA Act, introduced on February 24 by Michael McCaul, aimed to ban selling non-public personal data to third-party buyers.{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/1165/text |title=Text - H.R.1165 - 118th Congress (2023-2024): Data Privacy Act of 2023 |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323163331/https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/1165/text |url-status=live}} On March 7, Senator Mark Warner introduced the RESTRICT Act: if passed, it would give the Secretary of Commerce authority to review business transactions made by IT service and product vendors tied to designated "foreign adversaries" if they present an undue threat to national security, and have more than one million active users in the United States. The legislation would allow for the enforcement of orders and other mitigation measures, which could include mandatory divestment, or being prohibited from doing business in the United States.{{Cite web |last = Brown |first = Elizabeth Nolan |date = March 29, 2023 |title = Could the RESTRICT Act Criminalize the Use of VPNs? |url = https://reason.com/2023/03/29/could-the-restrict-act-criminalize-the-use-of-vpns/ |access-date = March 30, 2023 |website = Reason.com |language = en-US |archive-date = June 2, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230602045927/https://reason.com/2023/03/29/could-the-restrict-act-criminalize-the-use-of-vpns/ |url-status = live }}
Several officials subsequently cited alleged pro-Palestinian bias on the app.{{Cite web |last=Washington |first=Jessica |date=January 9, 2025 |title=The TikTok Ban Is Also About Hiding Pro-Palestinian Content. Republicans Said So Themselves. |url=https://theintercept.com/2025/01/09/tiktok-ban-israel-palestine-republicans/ |access-date=January 20, 2025 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}} While advocating for a ban, Representative Mike Gallagher alleged "rampant pro-Hamas propaganda on the app".{{Cite news |last=Hale |first=Erin |title=TikTok faces calls for ban amid claims of anti-Israel 'indoctrination' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/10/tiktok-faces-renewed-calls-for-a-ban-amid-pro-hamas-anti-israel-claims |access-date=March 17, 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180422/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/10/tiktok-faces-renewed-calls-for-a-ban-amid-pro-hamas-anti-israel-claims |url-status=live }} Senators Mitt Romney, Josh Hawley, Representative Mike Lawler, and other Republicans have also alleged that TikTok had a pro-Palestine bias, with Lawler even alleging that TikTok was being manipulated during pro-Palestinian protests at colleges.{{cite web |title=THE TIKTOK BAN IS ALSO ABOUT HIDING PRO-PALESTINIAN CONTENT. REPUBLICANS SAID SO THEMSELVES. |url=https://theintercept.com/2025/01/09/tiktok-ban-israel-palestine-republicans/ |website=theintercept.com |date=January 9, 2025 |publisher=The Intercept |access-date=January 19, 2025}} In a filing to the Supreme Court, TikTok's attorneys said, "Allegations that TikTok has amplified support for either side of the Israeli- Palestinian conflict are unfounded."{{cite web |title=TIKTOK INC. AND BYTEDANCE LTD., v. MERRICK B. GARLAND, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/24/24A587/335257/20241216144658388_TikTok%20Inc.%20v.%20Garland%20-%20SCOTUS%20Application%20for%20Injunction.pdf |website=supremecourt.gov |publisher=Supreme Court |access-date=January 19, 2025 |archive-date=January 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119125528/https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/24/24A587/335257/20241216144658388_TikTok%20Inc.%20v.%20Garland%20-%20SCOTUS%20Application%20for%20Injunction.pdf |url-status=live }}
On March 13, 2024, the United States House of Representatives passed the Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act (PAFACA) with largely bipartisan support from Democratic and Republican representatives.{{Cite news |last = |first = |title = Biden Backs Effort to Force Sale of TikTok by Chinese Owners |url = https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/biden-backs-effort-to-force-sale-of-tiktok-by-chinese-owners-ba989656 |url-access = subscription |access-date = March 9, 2024 |work = The Wall Street Journal |language = en-US |archive-date = March 16, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240316013408/https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/biden-backs-effort-to-force-sale-of-tiktok-by-chinese-owners-ba989656 |url-status = live }}{{Cite web |date = March 13, 2024 |title = House passes bill that could lead to a TikTok ban; fight shifts to the Senate |url = https://www.cnbc.com/2024/03/13/house-passes-bill-that-could-lead-to-a-tiktok-ban-fight-shifts-to-the-senate.html |access-date = March 13, 2024 |website = CNBC |archive-date = March 15, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240315200442/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/03/13/house-passes-bill-that-could-lead-to-a-tiktok-ban-fight-shifts-to-the-senate.html |url-status = live }} It would ban operations related to the app completely within the country unless ByteDance makes a qualified divestiture as determined by the US president.{{cite web |title = H.R.7521 - Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act |url = https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/7521 |website = Congress.gov |date = March 14, 2024 |access-date = March 19, 2024 |archive-date = March 19, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240319054934/https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/7521 |url-status = live }} After modifications, the act passed the House again{{cite magazine |last1 = Childs |first1 = Jeremy |date = April 20, 2024 |title = Foreign Aid Package for Ukraine, Israel... and TikTok Ban Passes House, Frustrating MAGA Republicans |url = https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/foreign-aid-package-ukraine-israel-tiktok-ban-passes-house-1235008037/ |access-date = April 21, 2024 |magazine = Rolling Stone |archive-date = April 20, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240420235038/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/foreign-aid-package-ukraine-israel-tiktok-ban-passes-house-1235008037/ |url-status = live }}{{cite news |last1 = Fung |first1 = Brian |date = April 20, 2024 |title = House passes legislation that could ban TikTok in the US amid high-stakes vote on foreign aid |url = https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/20/tech/house-passes-legislation-that-could-ban-tiktok-in-the-us-amid-high-stakes-vote-on-foreign-aid/index.html |access-date = April 21, 2024 |work = CNN |language = en |archive-date = April 20, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240420202115/https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/20/tech/house-passes-legislation-that-could-ban-tiktok-in-the-us-amid-high-stakes-vote-on-foreign-aid/index.html |url-status = live }} and the United States Senate{{Cite web |last1 = Peller |first1 = Lauren |last2 = Pecorin |first2 = Allison |last3 = Beth Hensley |first3 = Sarah |last4 = Hutzler |first4 = Alexandra |date = April 23, 2024 |title = Senate passes $95B foreign aid package for Ukraine, Israel and Taiwan: What's next? |url = https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/senate-returns-95b-foreign-aid-package-ukraine-israel/story?id=109506150 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240424071237/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/senate-returns-95b-foreign-aid-package-ukraine-israel/story?id=109506150 |archive-date = April 24, 2024 |access-date = April 24, 2024 |website = ABC News |language = en }} before it was signed into law by Joe Biden on April 24, 2024. The ban went into effect on January 19, 2025. An additional 90 days could be issued on the deadline.{{Cite web |last1 = Williams |first1 = Michael |last2 = Saenz |first2 = Arlette |last3 = Liptak |first3 = Kevin |date = April 24, 2024 |title = Biden signs foreign aid bill providing crucial military assistance to Ukraine |url = https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/24/politics/biden-signs-foreign-aid-bill/index.html |access-date = April 24, 2024 |website = CNN |language = en |archive-date = April 24, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240424162758/https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/24/politics/biden-signs-foreign-aid-bill/index.html |url-status = live }}
== Legal challenge ==
File:TikTok, Inc. v. Garland Oral Argument.ogg
{{Excerpt|TikTok v. Garland|only=paragraph|paragraphs=1-4}}
= 2025 shutdown =
{{Further|Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act}}
{{multiple image
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| image2 = TikTok being pulled from Google Play Store.png
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| image3 = TikTok and other ByteDance apps.jpg
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| footer = Messages displayed to US users who searched for TikTok on the TikTok website (top), Google Play Store (middle), and Apple App Store (bottom) while the ban was in effect
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In January 2025, TikTok users began exploring options for a "mass migration" to other apps in the event that TikTok were to be banned. On January 13, many U.S. TikTok users began downloading and switching to the Chinese app Xiaohongshu (or RedNote),{{Cite web |title = US TikTok users flock to Chinese app Xiaohongshu in protest with TikTok ban looming |url = https://www.opb.org/article/2025/01/14/tiktok-ban-update-red-note/ |access-date = January 15, 2025 |website = opb |language = en |archive-date = January 15, 2025 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250115003441/https://www.opb.org/article/2025/01/14/tiktok-ban-update-red-note/ |url-status = live }}{{Cite news |last1 = Shepherd |first1 = Christian |last2 = Chiang |first2 = Vic |last3 = Northrop |first3 = Katrina |date = January 14, 2025 |title = 'TikTok refugees' flock to another (heavily censored) Chinese app |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/01/14/tiktok-refugees-rednote-censorship/ |url-access = registration |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250115134959/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/01/14/tiktok-refugees-rednote-censorship/ |archive-date = January 15, 2025 |access-date = January 15, 2025 |newspaper = The Washington Post }}{{Cite web |last1 = WANG |first1 = Tommy |last2 = LOW |first2 = Zoe |title = 'Take My Data': US 'TikTok Refugees' Flock To Alternative Chinese App |url = https://www.barrons.com/news/take-my-data-us-tiktok-refugees-flock-to-alternative-chinese-app-f9d644ae |access-date = January 15, 2025 |website = www.barrons.com |language = en-US |archive-date = January 15, 2025 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250115012409/https://www.barrons.com/news/take-my-data-us-tiktok-refugees-flock-to-alternative-chinese-app-f9d644ae |url-status = live }} which is similar to Instagram and TikTok, in protest of the ban. The hashtag "#tiktokrefugee" and the term TikTok refugee went viral on RedNote,{{Cite web |last1=Tayir |first1=Hassan |last2=Cheung |first2=Eric |date=January 14, 2025 |title=The great social media migration: Sudden influx of US users to RedNote connects Chinese and Americans like never before |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/14/tech/rednote-china-popularity-us-tiktok-ban-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=January 15, 2025 |website=CNN Business |publisher=CNN |language=en |archive-date=January 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115021318/https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/14/tech/rednote-china-popularity-us-tiktok-ban-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last = Jing |first = Shuang |date = January 14, 2025 |title = Xiaohongshu: the new home for "TikTok refugees" |url = https://technode.com/2025/01/14/xiaohongshu-the-new-home-for-tiktok-refugees/ |access-date = January 15, 2025 |website = TechNode |language = en-US |archive-date = January 14, 2025 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250114164712/https://technode.com/2025/01/14/xiaohongshu-the-new-home-for-tiktok-refugees/ |url-status = live }} being used by both American and Chinese users.{{Cite web |last = hanjianwei |date = January 15, 2025 |title = TikTok refugees Flock to Xiaohongshu to 'Pay the Cat Tax' |url = https://www.popai.pro/resources/tiktok-refugees-flock-to-xiaohongshu-to-pay-the-cat-tax/ |access-date = January 15, 2025 |website = PopAi |language = en-US |archive-date = January 15, 2025 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250115191231/https://www.popai.pro/resources/tiktok-refugees-flock-to-xiaohongshu-to-pay-the-cat-tax/ |url-status = live }}{{Cite news |last1 = Baptista |first1 = Eduardo |last2 = Hu |first2 = Krystal |last3 = Oladipo |first3 = Doyinsola |date = January 15, 2025 |title = Over half a million 'TikTok refugees' flock to China's RedNote |url = https://www.reuters.com/technology/over-half-million-tiktok-refugees-flock-chinas-rednote-2025-01-14/ |access-date = January 15, 2025 |work = Reuters }}{{Cite web |title = Chinese RedNote Users Welcome American 'TikTok Refugees', Seek 'Cat Tax', Exchange Homeworks |url = https://www.news18.com/world/chinese-rednote-users-welcome-american-tiktok-refugees-seek-cat-tax-exchange-homeworks-9189829.html |access-date = January 15, 2025 |website = News18 |language = en |archive-date = January 15, 2025 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250115191236/https://www.news18.com/world/chinese-rednote-users-welcome-american-tiktok-refugees-seek-cat-tax-exchange-homeworks-9189829.html |url-status = live }} The app became the most-downloaded free app on the Apple App Store,{{Cite news |last1 = Fu |first1 = Claire |last2 = Tobin |first2 = Meaghan |date = January 14, 2025 |title = Why TikTok Users Are Downloading 'Red Note,' the Chinese App |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/14/business/tiktok-rednote-xiaohongshu-app.html |url-access = registration |access-date = January 15, 2025 |work = The New York Times |language = en-US |issn = 0362-4331 }}{{Cite news |last1 = Cheung |first1 = Eric |last2 = Tayir |first2 = Hassan |date = January 14, 2025 |title = The great social media migration: Sudden influx of US users to RedNote connects Chinese and Americans like never before |url = https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/14/tech/rednote-china-popularity-us-tiktok-ban-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250115033127/https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/14/tech/rednote-china-popularity-us-tiktok-ban-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date = January 15, 2025 |access-date = January 15, 2025 |website = CNN |language = en }} and gained millions of U.S. users by January 16.{{Cite web |last = Paul |first = Katie |title = Chinese app RedNote gained millions of US users this week as 'TikTok refugees' joined ahead of ban |website = Reuters |url = https://www.reuters.com/technology/chinese-app-rednote-gained-millions-us-users-this-week-tiktok-refugees-joined-2025-01-16/ }}{{Cite web |date = January 15, 2025 |title = Over half a million 'TikTok refugees' flock to China's RedNote |url = https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/social/over-half-a-million-tiktok-refugees-flock-to-chinas-rednote-9779424/ |access-date = January 15, 2025 |website = The Indian Express |language = en |archive-date = January 15, 2025 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250115082401/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/social/over-half-a-million-tiktok-refugees-flock-to-chinas-rednote-9779424/ |url-status = live }} RedNote moderators worked overtime to translate content into English and accommodate the influx of new users.{{Cite web |last = |date = January 15, 2025 |title = 小红书走向国际化，小红书连夜招聘英文内容审核员 |trans-title = Xiaohongshu goes international, recruiting English content reviewers overnight |url = https://finance.sina.cn/2025-01-15/detail-ineezstc7264992.d.html |access-date = January 15, 2025 |website = finance.sina.cn |language = zh-CN }}{{Cite news |last = Goh |first = Brenda |date = January 15, 2025 |title = China gives a wary welcome to influx of 'TikTok refugees' on RedNote |url = https://www.reuters.com/technology/china-gives-wary-welcome-influx-tiktok-refugees-rednote-2025-01-15/ |access-date = January 15, 2025 |work = Reuters }}
On January 16, a Biden administration official stated that it would forego any decision on whether to enforce the ruling to the incoming Trump administration.{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2025 |title=Biden won't enforce TikTok ban, official says, leaving fate of app to Trump |url=https://apnews.com/article/tiktok-ban-trump-executive-order-1e95d9836bf6f8c0c245ed1c3234d968 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117161537/https://apnews.com/article/tiktok-ban-trump-executive-order-1e95d9836bf6f8c0c245ed1c3234d968 |archive-date=January 17, 2025 |access-date=January 17, 2025 |publisher=Associated Press |language=en}} On January 18, at approximately 10:30 p.m. EST, TikTok made their services temporarily unavailable in the United States after ByteDance refused to divest before the deadline of PAFACA.{{Cite web |last1=Pellish |first1=Aaron |last2=Stelter |first2=Brian |date=January 18, 2025 |title=TikTok shuts down in the United States hours ahead of a ban |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/18/business/trump-tiktok-ban/index.html |access-date=January 19, 2025 |website=CNN Business |publisher=CNN |language=en}} The app was removed from the Apple App Store and Google Play Store for users in the United States, effectively blocking them from downloading the application onto most mobile devices.{{Cite web |title = TikTok goes offline in the US hours before ban comes in |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz6p1g54q85o |access-date = January 19, 2025 |website = www.bbc.com |date = January 19, 2025 |language = en-GB |archive-date = January 19, 2025 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250119042325/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz6p1g54q85o |url-status = live }} Users with the application still installed received an error message informing them that the service was to become temporarily inaccessible in the US, and users visiting the website were shown a similar error message. Users were able to download their TikTok account data and sign in via the website, although all social functions, such as uploading, watching, commenting, or viewing profiles, were disabled.{{Cite web |last = Lawler |first = Richard |date = January 19, 2025 |title = TikTok is down in the US |url = https://www.theverge.com/2025/1/18/24346961/tiktok-shut-down-banned-in-the-us |access-date = January 19, 2025 |website = The Verge |language = en |archive-date = January 19, 2025 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250119034532/https://www.theverge.com/2025/1/18/24346961/tiktok-shut-down-banned-in-the-us |url-status = live }} Similar shutdowns of apps with connections to ByteDance followed, including Marvel Snap, Mobile Legends: Bang Bang, CapCut, Lemon8, and Tokopedia.{{Cite web |last = Lawler |first = Richard |date = January 19, 2025 |title = Marvel Snap is banned, just like TikTok |url = https://www.theverge.com/2025/1/19/24347034/marvel-snap-banned-tiktok-bytedance |access-date = January 19, 2025 |website = The Verge |language = en |archive-date = January 19, 2025 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250119052241/https://www.theverge.com/2025/1/19/24347034/marvel-snap-banned-tiktok-bytedance |url-status = live }}{{Cite magazine |last = Yang |first = Zeyi |title = It's Not Just TikTok: These Other ByteDance Apps Are Gone Too |url = https://www.wired.com/story/bytedance-tiktok-ban-lemon8-capcut-gauthai-app-stores/ |access-date = January 19, 2025 |magazine = Wired |language = en-US |issn = 1059-1028 |archive-date = January 19, 2025 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250119055656/https://www.wired.com/story/bytedance-tiktok-ban-lemon8-capcut-gauthai-app-stores/ |url-status = live }}
File:Screenshot of TikTok announcing the app being unbanned in the United States.png
Hours after the suspension of services took effect, President-elect Donald Trump indicated on Truth Social that he would issue an executive order on the day of his inauguration "to extend the period of time before the law’s prohibitions take effect".{{cite web |title=Trump says he will 'most likely' give TikTok a 90-day extension to avoid a ban |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-likely-give-tiktok-90-day-extension-avoid-ban-rcna188258 |website=nbcnews.com |date=January 18, 2025 |access-date=January 19, 2025 |archive-date=January 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119124253/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-likely-give-tiktok-90-day-extension-avoid-ban-rcna188258 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last1=Wiggers |first1=Kyle |last2=Ha |first2=Anthony |date=January 19, 2025 |title=TikTok goes dark in the US |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/01/19/tiktok-goes-dark-in-the-u-s/ |access-date=January 19, 2025 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |archive-date=January 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119182045/https://techcrunch.com/2025/01/19/tiktok-goes-dark-in-the-u-s/ |url-status=live }} At 12:00 p.m. EST on January 19, TikTok began restoring service. In a post on X, they stated that Trump provided "assurance to our service providers that they will face no penalties".{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2025 |title=TikTok says it is restoring service for U.S. users, thanking Trump |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/tiktok-says-restoring-service-us-users-rcna188320 |access-date=January 19, 2025 |website=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=January 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119181854/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/tiktok-says-restoring-service-us-users-rcna188320 |url-status=live }} Later on January 19, Speaker of the House Mike Johnson said, "I think we will enforce the law" and that his expectation is that TikTok would again be available on app stores only after Trump forces "a true divestiture, changing of hands, the ownership" of TikTok from ByteDance to a U.S. company.{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2025 |title=Johnson says 'we will enforce the law' on TikTok ban, 2 GOP senators break with Trump on extension |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/speaker-johnson-2-gop-senators-break-trump-tiktok-extension-rcna188307 |website=NBC News |access-date=January 19, 2025 |archive-date=January 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119213627/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/speaker-johnson-2-gop-senators-break-trump-tiktok-extension-rcna188307 |url-status=live }} Apple and Google have blocked efforts from TikTok to restore the app to their app stores. Senator Tom Cotton praised this, warning that companies that help maintain or distribute TikTok "could face hundreds of billions of dollars of ruinous liability under the law".{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=January 19, 2025 |title=TikTok isn't back in the App Store yet |url=https://www.theverge.com/2025/1/19/24347340/tiktok-ban-app-store-google-play |access-date=January 20, 2025 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=January 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120092117/https://www.theverge.com/2025/1/19/24347340/tiktok-ban-app-store-google-play |url-status=live }}
= Second Trump administration (2025–present) =
Trump campaigned on promises of not banning TikTok, despite his original opposition.{{Cite news |last = Rubin |first = Olivia |title = Questions loom about TikTok as Trump's cabinet comes into shape |url = https://abcnews.go.com/US/questions-loom-tiktok-trumps-cabinet-shape/story?id=116029231 |access-date = November 21, 2024 |website = ABC News |language = en |archive-date = November 22, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241122015813/https://abcnews.go.com/US/questions-loom-tiktok-trumps-cabinet-shape/story?id=116029231 |url-status = live }}{{Cite news |last1 = Razdan |first1 = Khushbo |last2 = Xie |first2 = Kawala |date = November 22, 2024 |title = Can Trump, avid TikTok user and China critic, save it from a US ban? |url = https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3287606/can-donald-trump-avid-tiktok-user-and-china-critic-save-platform-us-ban |access-date = November 21, 2024 |website = South China Morning Post |language = en }} Trump's cabinet picks for the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), as well as most Republicans, remained in favor of banning the app. Trump mentioned that after taking office, he would pursue a 'political resolution' regarding the issue.{{Cite news |last1 = Shepardson |first1 = David |last2 = Hu |first2 = Krystal |date = January 16, 2025 |title = TikTok prepares to shut down app in US on Sunday, sources say |language = en |work = Reuters |url = https://www.reuters.com/technology/tiktok-preparing-us-shut-off-sunday-information-reports-2025-01-15/ |access-date = January 16, 2025 |archive-date = January 17, 2025 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250117055720/https://www.reuters.com/technology/tiktok-preparing-us-shut-off-sunday-information-reports-2025-01-15/ |url-status = live }}
On January 20, the first day of his second term, Trump signed an executive order that instituted a 75-day period of non-enforcement of PAFACA.{{Cite web |title=TikTok Ban Live Updates: Trump Halts Ban For 75 Days—After CEO Attends Inauguration |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/antoniopequenoiv/2025/01/20/tiktok-ban-live-updates-trump-halts-ban-for-75-days-after-ceo-attends-inauguration/ |work=Forbes |access-date=January 21, 2025}} The order also suggested that a liability shield would be provided to companies that provided services to TikTok during that time. Trump stated that his administration would work toward a deal for "the United States to have a 50% ownership position in a joint venture".{{Cite news |last1=Allyn |first1=Bobby |title=Trump signs executive order to pause TikTok ban, provide immunity to tech firms |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/01/20/nx-s1-5268701/trump-executive-order-tiktok-ban |access-date=January 25, 2025 |publisher=NPR |date=January 20, 2025 |language=en |archive-date=January 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126050406/https://www.npr.org/2025/01/20/nx-s1-5268701/trump-executive-order-tiktok-ban |url-status=live }} Based on this executive order, Acting Attorney General James McHenry sent letters to Apple, Google, and Oracle.{{cite news |last1=Tilley |first1=Aaron |last2=Ramkumar |first2=Amrith |last3=Mattioli |first3=Dana |title=Apple and Google Restore TikTok to Mobile App Stores |url=https://www.wsj.com/tech/apple-and-google-restore-tiktok-to-mobile-app-stores-881ab6a7 |access-date=February 17, 2025 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=February 13, 2025}}
On social media, Trump stated that his administration would work toward a deal for "the United States to have a 50% ownership position in a joint venture". Trump later ordered the creation of a sovereign wealth fund, which he suggested could buy TikTok.{{cite news |last1=Duffy |first1=Clare |title=Trump says an American sovereign wealth fund could acquire TikTok. Here's what we know |agency=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/02/03/tech/tiktok-us-sovereign-wealth-fund-trump/index.html |date=February 4, 2025 |access-date=February 17, 2025}} On January 25, negotiations were reported as being underway for a deal that would entail a takeover of TikTok's US operations by Oracle and American investors, addressing national security concerns, with a decision expected within 30 days. ByteDance would retain a stake while Oracle would manage data and software updates.{{Cite news|last1=Bose|first1=Nandita|last2=Chmielewski|first2=Dawn|last3=Vinn|first3=Milana|last4=Singh|first4=Kanishka|title=Trump discussing TikTok purchase with multiple people, decision in 30 days|date=January 25, 2025|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/white-house-talks-have-oracle-us-investors-take-over-tiktok-npr-reports-2025-01-25/|access-date=January 26, 2025|archive-date=January 26, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126201024/https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/white-house-talks-have-oracle-us-investors-take-over-tiktok-npr-reports-2025-01-25/|url-status=live}}
Near the start of February, U.S. Vice President JD Vance and National Security Advisor Michael Waltz were announced as being in charge of negotiating a potential TikTok sale.{{cite web |last1=Gangitano |first1=Alex |title=Vance tapped to spearhead TikTok deal |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5132358-jd-vance-mike-waltz-tiktok-deal/ |website=The Hill |date=February 7, 2025}} U.S. Attorney General Pam Bondi sent letters to tech companies promising they would not face fines for hosting TikTok and other ByteDance apps during that time, prompting Apple and Google to restore these apps to their app stores on February 13.{{cite magazine |last1=Dave |first1=Paresh |title=TikTok Is Back in US App Stores |url=https://www.wired.com/story/tiktok-ban-back-in-ios-app-store-google-play-store/ |magazine=Wired |access-date=February 14, 2025 |date=February 13, 2025}}
On April 4, one day before the period of non-enforcement was set to expire, President Trump signed an executive order again delaying the enforcement of the TikTok ban by 75 days.{{Cite web |last=Vanian |first=Jonathan |date=2025-04-04 |title=Trump extends TikTok deadline for the second time |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/04/04/trumps-extends-tiktok-second-time.html |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=CNBC |language=en}} He had nearly secured a deal that included ByteDance maintaining a minority position in a new company based in the U.S. and owned by American investors, but China withdrew its support for the deal due to Trump imposing reciprocal tariffs against it.{{Cite web |last1=Hussein |first1=Fatima |last2=Parvini |first2=Sarah |last3=Madhani |first3=Aamer |last4=Anderson |first4=Mae |date=April 4, 2025 |title=China hit brakes on TikTok deal after Trump announced wide-ranging tariffs, AP Source says |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-tiktok-china-bytedance-social-media-tariffs |access-date=April 4, 2025 |website=AP News}}
Other restrictions
On April 14, 2023, Montana became the first state to pass legislation banning TikTok on all personal devices operating within state lines, and barring app stores from offering TikTok for download.{{cite web |last1 = Fung |first1 = Brian |date = April 14, 2023 |title = Montana lawmakers vote to completely ban TikTok in the state |url = https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/14/tech/montana-house-tiktok-ban/index.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230414215743/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/14/tech/montana-house-tiktok-ban/index.html |archive-date = April 14, 2023 |access-date = April 14, 2023 |website = CNN Business }}{{cite web |last1 = McCabe |first1 = David |date = April 14, 2023 |title = Montana Legislature Approves Outright Ban of TikTok |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/14/technology/montana-tiktok-ban-passed.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230414215023/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/14/technology/montana-tiktok-ban-passed.html |archive-date = April 14, 2023 |access-date = April 14, 2023 |website = The New York Times }}{{cite web |last1 = Michels |first1 = Holly |date = April 14, 2023 |title = Montana Legislature passes TikTok ban |url = https://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/montana-legislature-passes-tiktok-ban/article_af21804c-52d9-52ea-b5fc-748a0bcbd239.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230414230435/https://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/montana-legislature-passes-tiktok-ban/article_af21804c-52d9-52ea-b5fc-748a0bcbd239.html |archive-date = April 14, 2023 |access-date = April 14, 2023 |website = Billings Gazette }} Governor Greg Gianforte signed the bill, Senate Bill (SB) 419, into law on May 17.{{cite news |last1 = Hanson |first1 = Amy Beth |last2 = Hadero |first2 = Haleluya |date = May 17, 2023 |title = Montana says 1st-in-nation TikTok ban protects people. TikTok says it violates their rights |url = https://apnews.com/article/tiktok-ban-montana-325a33578a2bbfbe53e9c251d528c5fb |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230517225431/https://apnews.com/article/tiktok-ban-montana-325a33578a2bbfbe53e9c251d528c5fb |archive-date = May 17, 2023 |access-date = May 18, 2023 |work = Associated Press }}{{Cite news |last = Marino |first = Michael |date = June 2, 2023 |title = TikTok Banned in Montana |work = Yellowstone County News |pages = 2 }} The ban was blocked by US District Judge Donald W. Molloy on December 1, 2023, as he stated the ban "infringes on the Constitutional right of users and businesses". Due to the block, the ban did not come into effect as planned.{{cite news |last1 = Hanson |first1 = Amy Beth |date = November 30, 2023 |title = Montana's first-in-the-nation ban on TikTok blocked by judge who says it's unconstitutional |url = https://apnews.com/article/montana-tiktok-ban-25c561396e85fee8926309daf4ad4b4f |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231201061134/https://apnews.com/article/montana-tiktok-ban-25c561396e85fee8926309daf4ad4b4f |archive-date = December 1, 2023 |access-date = December 1, 2023 |work = AP News |language = en }}
As of April 2023,{{Cite news |last = Maheshwari |first = Sapna |date = January 15, 2023 |title = Auburn Banned TikTok, and Students Can't Stop Talking About It |language = en-US |work = The New York Times |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/15/business/auburn-tiktok-ban-students.html |access-date = January 15, 2023 |issn = 0362-4331 |archive-date = January 15, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230115100745/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/15/business/auburn-tiktok-ban-students.html |url-status = live }} at least 34 out of 50 states have announced or enacted bans on state government agencies, employees, and contractors using TikTok on government-issued devices. State bans only affect government employees and do not prohibit civilians from having or using the app on their personal devices.
In August 2023, New York City banned TikTok on government-owned devices for security reasons.{{Cite news |last = Singh |first = Kanishka |date = August 17, 2023 |title = New York City bans TikTok on government-owned devices over security concerns |url = https://www.reuters.com/world/us/new-york-city-bans-tiktok-government-owned-devices-over-security-concerns-2023-08-16/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230818035407/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/new-york-city-bans-tiktok-government-owned-devices-over-security-concerns-2023-08-16/ |archive-date = August 18, 2023 |access-date = August 18, 2023 |work = Reuters |language = en }}
Some public universities have also banned TikTok on campus Wi-Fi and university-owned computers. These include, but are not limited to:
{{colbegin|colwidth=33em}}
- Arizona State University{{Cite web |url = https://www.12news.com/article/news/local/valley/arizona-state-university-tiktok-ban/75-4d4560f2-ec2e-4802-bdff-2518c8ad67d7 |title = ASU bans TikTok from university devices |date = April 3, 2023 |last = Tanet |first = John |website = 12News |access-date = April 7, 2023 |archive-date = April 7, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230407014647/https://www.12news.com/article/news/local/valley/arizona-state-university-tiktok-ban/75-4d4560f2-ec2e-4802-bdff-2518c8ad67d7 |url-status = live }}
- Arkansas State University{{cite news |last = Castillo |first = Evans |title = These Colleges Just Banned TikTok |url = https://www.bestcolleges.com/news/these-colleges-just-banned-tiktok/ |work = Best Colleges |date = January 31, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230201151311/https://www.bestcolleges.com/news/these-colleges-just-banned-tiktok/ |archive-date = February 1, 2023 }}
- Arkansas Tech University
- Auburn University
- Black Hills State University
- Boise State University{{cite news |last = Cope |first = Emily |title = Public universities across the country ban CCP-influenced TikTok |url = https://www.thecollegefix.com/public-universities-across-the-country-ban-ccp-influenced-tiktok/ |work = The College Fix |date = January 11, 2023 |access-date = January 12, 2023 |archive-date = January 12, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230112225617/https://www.thecollegefix.com/public-universities-across-the-country-ban-ccp-influenced-tiktok/ |url-status = live }}
- Clemson University{{cite news |title = Clemson University bans TikTok on campus network |url = https://www.wltx.com/article/news/local/clemson-university-tiktok-ban/101-1a540af5-690e-4f19-b852-25b47fa15cfb |work = WLTX |date = July 10, 2023 |access-date = July 10, 2023 |archive-date = December 23, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231223175305/https://www.wltx.com/article/news/local/clemson-university-tiktok-ban/101-1a540af5-690e-4f19-b852-25b47fa15cfb |url-status = live }}
- Dakota State University
- Idaho State University
- Iowa State University
- Lamar University
- Langston University
- McLennan Community College
- Montana University System
- Morgan State University{{cite news |last = Tolentino |first = Daysia |title = These are all the public universities that have instituted TikTok bans |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tiktok-bans-public-universities-list-rcna66185 |work = NBC News |date = January 18, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230204073541/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tiktok-bans-public-universities-list-rcna66185 |archive-date = February 4, 2023 }}
- Northeastern State University
- Northern State University
- Northwestern Oklahoma State University
- Oklahoma State University
- Purdue University{{cite news |url = https://www.purdueexponent.org/campus/article_0c232b6a-cd92-11ed-90fe-cf240554b2d5.html |title = Purdue blocks TikTok on school network |access-date = March 28, 2023 |archive-date = March 28, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230328195117/https://www.purdueexponent.org/campus/article_0c232b6a-cd92-11ed-90fe-cf240554b2d5.html |url-status = live }}
- South Dakota School of Mines and Technology
- South Dakota State University
- Texas A&M University System
- Texas State Technical College
- Texas State University
- Texas Tech University System
- University of Arizona{{Cite web |url = https://tucson.com/news/local/u-of-a-other-arizona-universities-ban-tiktok/article_58489606-d314-11ed-b385-d72af444307f.html |title = U of A, other Arizona universities ban TikTok |first = Kathryn |last = Palmer |date = April 4, 2023 |website = tucson.com |access-date = April 8, 2023 |archive-date = April 8, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230408231702/https://tucson.com/news/local/u-of-a-other-arizona-universities-ban-tiktok/article_58489606-d314-11ed-b385-d72af444307f.html |url-status = live }}
- University of Arkansas System{{cite news |last = Roberts |first = Adam |title = University of Arkansas system bans TikTok from devices, WiFi networks |url = https://www.4029tv.com/article/university-of-arkansas-tiktok-ban/42644567 |access-date = January 14, 2025 }}
- University of Central Oklahoma
- University of Florida
- University of Houston System{{cite news |last = Ketterer |first = Samantha |title = UH System schools remove TikTok from employees' government devices after Abbott ban |url = https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/education/article/tik-tok-UH-system-government-devices-17666918.php |work = Houston Chronicle |date = December 20, 2022 |access-date = January 12, 2023 |archive-date = January 12, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230112225607/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/education/article/tik-tok-UH-system-government-devices-17666918.php |url-status = live }}
- University of Idaho
- University of Iowa
- University of Northern Iowa
- University of Oklahoma
- University of South Dakota
- University of Texas at Arlington
- University of Texas at Austin
- University of Texas at Dallas
- University of Texas at San Antonio
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
- University of Wisconsin System{{cite news |last = Richmond |first = Todd |title = EXPLAINER: University of Wisconsin latest to ban TikTok |url = https://apnews.com/article/technology-politics-united-states-government-china-privacy-26b0ee0d4c8421fa7f58b06f76651dc1 |date = January 24, 2023 |work = Associated Press |access-date = January 15, 2023 |archive-date = January 15, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230115191642/https://apnews.com/article/technology-politics-united-states-government-china-privacy-26b0ee0d4c8421fa7f58b06f76651dc1 |url-status = live }}
- University System of Georgia{{cite news |last = Kelly |first = Samantha Murphy |title = Some universities are now restricting TikTok access on campus |url = https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/22/tech/tiktok-universities/index.html |work = CNN |date = December 22, 2022 |access-date = January 12, 2023 |archive-date = January 12, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230112224945/https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/22/tech/tiktok-universities/index.html |url-status = live }}
- West Texas A&M University
{{colend}}
Reactions
TikTok said the company takes regular action against covert influence networks and has "more than 150 elections globally" behind it.{{Cite news |last=Culhane |first=Mallory |date=March 11, 2024 |title=The Chinese government is using TikTok to meddle in elections, ODNI says |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/03/11/china-is-using-tiktok-for-influence-campaigns-odni-says-00146336 |access-date=April 25, 2024 |work=Politico |quote=ODNI alleges that “TikTok accounts run by a PRC propaganda arm reportedly targeted candidates from both political parties during the U.S. midterm election cycle in 2022,”...To date, there have been no concrete examples publicly provided showing how TikTok poses a national security threat, though lawmakers on the House Energy and Commerce Committee received a closed-door hearing last Thursday from ODNI, the FBI and the Department of Justice. |archive-date=April 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417182430/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/03/11/china-is-using-tiktok-for-influence-campaigns-odni-says-00146336 |url-status=live }} ByteDance is incorporated in the Cayman Islands, while TikTok Inc. is incorporated in California and Delaware and says 60% of ByteDance is owned by global institutional investors.{{cite news |title=TikTok could soon be sold. Here's how much it's worth and who could buy it. |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-much-is-tiktok-worth-2024 |work=CBS News |date=April 29, 2024 |archive-date=January 16, 2025 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116170643/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-much-is-tiktok-worth-2024/ |url-status=live }}
TikTok began working on Project Texas after 2020 to address data concerns from the US government.{{Cite web |last1 = Perault |first1 = Matt |last2 = Sacks |first2 = Samm |title = Project Texas: The Details of TikTok's Plan to Remain Operational in the United States |date = January 26, 2023 |url = https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/project-texas-the-details-of-tiktok-s-plan-to-remain-operational-in-the-united-states |website = Lawfare |access-date = September 10, 2023 |archive-date = September 6, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230906162242/https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/project-texas-the-details-of-tiktok-s-plan-to-remain-operational-in-the-united-states |url-status = live }} From 2019 to 2024, TikTok and ByteDance combined spent $27 million on lobbying in the United States, including their hire of SKDK, a public affairs firm, in 2023 according to Politico.{{Cite news |last = Lippman |first = Daniel |date = March 9, 2023 |title = TikTok hires Biden-connected firm as it finds itself under D.C.'s microscope |work = Politico |url = https://www.politico.com/news/2023/03/09/tiktok-biden-firm-dc-skdk-00086408 |access-date = March 11, 2023 |archive-date = November 8, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231108130245/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/03/09/tiktok-biden-firm-dc-skdk-00086408 |url-status = live }}{{Cite news |last = Bordelon |first = Brendan |date = April 24, 2024 |title = 'Lost touch with reality': How TikTok's vaunted lobbying operation went wrong |url = https://www.politico.com/news/2024/04/24/tiktok-china-lobbying-washington-00154232 |access-date = April 25, 2024 |work = Politico |archive-date = April 25, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240425025418/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/04/24/tiktok-china-lobbying-washington-00154232 |url-status = live }} Reuters reported that according to its sources, if all legal methods to block the April 2024 ban are exhausted, ByteDance would prefer to shut down TikTok than sell it with its core algorithm, which is also subject to China's export control.{{Cite news |last1 = Wu |first1 = Kane |last2 = Zhu |first2 = Julie |date = April 25, 2024 |title = ByteDance prefers TikTok shutdown in US if legal options fail, sources say |url = https://www.reuters.com/technology/bytedance-prefers-tiktok-shutdown-us-if-legal-options-fail-sources-say-2024-04-25/ |access-date = April 25, 2024 |work = Reuters }} On May 7, 2024, ByteDance and TikTok filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia to overturn PAFACA.{{Cite web |last = Spangler |first = Todd |date = May 7, 2024 |title = TikTok Sues U.S. Government Over Law That Would Ban App, Alleges It's 'Obviously Unconstitutional' |url = https://variety.com/2024/digital/news/tiktok-sues-us-law-ban-app-unconstitutional-1235994443/ |access-date = May 8, 2024 |website = Variety |language = en-US }}{{Cite web |last = Allyn |first = Bobby |date = May 7, 2024 |title = TikTok challenges U.S. ban in court, calling it unconstitutional |url = https://www.npr.org/2024/05/07/1246532784/tiktok-ban-us-court-biden-congress |access-date = May 8, 2024 |website = NPR |archive-date = May 8, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240508033130/https://www.npr.org/2024/05/07/1246532784/tiktok-ban-us-court-biden-congress |url-status = live }}
In March 2024, a spokesperson for Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China said PAFACA was putting the U.S. on "the opposite side of the principle of fair competition and international economic and trade rules."{{Cite web |last1 = Foran |first1 = Claire |last2 = Fung |first2 = Brian |last3 = Talbot |first3 = Haley |date = March 13, 2024 |title = House passes bill that could ban TikTok despite resistance from Trump |url = https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/13/politics/house-vote-tiktok-ban-bill/index.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240314074905/https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/13/politics/house-vote-tiktok-ban-bill/index.html |archive-date = March 14, 2024 |access-date = March 14, 2024 |website = CNN |language = en }} Representatives from the Embassy of China in Washington, D.C. met with U.S. congressional staffers to lobby against the bill.{{Cite news |last = Fuchs |first = Hailey |date = April 17, 2024 |title = Chinese diplomats are quietly meeting with Hill staffers about TikTok |url = https://www.politico.com/news/2024/04/17/china-lobbying-tiktok-congress-00152819 |access-date = April 17, 2024 |work = Politico |archive-date = April 18, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240418032933/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/04/17/china-lobbying-tiktok-congress-00152819 |url-status = live }} The Central Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party also instructed the country's state media outlets to increase positive coverage of ByteDance. Overall, Beijing's response seems to be muted so far.{{Cite news |last1 = Lin |first1 = Liza |last2 = Chun Han |first2 = Wong |date = April 26, 2024 |title = Why China Is Holding Its Fire as U.S. Moves to Ban TikTok |url = https://www.wsj.com/tech/why-china-is-holding-its-fire-as-u-s-moves-to-ban-tiktok-38a63cdd |url-access = subscription |access-date = April 26, 2024 |work = The Wall Street Journal |language = en-US |quote = The Communist Party’s propaganda department, which regularly sends reporting guidelines to state-owned media outlets, recently instructed such media to amp up their reporting on TikTok’s U.S. woes in favor of ByteDance, according to people familiar with the matter. |archive-date = April 26, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240426200001/https://www.wsj.com/tech/why-china-is-holding-its-fire-as-u-s-moves-to-ban-tiktok-38a63cdd |url-status = live }}
Content creators described concerns about how they would make their living should a ban take effect.{{cite web |last = Quittner |first = Ella |date = January 16, 2025 |title = As Potential TikTok Ban Looms, What Will Happen to the Platform's Food Creators? |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/16/dining/tiktok-ban-cooking-food.html |access-date = January 19, 2025 |website = The New York Times |archive-date = January 19, 2025 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250119032243/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/16/dining/tiktok-ban-cooking-food.html |url-status = live }} Following the passing of PAFACA, eight TikTok content creators sued the United States government on May 14, 2024, in United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in an effort to overturn the act; the choice of venue was due to a provision in the act making it the "exclusive jurisdiction" for legal challenges of the act.{{Cite news |last1 = Lorenz |first1 = Taylor |author-link1 = Taylor Lorenz |last2 = Harwell |first2 = Drew |date = May 14, 2024 |title = TikTok creators sue U.S. government over potential ban |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/05/14/tiktok-creators-lawsuit-ban/ |url-access = subscription |access-date = July 20, 2024 |newspaper = The Washington Post |archive-date = September 4, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240904200807/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/05/14/tiktok-creators-lawsuit-ban/ |url-status = live }}
=Criticism=
Bans and attempted bans in the United States have drawn objections citing hypocrisy, protectionism, and not addressing user data privacy in general. Lawmakers making allegations against TikTok fail to mention that the United States itself surveils non-US nationals under Section 702 of FISA.{{Cite web |last = Hale |first = Erin |title = US says China can spy with TikTok. It spies on world with Google |url = https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/3/28/bid-to-ban-tiktok-raises-hypocrisy-charge-amid-global-spying |access-date = May 22, 2023 |publisher = Al Jazeera |language = en |archive-date = September 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230913174757/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/3/28/bid-to-ban-tiktok-raises-hypocrisy-charge-amid-global-spying |url-status = live }} The types of data collected by TikTok are also collected by other social media platforms and sold through brokers to private buyers and reportedly government agencies as well, without oversight. Some researchers from the Citizen Lab and the Center for Strategic and International Studies stated that user information in general should be protected, not just focusing on one platform.{{Cite news |last = Chin |first = Caitlin |date = October 6, 2022 |title = U.S. Digital Privacy Troubles Do Not Start or End with TikTok |url = https://www.csis.org/analysis/us-digital-privacy-troubles-do-not-start-or-end-tiktok |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230606015952/https://www.csis.org/analysis/us-digital-privacy-troubles-do-not-start-or-end-tiktok |archive-date = June 6, 2023 |access-date = September 10, 2023 |publisher = Center for Strategic and International Studies |quote = In recent years, government agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Special Operations Command, Internal Revenue Service, and Defense Intelligence Agency have reportedly purchased massive amounts of U.S. mobile app geolocation information from data brokers—without warrants or proper oversight. Furthermore, U.S. private companies, such as Clearview AI, Palantir, and Giant Oak have collectively scanned billions of social media posts—which could include TikTok content. }}{{cite news |last = Fung |first = Brian |date = March 21, 2023 |title = Lawmakers say TikTok is a national security threat, but evidence remains unclear |url = https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/21/tech/tiktok-national-security-concerns/index.html |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230925004926/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/21/tech/tiktok-national-security-concerns/index.html |archive-date = September 25, 2023 |access-date = December 23, 2023 |work = CNN |quote = TikTok is only a product of the entire surveillance capitalism economy, Lin said. Governments should try to better protect user information, instead of focusing on one particular app without good evidence. }}{{Cite web |last = Fung |first = Brian |date = March 12, 2024 |title = TikTok creators fear a ban as the House prepares to vote on a bill that could block the app in America |url = https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/12/tech/us-tiktok-ban-bill/index.html |access-date = March 14, 2024 |website = CNN |language = en |archive-date = March 14, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240314054648/https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/12/tech/us-tiktok-ban-bill/index.html |url-status = live |quote = Cybersecurity experts say that the national security concerns surrounding TikTok remain a hypothetical—albeit concerning—scenario. US officials have not publicly presented evidence that the Chinese government has accessed the user data of US TikTok users. }} Critics have also labeled a potential ban on the app an assault on freedom of speech, including Republican congressmen Rand Paul and Thomas Massie.{{Cite web |last = Fortinsky |first = Sarah |date = March 13, 2024 |title = Rand Paul: Proposed TikTok ban 'makes no sense' |url = https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/4527989-rand-paul-proposed-tiktok-ban-makes-no-sense/ |access-date = April 20, 2024 |website = The Hill |language = en-US |archive-date = April 20, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240420115548/https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/4527989-rand-paul-proposed-tiktok-ban-makes-no-sense/ |url-status = live }}{{Cite web |title = GOP Rep. Massie says TikTok bill would not address 'root problems' |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/video/gop-rep-massie-says-tiktok-bill-would-not-address-root-problems-206434373736 |access-date = April 20, 2024 |website = NBC News |language = en |archive-date = April 20, 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240420115548/https://www.nbcnews.com/video/gop-rep-massie-says-tiktok-bill-would-not-address-root-problems-206434373736 |url-status = live }}
Observers have argued that the national security concerns raised are largely hypothetical.{{cite news |title=House approves sell-or-be-banned TikTok measure, attaching it to foreign aid bill |url=https://www.wpr.org/news/house-approves-sell-or-be-banned-tiktok-measure-attaching-it-to-foreign-aid-bill |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427223631/https://www.wpr.org/news/house-approves-sell-or-be-banned-tiktok-measure-attaching-it-to-foreign-aid-bill |archive-date=April 27, 2024 |access-date=April 27, 2024 |work=Wisconsin Public Radio |quote=Those concerns remain largely hypothetical. TikTok is owned by Chinese tech giant ByteDance, yet there is no publicly available evidence that government officials have ever influenced what Americans see on the app, nor any proof that officials in China have spied on U.S. citizens through TikTok.}}{{Cite news |last=Fung |first=Brian |date=March 12, 2024 |title=TikTok creators fear a ban as the House prepares to vote on a bill that could block the app in America |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/12/tech/us-tiktok-ban-bill/index.html |access-date=March 14, 2024 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314054648/https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/12/tech/us-tiktok-ban-bill/index.html |url-status=live |quote=Cybersecurity experts say that the national security concerns surrounding TikTok remain a hypothetical—albeit concerning—scenario. US officials have not publicly presented evidence that the Chinese government has accessed the user data of US TikTok users. ... a strain of fear and racism, echoing many other Asian-Americans who have looked on with growing alarm. Creators interviewed by CNN say they have not personally viewed any content on TikTok that could be described as Chinese propaganda, however. Multiple creators say the House bill ... would almost certainly disrupt the organic communities they've built.}}{{cite web |last1=Diab |first1=Robert |date=March 15, 2024 |title=Does TikTok pose a security threat to Canadians? |url=https://theconversation.com/does-tiktok-pose-a-security-threat-to-canadians-225871 |access-date=January 13, 2025 |website=The Conversation}} There is insufficient public evidence to show that American user data has been accessed by or shared with the PRC government,{{cite news |title=House overwhelmingly votes to ban TikTok if its Chinese owner doesn't sell |url=https://fortune.com/2024/03/13/house-passes-tiktok-ban-senate-path-unclear/ |work=Fortune |language=en |quote=To date, the U.S. government also has not provided any evidence that shows TikTok shared such information with Chinese authorities. |access-date=April 26, 2024 |archive-date=April 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404003213/https://fortune.com/2024/03/13/house-passes-tiktok-ban-senate-path-unclear/ |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last=Campo |first=Richard |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Is TikTok a National Security Threat? |url=https://chicagopolicyreview.org/2023/07/26/is-tiktok-a-national-security-threat/ |journal=Chicago Policy Review |publisher=Harris School of Public Policy |access-date=January 7, 2025 |archive-date=August 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814073919/https://chicagopolicyreview.org/2023/07/26/is-tiktok-a-national-security-threat/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last=Fung |first=Brian |date=March 21, 2023 |title=Lawmakers say TikTok is a national security threat, but evidence remains unclear |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/21/tech/tiktok-national-security-concerns/index.html |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=CNN Business |publisher=CNN |archive-date=September 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925004926/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/21/tech/tiktok-national-security-concerns/index.html |url-status=live }} with some claims reportedly exaggerated.{{cite news |last1=Warzel |first1=Charlie |title=Welcome to the TikTok Meltdown |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2024/04/tiktok-meltdown-ban-biden-china/678177/ |work=The Atlantic |date=April 24, 2024 |language=en |quote=Some of the evidence may also be of dubious provenance—as Wired reported recently, a TikTok whistleblower who claims to have spoken with numerous politicians about a potential ban may have overstated his role at the company and offered numerous improbable claims about its inner workings. |archive-date=January 20, 2025 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120194509/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2024/04/tiktok-meltdown-ban-biden-china/678177/ |url-status=live }} Biden himself was on TikTok as the president, while Trump has reversed his previous position.{{cite news |last1=Chandler |first1=Clay |last2=Gordon |first2=Nicholas |title=U.S. TikTok ban is full of contradictions |url=https://fortune.com/2024/05/03/us-tiktok-ban-contradictions-biden-trump-china/ |work=Fortune |language=en |archive-date=January 14, 2025 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114104046/https://fortune.com/2024/05/03/us-tiktok-ban-contradictions-biden-trump-china/ |url-status=live }} Lawmakers against the bill said the process was quickly rushed.{{cite news |last1=Riley |first1=Neal |title=TikTok bill divides Massachusetts delegation in Congress - see how they voted |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/tiktok-bill-congress-house-vote-massachusetts/ |work=CBS Boston |date=March 13, 2024}}{{cite news |last1=Murray |first1=Ashley |title=U.S. House votes to ban TikTok unless it is sold by China-controlled parent |url=https://idahocapitalsun.com/2024/03/13/u-s-house-votes-to-ban-tiktok-unless-it-is-sold-by-china-controlled-parent/ |work=Idaho Capital Sun |date=March 13, 2024 |archive-date=November 1, 2024 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241101232923/https://idahocapitalsun.com/2024/03/13/u-s-house-votes-to-ban-tiktok-unless-it-is-sold-by-china-controlled-parent/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Shapero |first1=Julia |title=Ocasio-Cortez says she'll vote no on 'incredibly rushed' TikTok ban legislation |url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/4528675-ocasio-cortez-says-shell-vote-no-on-incredibly-rushed-tiktok-ban-legislation/ |work=The Hill |date=March 13, 2024 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |archive-date=December 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222230336/https://thehill.com/policy/technology/4528675-ocasio-cortez-says-shell-vote-no-on-incredibly-rushed-tiktok-ban-legislation/ |url-status=live }} Computer security specialist Bruce Schneier has argued that which company owns TikTok may be irrelevant, since for example, Russia still interfered in the 2016 US elections using Facebook without owning it.{{cite news |last1=Klippenstein |first1=Ken |author-link=Ken Klippenstein |date=March 16, 2024 |title=TikTok Threat Is Purely Hypothetical, U.S. Intelligence Admits |url=https://theintercept.com/2024/03/16/tiktok-china-security-threat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423213713/https://theintercept.com/2024/03/16/tiktok-china-security-threat/ |archive-date=April 23, 2024 |access-date=April 22, 2024 |work=The Intercept |quote=The problem with TikTok isn't related to their ownership. In 2016 Russia did this with Facebook and they didn't have to own Facebook—they just bought ads like everybody else. Trump signed a covert action order authorizing the CIA to use social media to influence and manipulate domestic Chinese public opinion and views on China.}}
Congressional advocates for a ban have stated that the platform supports an anti-Israel bias, arguing that manipulation justifies a nationwide ban.{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Mira |date=January 15, 2025 |title=Is the TikTok ban about China — or is it really about Gaza? |url=https://forward.com/culture/688840/tiktok-ban-gaza-palestine-israel-antisemitism/ |access-date=January 24, 2025 |website=The Forward |language=en |archive-date=January 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121145624/https://forward.com/culture/688840/tiktok-ban-gaza-palestine-israel-antisemitism/ |url-status=live }} Analysis from Vox countered this argument, stating that support for the Palestinian cause has been growing among younger generations, who make up the majority of TikTok's users, even before the October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel.{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Rebecca |date=December 13, 2023 |title=TikTok isn't creating false support for Palestine. It's just reflecting what's already there. |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/23997305/tiktok-palestine-israel-gaza-war |access-date=January 24, 2025 |website=Vox |language=en-US |archive-date=December 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227080320/https://www.vox.com/culture/23997305/tiktok-palestine-israel-gaza-war |url-status=live }} Analysts argued that popular videos on the app in support of Palestinians or criticizing Israel were "likely an accurate reflection of the beliefs shared by the majority of users using the platform".{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Mira |date=January 15, 2025 |title=Is the TikTok ban about China — or is it really about Gaza? |url=https://forward.com/culture/688840/tiktok-ban-gaza-palestine-israel-antisemitism/ |access-date=January 24, 2025 |website=The Forward |language=en |archive-date=January 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121145624/https://forward.com/culture/688840/tiktok-ban-gaza-palestine-israel-antisemitism/ |url-status=live }}
{{clear}}
See also
References
{{reflist}}
Sources
- {{cite report |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB11127 |title=Regulation of TikTok Under the Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act: Analysis of Selected Legal Issues |last1=Benson |first1=Peter J. |last2=Brannon |first2=Valerie C. |last3=Lampe |first3=Joanna R. |date=May 9, 2024 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |ref={{sfnRef|CRS|2024b}} |access-date=December 6, 2024}}
- {{cite report |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R48023 |title=TikTok: Frequently Asked Questions and Issues for Congress |last1=Sutherland |first1=Michael D. |last2=Benson |first2=Peter J. |last3=Cho |first3=Clare Y. |date=May 14, 2024 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |ref={{sfnRef|CRS|2024c}} |access-date=December 6, 2024}}
- {{cite report|last1=Benson|first1=Peter J.|last2=Brannon|first2=Valerie C.|last3=Lampe|first3=Joanna R.|date=December 19, 2024|title=TikTok v. Garland: Constitutional Challenges to the Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act|publisher=Congressional Research Service|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB11252|ref={{sfnRef|CRS|2024d}}|access-date=December 19, 2024}}
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