Richard Wollheim

{{Infobox person

| honorific_suffix = FBA

| image = Richard Wollheim.jpg

| caption = Wollheim in 1969

| birth_name = Richard Arthur Wollheim

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1923|05|05}}

| birth_place = London, England

| death_date = {{Death date and age|2003|11|04|1923|05|05}}

| death_place = London, England

| alma_mater = Balliol College, Oxford

| occupation = Philosopher

| known_for = Philosophy of art, interpretation of psychoanalytic theory

| notable_works = Art and its Objects (1968); Freud (1971); Painting as an Art (1987)

| spouse = Anne Barbara Denise Toynbee (married 1950–1967); Mary Day Lanier (married 1969)

| children = 3

}}

Richard Arthur Wollheim {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|FBA}} (5 May 1923 − 4 November 2003) was a British philosopher noted for original work on mind and emotions, especially as related to the visual arts, specifically, painting. Wollheim served as the president of the British Society of Aesthetics from 1992 onwards until his death in 2003.

Biography

Richard Wollheim was the son of Eric Wollheim, a theatre impresario, and Constance (Connie) Mary Baker, an actress who used the stage name Constance Luttrell.{{Cite web |last=Hollinghurst |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Hollinghurst |date=2004-12-18 |title=Review: Germs by Richard Wollheim |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/dec/18/featuresreviews.guardianreview26 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=The Guardian |language=en}} He attended Westminster School, London, and Balliol College, Oxford (1941–2, 1945–8), interrupted by active military service in World War II.{{Efn|For his own account of his service in Europe during the war, see Wollheim, [https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v16/n12/richard-wollheim/fifty-years-on "Fifty Years On"], London Review of Books (23 June 1994)|group=Notes}} He obtained two first class BA degrees, one in History in 1946, the other in Philosophy, Politics and Economics in 1949.{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Antonia |date=4 January 2007 |title=Wollheim, Richard Arthur (1923–2003), philosopher |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-92959 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |language=en}} The same year, he began teaching at University College London, where he became Grote Professor of Mind and Logic and Department Head from 1963 to 1982.{{Cite news |last=Yollin |first=Patricia |date=November 8, 2003 |title=Richard Wollheim -- UC professor |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Richard-Wollheim-UC-professor-2549819.php |access-date=20 February 2025 |work=San Francisco Chronicle}}

He retired from that position to take up a professorship at Columbia University (1982–85).{{Cite news |last=Danto |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Danto |date=2003-11-05 |title=Richard Wollheim |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/nov/05/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} He then taught at the University of California at Berkeley (1985–2002).{{Cite news |last=Martin |first=Douglas |date=2003-11-08 |title=Richard Wollheim, Philosopher, Dies at 80 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/08/business/richard-wollheim-philosopher-dies-at-80.html |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} He chaired the Department at UC Berkeley, 1998–2002. Between 1989 and 1996 he split his time between Berkeley and the University of California, Davis, where he was Professor of Philosophy and the Humanities. Additionally, he held visiting positions at Harvard University, the University of Minnesota, Graduate Center, CUNY and elsewhere.{{Cite web |last=Vermazen |first=Bruce |title=Richard Wollheim Remembered - American Society For Aesthetics |url=https://aesthetics-online.org/page/RichardWollheimBV |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20201001184025/https://aesthetics-online.org/page/RichardWollheimBV |archive-date=2020-10-01 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=aesthetics-online.org}}

He was elected as a fellow of the British Academy in 1972 and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1986.{{Cite web |last=Budd |first=Malcolm |date=2005 |title=Wollheim, Richard (1923–2003) |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/wollheim-richard-1923-2003 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Encyclopedia of Philosophy |via=Encyclopedia.com}}

Wollheim gave several distinguished lecture series. He delivered the William James Lectures at Harvard in 1982, published as The Thread of Life (1984) and the Ernst Cassirer Lectures at Yale in 1991, upon which were based his On the Emotions (1999).{{Cite web |last1=Code |first1=Alan |author-link1=Alan Code |last2=Stroud |first2=Barry |author-link2=Barry Stroud |last3=Sluga |first3=Hans |author-link3=Hans Sluga |title=In Memoriam: Richard Wollheim |url=https://senate.universityofcalifornia.edu/_files/inmemoriam/html/richardwollheim.htm |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=senate.universityofcalifornia.edu}} He also gave the Andrew W. Mellon lectures in Fine Arts at the National Gallery of Art in 1984 which, with much elaboration, became his Painting as an Art (1987).{{Cite web |last=Anon. |date=2003-11-11 |title=Professor Richard Wollheim |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1446378/Professor-Richard-Wollheim.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324074840/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1446378/Professor-Richard-Wollheim.html |archive-date=24 March 2021 |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=The Telegraph |language=en}}

In 1962, Wollheim published an article "A paradox in the theory of democracy",In Philosophy, Politics and Society, edited by Peter Laslett and W.G. Runciman, published by Basil Blackwell, 1962. pp. 71-87. in which he argued that a supporter of democracy faces a contradiction when he votes. On the one hand he wants a particular party or candidate to win, but on the other hand he wants whoever wins the most votes to win. This has become known as Wollheim's paradox.

His Art and its Objects (1968) had a significant impact upon both aesthetics and the philosophy of art.{{Cite journal |last=Berryman |first=Jim |date=2024-04-01 |title=Wollheim on art’s historicity: an intersection of theoretical art history and the philosophy of art |url=https://academic.oup.com/bjaesthetics/article/64/2/173/7416418 |journal=The British Journal of Aesthetics |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=173 |doi=10.1093/aesthj/ayad024 |issn=0007-0904 |doi-access=free}}

In a 1965 essay, 'Minimal Art', he coined the term Minimalism.{{Cite web |last=Maclay |first=Kathleen |date=10 November 2003 |title=Richard Wollheim, professor emeritus and authority on art and psychoanalysis, dies |url=https://newsarchive.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/11/10_wollheim.shtml |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=UC Berkeley News}}

As well as for his work on the philosophy of art, Wollheim was known for his philosophical treatments of depth psychology, especially that of Sigmund Freud, to whose work he had been introduced by his father.{{Cite web |last=Anon. |date=2003-11-08 |title=Richard Wollheim |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/richard-wollheim-cw2hjvdkf6r |archive-url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/newspaper/0%2C%2C175-884606%2C00.html |archive-date=11 October 2008 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=The Times |language=en}}

Wollheim was an honorary affiliate of the British Psychoanalytical Society, to whom he gave an Ernest Jones lecture in 1968{{Efn|Published as "The mind and the mind's image of itself" in The International Journal of Psychoanalysis Vol. 50, (Jan 1, 1969) and reprinted in On Art and the Mind (1972).|group=Notes}} and in 1991 he was given an award for his services to psychoanalysis by the International Psychoanalytical Association.{{Cite journal |last=Anon. |date=2004 |title=Obituary |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1516/0A18-U1KT-6TNL-VRQC |journal=The International Journal of Psychoanalysis |language=en |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=533–534 |doi=10.1516/0A18-U1KT-6TNL-VRQC |issn=0020-7578 |url-access=subscription}}

His posthumously-published Germs: A Memoir of Childhood, with complementary essays, discloses a good deal about his family background and his life up to early manhood, providing valuable material for understanding his interests and sensibility.

Personal life

Wollheim married Anne Barbara Denise (1920–2004), daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel George Powell, of the Grenadier Guards, after her divorce from her first husband, the literary critic Philip Toynbee.{{Cite web |last=Tennant |first=Emma |date=27 November 2004 |title=Obituary: Anne Wollheim |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/nov/27/guardianobituaries |website=The Guardian}}Enlightening: Letters 1946-1960, Isaiah Berlin, ed. Henry Hardy, Random House, 2012, end note no. 361 They had twin sons, Bruno and Rupert. Their marriage was dissolved in 1967. Wollheim married Mary Day Lanier, stepdaughter of Dwight Macdonald, in 1969; their daughter is Emilia.{{Cite web |last=Richardson |first=John |date=2003-11-17 |title=Professor Richard Wollheim |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-richard-wollheim-37472.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=The Independent |language=en}}{{cite web | url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/6f062dfd-95be-3679-8122-bf41eadbbda4 | title=Wollheim Papers - Archives Hub }}

Publications

For an extensive bibliography of Richard Wollheim's publications by a professional bibliographer, see Eddie Yeghiayan's UC-Irvine site.{{Cite web|url=http://www.lib.uci.edu/about/publications/hri/index.html?page=wollheim|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120012/http://www.lib.uci.edu/about/publications/hri/index.html?page=wollheim|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-08-26|title=Richard Wollheim|date=2014-08-26|access-date=2019-05-04}} See also the 'Philweb' listing.{{Cite web|url=http://www.phillwebb.net/History/TwentiethCentury/Analytic/Recent/Wollheim/Wollheim.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502023008/http://www.phillwebb.net/History/TwentiethCentury/Analytic/Recent/Wollheim/Wollheim.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-05-02|title=RICHARD WOLLHEIM|date=2008-05-02|access-date=2019-05-04}}

Many of Richard Wollheim's publications are outside academic categories. Besides books, he published many articles, in journals and edited collections, book reviews, and gallery catalogues for shows. He also left writings in manuscript, letters and recordings of his talks.

= Books and monographs (selected) =

F. H. Bradley. Harmondsworth; Baltimore: Penguin, 1959. 2d edition, 1969.
'[https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/Documents/Detail/socialism-and-culture-1961/105022 Socialism and Culture]'. (Fabian Tract, 331.) London: Fabian Society, 1961.
'On Drawing an Object'.: (An inaugural lecture delivered at University College London 1 December 1964) London: University College, 1965. Repr. in On Art and the Mind.
Art and Its Objects: an Introduction to Aesthetics. New York: Harper & Row, 1968. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1970. As Harper Torchbook, 1971.{{Efn| "an expanded version of an essay originally written for the Harper Guide to Philosophy, edited by Arthur Danto"{{Cite book |last=Wollheim |first=Richard |title=Art and its Objects: with six supplementary essays |year=2015 |edition=2nd |chapter=Preface to the second edition |orig-year=1980 |chapter-url=https://assets.cambridge.org/97811071/13800/frontmatter/9781107113800_frontmatter.pdf}}|group=Notes}}
Art and its Objects: With Six Supplementary Essays. 2d edition. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980.{{Cite journal |last=Wieand |first=Jeffrey |date=1981 |title=Review of Art and Its Objects |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/430358 |journal=The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=91–93 |doi=10.2307/430358 |issn=0021-8529 |url-access=registration}}
A Family Romance. London: Jonathan Cape, 1969. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1969 (novel).
Freud. (Fontana Modern Masters.) London: Collins, 1971. Paperback, 1973. American and later Cambridge University Press (1981) eds. titled Sigmund Freud.
On Art and the Mind: essays and lectures. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1972.{{Cite journal |last=Lang |first=Berel |author-link=Berel Lang |date=1975 |title=Review of On Art and the Mind |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/429659 |journal=The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=459–462 |doi=10.2307/429659 |issn=0021-8529 |url-access=registration}}{{Cite journal |last=Roblin |first=Ronald E. |date=1975 |title=Review of On Art and the Mind |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2106769 |journal=Philosophy and Phenomenological Research |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=594–595 |doi=10.2307/2106769 |issn=0031-8205 |url-access=registration}}
[https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/2219/61p373.pdf 'The Good Self and the Bad Self: the Moral Psychology of British Idealism and the English School of Psychoanalysis Compared'] Dawes Hicks Lecture (1975){{Efn|Published both within Proceedings of the British Academy 61, 1975 and as a separate monograph in 1976.|group=Notes}}—repr. in The Mind and Its Depths, 1993.
'The Sheep and the Ceremony' The Leslie Stephen Lecture, 1979 —repr. in The Mind and Its Depths, 1993.
The Thread of Life. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1984.{{Cite journal |last=Erwin |first=Edward |date=1989 |title=Review of The Thread of Life |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2107812 |journal=Philosophy and Phenomenological Research |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=544–546 |doi=10.2307/2107812 |issn=0031-8205 |url-access=registration}}{{Cite journal |last=Brook |first=J. A. |date=1987 |title=Review of The Thread of Life |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40231574 |journal=Canadian Journal of Philosophy |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=895–917 |issn=0045-5091 |url-access=registration}}{{Cite journal |last=Glass |first=James |date=1986 |title=Review of The Thread of Life |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/191317 |journal=Political Theory |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=159–165 |issn=0090-5917 |url-access=registration}}
Painting as an Art. Andrew M. Mellon Lectures in Fine Arts, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1987.{{Cite book |last=Danto |first=Arthur C. |author-link=Arthur C. Danto |url=https://archive.org/details/awmellonlectures00eliz |title=The A.W. Mellon lectures in the fine arts : fifty years |last4= |date=2002 |publisher=Washington, D.C. : National Gallery of Art, Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts |others= |isbn=978-0-300-09961-4 |pages=145−147 |chapter=Richard Wollheim |url-access=registration}}{{Cite journal |last=Margolis |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Margolis |date=1989 |title=Review of Painting as an Art |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/431008 |journal=The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=281–284 |doi=10.2307/431008 |issn=0021-8529 |url-access=registration}}
The Mind and Its Depths. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1993 (essays).{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=David |date=1995 |orig-date= |title=Richard Wollheim's 'The Mind and its depths' |url=https://psychoanalysis.org.uk/articles/richard-wollheims-the-mind-and-its-depths-%E2%80%93%C2%A0review-by-david-bell |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=Institute of Psychoanalysis}}
On the Emotions. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999.{{Cite web |last=Wollheim |first=Richard |date=March 26, 2000 |title=On the Emotions: Chapter One |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/wollheim-emotions.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=New York Times}}{{Cite web |last=Mattrick |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Mattick Jr. |date=March 26, 2000 |title=You've Got an Attitude |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/03/26/reviews/000326.26mattict.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=New York Times}}
Germs: a memoir of childhood. London: Waywiser Press, 2004.{{Efn|A long essay with the same title by Wollheim was published that same year in the London Review of Books.{{Cite news |last=Wollheim |first=Richard |date=2004-04-15 |title=Germs: A Memoir |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v26/n08/richard-wollheim/germs-a-memoir |access-date=2025-02-22 |work=London Review of Books |language=en |volume=26 |issue=8 |issn=0260-9592}}|group=Notes}}{{Cite news |last=Annan |first=Gabriele |author-link=Gabriele Annan |date=2005-03-10 |title=A Very Un-English Childhood |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2005/03/10/a-very-un-english-childhood/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250227105125/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2005/03/10/a-very-un-english-childhood/ |archive-date=27 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=The New York Review of Books |language=en |volume=52 |issue=4 |issn=0028-7504}}
Gary Kemp and Elisabetta Toreno (eds.) Uncollected Writings: Writing on Art, Oxford, 2025 {{doi|10.1093/9780191995767.001.0001}}

= Edited books =

Hume on Religion London: Collins, Fontana Library, 1968
The Image in Form: Selected Writings of Adrian Stokes, 1974
Freud: A Collection of Critical Essays (1974), reprinted as Philosophers on Freud: New Evaluations (1977)
includes Wollheim's "Introduction" and "Imagination and Identification"
Philosophical Essays on Freud, with James Hopkins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
includes Wollheim's "The bodily ego".
R.B.Kitaj: A Retrospective, with Richard Morphet. London: Tate Publishing, 1994.
includes Wollheim's "Kitaj: Recollections and Reflections"

= Selected articles =

"Minimal Art", Arts Magazine (January 1965): 26–32. Repr. in Minimal art: a critical anthology (1968) and On Art and the Mind.
"Nelson Goodman's Languages of Art", The Journal of Philosophy: 62, no. 16 (Ag. 1970): 531. {{JSTOR|2024577}}
"Philosophy and the Arts" (Conversation with Richard Wollheim).In Bryan Magee, ed., Modern British Philosophy, 1971.
"Adrian Stokes, critic, painter, poet", Times Literary Supplement (17 February 1978): 207–209.
"Art as a Form of Life." In Ted Honderich and Myles Burnyeat, eds., Philosophy As It Is, 1979
"The Cabinet of Dr Lacan", Topoi: 10 no. 2 (1991): 163–174. {{doi|10.1007/BF00141337}}
[https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v25/n23/richard-wollheim/a-bed-out-of-leaves "A Bed out of Leaves"], London Review of Books 25, no. 23 (4 December 2003).

Notes

References

External links

[https://wollheimcentenary.org/ The Richard Wollheim Centenary Project]
Vanessa Brassey (dir.), [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F7G-HKHv31w ‘The Richard Wollheim Centenary Film’] (5 August 2024).

Category:1923 births

Category:2003 deaths

Category:20th-century British non-fiction writers

Category:20th-century British philosophers

Category:Academics of University College London

Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford

Category:Analytic philosophers

Category:Aristotelian philosophers

Category:British essayists

Category:British Jews

Category:British male non-fiction writers

Category:Columbia University faculty