Rhinodermatidae

{{Short description|Family of amphibians}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| taxon = Rhinodermatidae

| image = Insuetophrynus acarpicus.JPG

| image_caption = Insuetophrynus acarpicus

| authority = Bonaparte, 1850

| subdivision_ranks = Genera

| subdivision = Rhinoderma

Insuetophrynus

}}

Rhinodermatidae, also known as Darwin's frogs, mouth-breeding frogs or mouth-brooding frogs, is a small family of frogs found in temperate forests of southern Chile and adjacent Argentina.{{Cite web|url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/index.php//Amphibia/Anura/Rhinodermatidae|title=Rhinodermatidae Bonaparte, 1850 {{!}} Amphibian Species of the World|website=research.amnh.org|access-date=2020-01-26}}

They are a unique and evolutionary significant group of frogs, being the most basal extant members of the widespread frog superfamily Hyloidea and having branched from the rest during the Late Cretaceous, just a few million years prior to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. The two genera, Rhinoderma and Insuetophrynus, are thought to have diverged during the Paleocene. Despite their ancient origins, all three species in the family are now endangered due to habitat destruction, invasive species, and especially the spread of chytridomycosis in their native habitats, and one, the Chile Darwin's frog (Rhinoderma rufum), may already be extinct.{{Cite journal|last1=Feng|first1=Yan-Jie|last2=Blackburn|first2=David C.|last3=Liang|first3=Dan|last4=Hillis|first4=David M.|last5=Wake|first5=David B.|last6=Cannatella|first6=David C.|last7=Zhang|first7=Peng|date=2017-07-18|title=Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=114|issue=29|pages=E5864–E5870|doi=10.1073/pnas.1704632114|issn=0027-8424|pmid=28673970|pmc=5530686|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017PNAS..114E5864F }}