Rhodocollybia maculata

The cap is up to {{Convert|9|cm|frac=4}} wide and cream-colored with red-brown spots.{{Cite book |last=Audubon |title=Mushrooms of North America |publisher=Knopf |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-593-31998-7 |pages=479}} The edge remains inrolled for an extended period of time. The whitish gills are crowded, becoming spotted in age. The similarly colored stipe is up to 10 cm long, tough, hollow, and tapered downwards.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WevHvt6Tr8kC |title=Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest |vauthors=Trudell S, Ammirati J |publisher=Timber Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-88192-935-5 |series=Timber Press Field Guides |location=Portland, OR |pages=120}} The spore print is whitish to yellowish.

A variety known as scorzonerea is characterized by yellowish color of its gills, and sometimes the stipe.

It is widespread in North America. It often appears in decomposing conifer duff.

Though non-toxic,{{cite book | vauthors = Miller Jr OK, Miller HH |title=North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi |publisher=FalconGuide |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7627-3109-1 |location=Guilford, CN |pages=176 |author-link1 =Orson K. Miller Jr.}} this species is considered inedible due to its toughness and unpalatability;{{cite book | vauthors = Phillips R |url=https://archive.org/details/mushroomsotherfu0000phil |title=Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America |publisher=Firefly Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-55407-651-2 |location=Buffalo, NY |page=[https://archive.org/details/mushroomsotherfu0000phil/page/73 73] |url-access=registration}} it is typically bitter.{{cite web | vauthors = Wood M, Stevens F | work = The Fungi of California | url = http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Rhodocollybia_maculata.html | title = Rhodocollybia maculata }}

{{Main|Collybolide}}In 2016, Gupta et al. reported that collybolide exhibited high-potency, selective kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonism.{{cite journal | vauthors = Gupta A, Gomes I, Bobeck EN, Fakira AK, Massaro NP, Sharma I, Cavé A, Hamm HE, Parello J, Devi LA | display-authors = 6 | title = Collybolide is a novel biased agonist of κ-opioid receptors with potent antipruritic activity | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 113 | issue = 21 | pages = 6041–6046 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27162327 | pmc = 4889365 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1521825113 | bibcode = 2016PNAS..113.6041G | doi-access = free }} Due to its attractive bioactivity and chemical similarity to salvinorin A, collybolide garnered attention in the synthetic chemistry and pharmacology fields as a potential scaffold for developing next-generation analgesics, antipruritics, and antidepressants.{{cite journal | vauthors = Khan MI, Sawyer BJ, Akins NS, Le HV | title = A systematic review on the kappa opioid receptor and its ligands: New directions for the treatment of pain, anxiety, depression, and drug abuse | journal = European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 243 | pages = 114785 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36179400 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114785 | s2cid = 252476850 | url = https://chemrxiv.org/engage/api-gateway/chemrxiv/assets/orp/resource/item/62c8920a6383266dc946ad00/original/a-systematic-review-on-the-kappa-opioid-receptor-and-its-ligands-new-directions-for-the-treatment-of-pain-anxiety-depression-and-drug-abuse.pdf }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Chakraborty S, Majumdar S | title = Natural Products for the Treatment of Pain: Chemistry and Pharmacology of Salvinorin A, Mitragynine, and Collybolide | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 60 | issue = 18 | pages = 1381–1400 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 32930582 | pmc = 7982354 | doi = 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00629 }}{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bui AM, Cavé A, Janot MM, Parello J, Potier P, Scheidegger U |date=1974-01-01 |title=Isolement et analyse structurale du collybolide, nouveau sesquiterpene extrait de Collybia maculata alb. et sch. ex fries (basidiomycetes) |trans-title=Isolation and structural analysis of collybolide, a new sesquiterpene extracted from Collybia maculata alb. and sch. ex fries (basidiomycetes) |journal=Tetrahedron |language=fr |volume=30 |issue=11 |pages=1327–1336 |doi=10.1016/S0040-4020(01)97243-6 |issn=0040-4020}}

In 2022, Shevick et al. completed the first enantioselective total synthesis of collybolide and profiled the activity of synthetic collybolide at the KOR. Despite previous findings by Gupta et al., these assays showed that neither enantiomer of collybolide had KOR activity.{{cite journal | vauthors = Shevick SL, Freeman SM, Tong G, Russo RJ, Bohn LM, Shenvi RA | title = Asymmetric Syntheses of (+)- and (-)-Collybolide Enable Reevaluation of kappa-Opioid Receptor Agonism | journal = ACS Central Science | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | pages = 948–954 | date = July 2022 | pmid = 35912357 | pmc = 9335922 | doi = 10.1021/acscentsci.2c00442 }} The synthetic sample was identical to natural collybolide isolated from R. maculata. Assays of crude R. maculata extracts by other groups additionally showed no KOR activity. These assays of synthetic and natural samples contradict the findings of Gupta et al., and suggest that collybolide and the other constituents of R. maculata have no activity at KOR.

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See page 150 of the Supporting Information of Shevick et al. for reports on the kappa-opioid receptor assays with crude R. maculata extracts.

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• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331012033/http://www.public.asu.edu/~stbates/azfungi/rhodocollybia_maculata.html Images]

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Category:Fungi of North America

maculata

Category:Taxa named by Johannes Baptista von Albertini

Category:Taxa named by Lewis David de Schweinitz

Category:Fungus species