Richard Luyt

Richard Edmonds Luyt was born in Cape Town in the Union of South Africa{{cite web |title=BC 1072 SIR RICHARD LUYT PAPERS Manuscripts & Archives University of Cape Town Libraries |url=https://www2.lib.uct.ac.za/mss/existing/Finding%20Aids/bc_1072_sir_richard_luyt_papers.htm |publisher=University of Cape Town |access-date=19 December 2024}} on 8 November 1915.{{cite web |title=Richard Luyt Profile – Cricket Player England {{!}} Stats, Records, Video |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/richard-luyt-16694 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 December 2024 |language=en}}{{Cite news |title=Sir Richard Luyt |newspaper=The Times |location=London |date=15 February 1994 |page=21}} He was educated at Diocesan College before attending the University of Cape Town.

Luyt obtained a Rhodes Scholarship to attend Trinity College at the University of Oxford.{{cite news |title=Man in the News; Briton in Hot Spot Richard Edmonds Luyt |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/17/archives/man-in-the-news-briton-in-hot-spot-richard-edmonds-luyt.html |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=17 June 1964}} While at Oxford, Luyt was an excellent cricketer and rugby player. He obtained a Rugby Blue, and played in three first-class cricket matches for Oxford University Cricket Club.{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/31/31110/31110.html | title = Player Profile: Dick Luyt| publisher = CricketArchive | accessdate = 22 March 2013}}

In 1939, following his graduation from the University of Oxford, Luyt joined the colonial service and was assigned to a minor posting in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). With the outbreak of World War II, Luyt became a private in the British Army. In 1940, as a sergeant, Luyt commanded a guerrilla company behind Italian lines in Ethiopia in the East African campaign. Luyt was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal. Luyt became a commissioned officer, and by the end of the war held the rank of lieutenant colonel.{{cite web |title=Luyt, Richard Edmonds – UK, WWII, Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Medal, 1939-1945 |url=https://uk.forceswarrecords.com/sub-image/619769803/luyt-richard-edmonds-uk-wwii-recipients-of-the-distinguished-conduct-medal-1939-1945 |website=Forces War Records |access-date=19 December 2024}}

Following World War II, Luyt returned to Northern Rhodesia, where he remained until 1953 when he was assigned to Kenya. He was awarded a knighthood as a Knight of the Royal Victorian Order in 1960. In 1961, with the withdrawal of South Africa from the Commonwealth, Luyt became a British subject rather than a South African citizen. In 1961, he became secretary to the Kenyan cabinet, and in 1962 he returned to Northern Rhodesia.

Luyt was appointed Governor of British Guiana on 7 March 1964. Luyt entered British Guiana at a time with widespread violence between Afro-Guyanese and Indo-Guyanese groups (and their associated political parties, the PNC and the PPP). Elections were to be held in late 1964 with independence following soon after. The objective of the British and American interests in the area was to prevent Indo-Guyanese Cheddi Jagan, perceived to be a communist, from becoming elected as the first head of government of an independent Guyana. In the lead-up to the 1964 elections, the CIA interfered heavily in Guyanese politics, with the cooperation of British authorities including Luyt. The Guiana United Muslim Party and Justice Party were both set up with the assistance of the CIA to split the Indo-Guyanese voting bloc, and the United States funded the campaign of Forbes Burnham campaign activities against Jagan's party.{{cite web |last1=Prados |first1=John |title=CIA Covert Operations: The 1964 Overthrow of Cheddi Jagan in British Guiana |url=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/intelligence/2020-04-06/cia-covert-operations-overthrow-cheddi-jagan-british-guiana-1964#_edn3 |website=nsarchive.gwu.edu |publisher=National Security Archive |access-date=14 February 2023 |archive-date=2023-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214142754/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/intelligence/2020-04-06/cia-covert-operations-overthrow-cheddi-jagan-british-guiana-1964#_edn3 |url-status=live }} Just three days before Luyt's appointment, on 4 March, a bomb went off at Tain, killing two people, and a strike was ongoing called by the Guyana Agricultural and General Workers' Union. The day before Luyt was sworn in, an Indo-Guyanese woman was run over by an Afro-Guyanese man in a tractor near Leonora.{{cite news |title=THE OUTBREAK OF RACIAL DISTURBANCES IN 1964 |url=http://www.guyananews.org/features/guyanastory/chapter169.html |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=Guyana News}}

The PPP objected to the swearing-in of Luyt as governor, and refused to attend the ceremony. On 26 March, Luyt was given powers over regulation of voter registration. The racial violence worsened, eventually leading to Luyt declaring a state of emergency on 23 May 1964, with British soldiers being brought into Guyana to stop the violence, with Luyt being accused of being partisan to the PNC. On 29 May, Luyt's emergency powers were greatly extended.{{cite news |title=THE ESCALATION OF THE RACIAL DISTURBANCES |url=http://www.guyananews.org/features/guyanastory/chapter170.html |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=Guyana News}} The election was scheduled for December 1964. In the lead-up to the election, there was civil disorder and violence was common from both PPP and PNC supporters. Nearly 200 people were murdered and 1000 were injured, and more than 15,000 people were displaced. Racial violence included the fatal shooting of an elderly Afro-Guyanese couple on their farm, the death of a pregnant Indo-Guyanese woman at Bachelor's Adventure near Enterprise and the deaths of four Indo-Guyanese at Afro-Guyanese hands in Wismar.{{cite magazine |title=British Guiana: Race War |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,938603,00.html |access-date=15 February 2023 |magazine=Time |date=5 June 1964}} Further violence included the sinking of the Sun Chapman on 6 July and the murders of 5 Indo-Guyanese at Mackenzie.{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Ryaan |title=The Wismar Massacre |url=https://guyanatimesgy.com/the-wismar-massacre/ |access-date=2 January 2023 |work=Guyana Times |date=21 May 2017 |archive-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102182352/https://guyanatimesgy.com/the-wismar-massacre/ |url-status=live }} On 13 June, Luyt imprisoned 30 or 32 Indo-Guyanese individuals for violent offenses. These individuals, imprisoned at Mazaruni Prison, would not be released until 1966, and caused great friction between Luyt's administration and Cheddi Jagan.{{cite web |title=Biography of Cheddi Jagan |url=https://jagan.org/Biography/CJ%20Bio/cj_biography.html |website=jagan.org |publisher=Cheddi Jagan Research Centre |access-date=13 February 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213124117/https://jagan.org/Biography/CJ%20Bio/cj_biography.html |url-status=live }} This included some legislators, making the PPP a minority in the Legislative Assembly. Only two PNC members were imprisoned on similar charges. On 23 June, the constitution was amended to allow the elections to be held under proportional representation, which would be favourable for the PNC. The governor also passed firearm ordinances, granted immunity to British troops, and restricted some publications against the PNC with a punishment of six months in prison for unauthorised possession.

Voter registration was altered by Luyt from house-to-house to voluntary registration, with a period of only 4 weeks (from 8 May to 6 June). This led to difficulties for voter registration in rural areas (mostly Indo-Guyanese) and for people recently displaced by violence.{{cite web |title=174. THE 1964 ELECTION CAMPAIGN |url=http://www.guyananews.org/features/guyanastory/chapter174.html |website=guyananews.org |publisher=Guyana News |access-date=20 December 2024}} On 2 December, just days before the elections, Luyt announced that he would not necessarily appoint the leader of the party with the largest number of votes as premier. Cheddi Jagan objected to the announcement, saying that the question could influence the electorate and amounted to election interference.

The December 1964 elections saw Cheddi Jagan's PPP win a plurality of votes.{{cite web |last1=Curtis |first1=Mark |title=The 'coup' in British Guiana, 1963; an extract from Unpeople: Britain's Secret Human Rights Abuses |url=http://markcurtis.info/2007/02/12/the-coup-in-british-guiana-1963/ |website=markcurtis.info/ |date=12 February 2007 |publisher=Vintage |access-date=15 February 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012418/http://markcurtis.info/2007/02/12/the-coup-in-british-guiana-1963/ |url-status=live }} However, they did not achieve an outright majority, and Forbes Burnham's People's National Congress, together with the support of the United Force, were able to attain a majority of seats in parliament, and together as a coalition were invited to form a government by Luyt.[http://www.ppp-civic.org/history/historyppp.htm History of the PPP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616031649/http://www.ppp-civic.org/history/historyppp.htm |date=2011-06-16 }}, PPP website. Jagan refused to resign and Luyt was forced to remove him,Nohlen, D (2005) Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I, p355 {{ISBN|978-0-19-928357-6}} with a constitutional change necessary to do so because the PPP had not technically lost the elections, still being the party with the largest independent share of parliamentary seats. Commonwealth observers raised concerns about the fairness of some aspects of the election.

Deadly riots ensued when the PPP was not allowed to form the government. Upon independence in May 1966, Sir Richard was sworn in as Governor-General of Guyana, a position which he held until December the same year.

Having been born and educated in Cape Town, he returned there in 1967 as principal and vice-chancellor of the University of Cape Town, a post which he held until 1980. Because of his actions in British Guiana, his appointment was initially opposed by the student body but he soon won them over. During this period, at the height of the apartheid years in South Africa, academic freedom was under threat and Sir Richard was in the forefront of South African vice-chancellors who fought to protect these freedoms. He also vigorously objected against banning orders and detention without trial of students and staff who protested against apartheid.

Luyt was married to Joan Mary Wilder until her death in 1951, four months after giving birth to a daughter. Luyt married Eileen Betty Reid in 1956, with whom he had two sons.

An award named after Luyt was given to one of the two-highest achieving students at the University of Cape Town from 1991 to 2009. In 2009, the Sir Richard Luyt Memorial Scholarship was renamed to become a part of the Kerry Capstick-Dale student leadership awards.{{cite web |title=History of the Awards – Kerry Capstick-Dale Student Leadership Awards |url=https://www.capstickdale-leadership.org.za/history.html |website=capstickdale-leadership.org.za |publisher=University of Cape Town |access-date=19 December 2024}}

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{{S-ttl|title=Governor of British Guiana | years=1964–1966}}

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{{S-ttl|title=Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cape Town|years=1968–1980}}

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• [http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U173935 LUYT, Sir Richard (Edmonds)], Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2016 (online edition, Oxford University Press, 2014)

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Category:1915 births

Category:1994 deaths

Category:Military personnel from Cape Town

Category:Governors of British Guiana

Category:Governors-general of Guyana

Category:South African Rhodes Scholars

Category:Academic staff of the University of Cape Town

Category:South African Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George

Category:Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order

Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Medal

Category:Oxford University cricketers

Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford

Category:Chief secretaries of Northern Rhodesia

Category:Members of the Legislative Council of Northern Rhodesia

Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Cape Town

Category:British military personnel of World War II