Ribbon (computing)#Controversy

File:Example of a ribbon (user interface element).pngs]]

In computer interface design, a ribbon is a graphical control element in the form of a set of toolbars placed on several tabs. The typical structure of a ribbon includes large, tabbed toolbars, filled with graphical buttons and other graphical control elements, grouped by functionality. Such ribbons use tabs to expose different sets of controls, eliminating the need for numerous parallel toolbars. Contextual tabs are tabs that appear only when the user needs them. For instance, in a word processor, an image-related tab may appear when the user selects an image in a document, allowing the user to interact with that image.

Use of the term "ribbon" dates back to the 1980s and was originally used as a synonym for plain toolbar. {{citation needed|date=October 2016}} However, in 2007, Microsoft used the term to refer to its own implementation of tabbed toolbars encompassing a conglomerate of controls for Microsoft Office 2007, which Microsoft calls "The Fluent UI". Although Microsoft popularized the term with a new meaning, similar tabbed layouts of controls existed in prior software from other vendors, including 3D Studio Max R3 and later, Adobe Dreamweaver, Borland Delphi, Sausage Software HotDog, and Macromedia HomeSite.

Early use

Use of a ribbon interface dates from the early 1990s in productivity software such as Microsoft Word and WordStar{{cite magazine |title=Computerworld |magazine=Computerworld: The Newsletter for Information Technology Leaders |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fG_NOxltlEC&pg=PA41|access-date=28 May 2013 |date=9 December 1991 |quote=The [Wordstar] package includes a straightforward intuitive interface featuring an icon ribbon. |publisher=IDG Enterprise |page=41 |issn=0010-4841}} as an alternative term for toolbar: It was defined as a portion of a graphical user interface consisting of a horizontal row of graphical control elements (e.g., including buttons of various sizes and drop-down lists containing icons), typically user-configurable.{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Computing |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192800466 |quote=Ribbon [...] a horizontal row of control icons that can often be redefined to suit the user's requirements. |edition=4th |first=Valerie |last=Illingworth |series=Oxford Paperback Reference |date=11 December 1997 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcomp00illi}}{{cite news |title=InfoWorld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15 |date=5 February 1990 |publisher=InfoWorld Media Group |page=15 |issn=0199-6649 |volume=12 |issue=6 |quote=A liberal collection of icons located on the Ribbon replaces an endless string of commands [...]}}{{cite book |date=November 14-17, 1988 |title=ESPRIT '88: putting the technology to use: proceedings of the 5th Annual ESPRIT Conference, Brussels, Part 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AAgAQAAIAAJ |access-date=28 May 2013|publisher=North-Holland |isbn=978-0-444-87145-9 |quote=[...] a ribbon that contains labeled icons (64×64 bit maps) representing tasks and tools that has been instantiated by the user. Each tasktool is represented by a different icon.}}

A toolbar interface, called the "ribbon", has been a feature of Microsoft Word from the early DOS-based Word 5.5 (ca. 1990){{cite book |title=InfoWorld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fVAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15 |access-date=28 May 2013 |date=10 December 1990 |publisher=InfoWorld Media Group |page=15 |volume=13 |issue=3 |issn=0199-6649 |quote=We've even added a handy new feature, called the ribbon.}} and the first Windows-based versions (activated by the "View |Ribbon" menu option{{cite book |last1=Pfaffenberger |first1=Bryans L. |date=22 January 1990 |title=Microsoft Word Quick Reference |url=https://archive.org/details/microsoftwordqui00pfaf|url-access=registration |quote=Select View Ribbon to activate the Ribbon. |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=Que |isbn=978-0-88022-720-9}}), for which early advertising referred to the use of "the Ribbon to replace an endless string of commands to let you format characters by eye instead of memory".

Microsoft software

{{Wide image|Office2007ribbon.png|952px|The tabbed ribbon as introduced in Microsoft Office 2007|120%|center}}

{{Wide image|Microsoft Word LTSC 2021 Ribbon.png|952px|The redesigned tabbed ribbon as introduced in Microsoft Office 2021|120%|center}}

With the release of Microsoft Office 2007 came the "Fluent User Interface" or "Fluent UI", which replaced menu bars and customizable toolbars with a single "Office menu", a miniature toolbar known as "quick-access toolbar" and what came to be known as the ribbon: multiple tabs, each holding a toolbar bearing buttons and occasionally other controls. Toolbar controls have assorted sizes and are classified in visually distinguishable groups.{{Cite web |url=http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/office/aa905530.aspx |title=Office Fluent user interface, Ribbon, and Backstage view |work=MSDN |publisher=Microsoft |access-date=28 May 2013}} The new design was intended to alleviate the problem of users not finding or knowing of the existence of available features in the Office suite.{{cite web |first=Jensen |last=Harris |url=https://blogs.msdn.com/b/jensenh/archive/2006/04/03/567261.aspx |title=New Rectangles to the Rescue? (Why the UI, Part 4) |publisher=Microsoft |website=An Office User Interface Blog |date=3 April 2006 |access-date=16 October 2013}} "Every version we were putting our heart and soul into developing these new features, undergoing a rigorous process to determine which of the many areas we would invest in during a release, and then working hard to design, test, and ship those features. The only problem was that people weren't finding the very features they asked us to add."{{cite web |first=Jensen |last=Harris |url=http://channel9.msdn.com/Events/MIX/MIX08/UX09 |title=The Story of the Ribbon |website=Channel 9 |publisher=Microsoft |date=12 March 2008 |access-date=16 October 2013}} The name "ribbon" was later purported to have originated from an early design idea by which commands were placed on a long pane that could be rolled like a medieval scroll; the name was retained after the scrolling mechanism was replaced by tabs.{{cite web |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/jensenh/archive/2005/10/07/478214.aspx |title=Why is it called the Ribbon? |publisher=Microsoft |work=Jensen Harris: An Office User Interface Blog |date=7 October 2005 |access-date=28 May 2013 |author=Jensen Harris}}

Microsoft applications implementing ribbons each have a different set of tabs which house user controls for that application. Within each tab, various related controls may be grouped together. Double-clicking the active tab or clicking the "Minimize" button hides the command panel, leaving only the tabs visible. Repeating this action reveals the pane.{{cite web |url=http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/help/HA100898951033.aspx |title=Use the Ribbon instead of toolbars and menus |publisher=Microsoft |work=Microsoft Office website |access-date=28 May 2013 |year=2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305033418/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/help/HA100898951033.aspx |archive-date=5 March 2008}} The ribbon consolidates the functionality formerly found in menus, toolbars and occasionally task panes into one area.{{Cite web |url=http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/products/HA101679411033.aspx#3 |title=The Microsoft Office Fluent user interface overview |work=Microsoft Office website |publisher=Microsoft |access-date=24 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104234859/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/products/HA101679411033.aspx |archive-date=4 January 2008}}

In Microsoft Office 2007, only Word, Excel, Access and PowerPoint implemented ribbons. With the release of Microsoft Office 2010, however, ribbons were implemented in the rest of the Microsoft Office applications.{{cite web |url=https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee523661%28v=office.14%29.aspx |title=User interface differences in Office 2010 vs earlier versions |publisher=Microsoft |work=TechNet |access-date=22 April 2016}}{{cite web |url=http://winsupersite.com/blog/supersite-blog-39/news2/office-2010-sports-improved-ribbon-across-all-apps-servers-services-138823 |title=Office 2010 sports improved ribbon across all apps, servers, services |last1=Thurrott |first1=Paul |date=13 July 2009 |publisher=Penton |work=SuperSite for Windows |access-date=27 April 2016}} Microsoft Office 2010 also added additional end-user customization support to its user interface.

Microsoft gradually implemented the Ribbon in some of its other software. The fourth wave of Windows Live Essentials applications, including Mail, Photo Gallery, Movie Maker and Writer, featured a ribbon.{{cite web |last1=Protalinski |first1=Emil |date=22 December 2009 |title=Windows Live Wave 4: Mail, Photo Gallery, Writer go ribbon |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2009/12/windows-live-wave-4-mail-photo-gallery-writer-go-ribbon/ |work=Ars Technica |publisher=Condé Nast |access-date=28 May 2013}} Since Windows 7, Paint and WordPad feature ribbons.{{cite web |last1=Thurrott |first1=Paul |date=13 September 2008 |url=http://windowsitpro.com/windows-server/ahead-pdc-microsoft-begins-internal-test-windows-7-14-sep-2008 |title=Ahead of PDC, Microsoft Begins Internal Test of Windows 7 – 14 Sep 2008 |publisher=Penton Media |work=Windows IT Pro |access-date=28 May 2013}} On Windows 8, File Explorer followed suit. Ribbons also appeared in SQL Server Report Builder, Dynamics CRM 2011,{{cite web |url=http://www.mssqltips.com/tip.asp?tip=1690 |title=Introduction to SQL Server 2008 Report Builder 2.0 |publisher=Edgewood Solutions |work=MSSQL Tips |date=18 February 2009 |access-date=28 May 2013 |first=Ray |last=Barley}} Microsoft Mathematics v4.0, the desktop client for Microsoft Power BI, and some other programs that have since been retired.

A redesigned tabbed ribbon has been introduced, as part of the Office UI redesign in Microsoft Office 2021.

The development history of the Ribbon, presented by Jensen Harris in 2008, can be seen [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tl9kD693ie4&list=PLjCU_7jji6Ch8l9YAJVBfdOQUk6k_ve5D here].

Other software developers

Since the introduction of ribbons in Microsoft Office 2007, there has been an increase in the use of this type of interface in applications created by other developers, especially those creating tools for Microsoft-related products. Microsoft facilitated the adoption with the releases of Windows 8, Windows 7 and the Windows Vista platform update, which included built-in ribbon framework APIs, introduced to allow developers to integrate a ribbon toolbar into their applications.{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/170536/article.html |title=Microsoft to Backport Windows 7 'ribbon' Interface to Vista |publisher=IDG |work=PC World |date=20 August 2009 |access-date=28 May 2013 |first=Elizabeth |last=Montalbano}} The Nielsen Norman Group published some examples in a 2008 GUI showcase report.{{cite web |url=http://www.nngroup.com/reports/applications/design/ |title=Application Design Showcase: 10 Best App UIs |publisher=Nielsen Norman Group |work=nngroup.com |access-date=28 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205004323/http://www.nngroup.com/reports/applications/design/ |archive-date=5 December 2010}}{{cite web |url=https://www.nngroup.com/reports/best-applications-1/ |title=Application Design Showcase: 2008 |publisher=Nielsen Norman Group |work=nngroup.com |access-date=9 May 2016}}

In June 2008, Red Flag Software released RedOffice 4.0 beta, a Chinese fork of OpenOffice.org including a new user interface that used many ribbon ideas in its design.{{cite web |url=http://tech.slashdot.org/story/08/06/02/1236237/redoffice-40-beta-updates-openoffice-ui |title=RedOffice 4.0 Beta Updates OpenOffice UI |publisher=Dice Holdings |work=Slashdot |date=2 June 2008 |access-date=28 May 2013}}{{cite web |url=http://www.libre-software.net/redoffice-review-chinese-office-suite |title=RedOffice 4.0 Beta – A great new UI? |work=libre-software.net |access-date=28 May 2013 |last=Eva |first=Johannes |date=June 2008}} In November 2008 Sun Microsystems started the project Renaissance to improve the user interface of OpenOffice.org.{{cite web |url=http://wiki.openoffice.org/w/index.php?title=Renaissance/FAQ&oldid=154410 |title=Renaissance/FAQ (revision 154410) |publisher=Apache Software Foundation |work=OpenOffice.org |date=5 January 2010 |access-date=28 May 2013}} So far the prototypes of the project are frequently seen as similar to ribbons, but this has resulted in some criticism from users.{{cite web |url=http://computerworld.co.nz/news.nsf/tech/1FC9404025D474E8CC25760F0001674E |title=Open-source users revolt over OpenOffice ribbon UI |work=Computerworld |date=11 August 2009 |last=Lai |first=Eric}}

In July 2011, Avid Tech added a ribbon interface under Microsoft license to Version 7.0 of their Sibelius (scorewriter) music notation application, replacing the menu navigation system of prior versions. This met with considerable user resistance,[http://www.sibelius.com/cgi-bin/helpcenter/chat/chat.pl?com=thread&start=548923&groupid=3&&guest=1 'Sib. 7.0: The blasted Ribbon!']. Sibelius (scorewriter). Avid (company). however the ribbon interface has remained integral to the current GUI.

In September 2012, MathWorks introduced a ribbon interface (known as "Toolstrip") in MATLAB R2012b.{{cite web |url=https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/release-notes-R2012b.html |title=R2012b New Features, Bug Fixes, Compatibility Considerations |publisher=MathWorks, Inc. |access-date=7 April 2019}}

Reaction

Prior to Microsoft's introduction of ribbons in Office 2007, the user interface for its Office suites had barely changed since the introduction of Office 97 on 19 November 1996. (Office 2000 and Office 2003 released relatively minor upgrades compared to Office 97, which itself was considered to be something of a milestone compared to Office 95.)

Because of this, users became accustomed to this style of interface, which was common in many productivity products at the time. {{citation needed|date=October 2016}} When Microsoft implemented ribbons, it was met with mixed reactions. Jeff Atwood thought the new system made menus obsolete as a cornerstone of the WIMP interface when it was first revealed in 2005.{{cite web |url=http://blog.codinghorror.com/on-the-death-of-the-main-menu/ |title=On the Death of the Main Menu |work=Coding Horror |date=23 September 2005 |access-date=25 April 2014 |author=Jeff Atwood}}{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125235511/http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/events/pdc/gallery.mspx |title=Microsoft Professional Developers Conference 2005 VPR: Image Gallery |archive-date=2005-11-25| url=http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/events/pdc/gallery.mspx| publisher=Microsoft |work=Office "12" |date=13 September 2005 |access-date=25 April 2014}} Redmondmag.com reported that power users feel the ribbons take "too much time and patience to learn."{{cite web |url=http://redmondmag.com/articles/2007/10/01/word-2007-not-exactly-a-musthave.aspx |title=Word 2007: Not Exactly a Must-Have |publisher=1105 Media |work=Redmond Magazine |date=1 October 2007 |access-date=28 May 2013 |last=Cummings |first=Joanne |quote=For one thing, Word 2007 uses the entirely new ribbon interface. Power users say it takes too much time and patience to learn. [...] 'People will get used to the new interface, but at major efforts in time, training and cost,' says Mike McCullough, director of systems at Cooling Systems Technologies (CST) Inc. [...] When it came time to move her from 2003 to 2007, he quickly ran into problems. 'I might as well of hit her over the head with a bat,' he says. 'I could see anger and frustration.' [...] Other readers feel it's worth taking the time to learn the new interface.}} Richard Ericson from Computerworld noted that experienced users might find difficulties adapting to the new interface, and that some tasks take more key-presses or clicks to activate.{{cite web |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9003994/Final_Review_The_Lowdown_on_Office_2007 |title=Final Review: The Lowdown on Office 2007 |publisher=IDG |work=Computerworld |date=11 October 2006 |access-date=28 May 2013 |first=Richard |last=Ericson}} Though the ribbon can be hidden by double-clicking on the open tab, PC World wrote that the ribbons crowds the Office work area, especially for notebook users;{{cite journal |last=Lasky |first=Michael |title=Office Beta: Good Looks, Tricky Formats |journal=PC World |publisher=IDG |page=24|date=August 2006}} the customization options available in the original version didn't allow users to rearrange or remove the predefined commands, although it could be minimized.{{cite web |url=http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/can-i-customize-the-ribbon-HA010227754.aspx |title=Can I customize the Ribbon? |publisher=Microsoft |work=Microsoft Office website |access-date=28 May 2013 |year=2007}} Others have called its large icons distracting.{{Cite journal |last=Mendelson |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Mendelson |title=MS Office Edges Closer |journal=PC Magazine |publisher=Ziff Davis |volume=25 |issue=12 |page=48|date=July 2006}} An online survey conducted by ExcelUser reports that a majority of respondents had a negative opinion of the change, with advanced users being "somewhat more negative" than intermediate users; the self-estimated reduction in productivity was an average of about 20%, and "about 35%" for people with a negative opinion.

Other users claim that once the new interface is learned, the average user can create "professional-looking documents faster". One study reported fairly good acceptance by users except highly experienced users and users of word processing applications with a classical WIMP interface, but was less convinced in terms of efficiency and organisation.{{cite book |url=http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2010/Faro/DNCOCO/DNCOCO-25.pdf |title=User Acceptance of the Microsoft Ribbon User Interface |publisher=Palacký University of Olomouc |first=M |last=Dostál |isbn=978-960-474-245-5 |issn=1792-6157 |date=9 December 2010 |access-date=28 May 2013}}

The decision to abolish menus has been likened to the Coca-Cola company's infamous New Coke campaign in its abandonment of the existing user base.{{cite web |url=http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/is_office_the_new_coke/ |title=Is Office the New Coke? |publisher={{Self-published inline|date=May 2013}} |work=Outside the Beltway |date=27 March 2007 |access-date=28 May 2013 |last=Schuler |first=Dave}} Microsoft Office 2011 for the Macintosh, while employing the ribbon, also retains the menu system in the Mac menu bar.{{Cite web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/mac/word |title=Word for Mac 2011 top features tour |work=Mactopia |publisher=Microsoft |access-date=28 May 2013}} See [http://www.microsoft.com/mac/_base_v1/images/screenshots/Word_PublishingLayout.jpg screenshot]

Patent controversy

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Proponents of free software, such as KDE developer Jarosław Staniek, have expressed beliefs that patents regarding ribbons cannot be acquired due to the ubiquity of prior art.{{cite web |url=https://blogs.kde.org/node/1617 |title=KDE to sue MS over Ribbon GUI? |publisher=KDE |work=blogs.kde.org |date=13 November 2005 |access-date=28 May 2012 |last=Staniek |first=Jarosław}} Staniek notes that the ribbon concept has historically appeared extensively as "tabbed toolbars" in applications such as Sausage Software HotDog, Macromedia HomeSite, Dreamweaver, and Borland Delphi. Lotus developed early ribbon UIs for its eSuite product. Screenshots are still available in an IBM [https://web.archive.org/web/20120927164830/http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg245307.pdf redbook about eSuite] (page 109ff).{{cite web |url=http://www.geniisoft.com/showcase.nsf/archive/20061129-1157 |title=Is Microsoft's new ribbon UI copied from eSuite's UI? |publisher=Genii Software |work=BlogNew |date=29 November 2006 |access-date=28 May 2013}}

On 13 February 2018, a jury from the Northern District of California found that Corel Corporation had infringed on several Microsoft ribbon design patents and ribbon utility patents regarding the Fluent UI.United States District Court, Northern District of California, San Jose division. [http://www.ipwatchdog.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/05836-jury-verdict.pdf Case No. 5:15-cv05836-EJD, Final verdict form]{{Cite news |url=http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2018/02/13/93710/id=93710/ |title=Jury finds Corel willfully infringed Microsoft Office patents |date=2018-02-13 |work=IPWatchdog.com — Patents & Patent Law |access-date=2018-02-28 |language=en-US}}

References

External links

[https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/uxguide/cmd-ribbons Microsoft's guidelines documentation for Ribbon UI]
[https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/windowsribbon/windowsribbon-guides-entry Windows Ribbon Framework Developer Guides]
[https://www.devcomponents.com/dotnetbar/ DotNetBar], a tool expanding the regular set of UI components for Windows Forms with Ribbon-related components