Riebeckite
{{short description|Sodium-rich member of the amphibole group of silicate minerals}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{infobox mineral
| name = Riebeckite
| category = Silicate mineral
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| image = Crystals of black riebeckite in alkaline pegmatite, near Évisa (Corsica, France).jpg
| imagesize = 260px
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| caption = Black riebeckite in an alkaline pegmatite from Lindinosa near Évisa, Corsica, France
| formula = Na2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)Si8O22(OH)2
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| system = Monoclinic
| class = Prismatic (2/m)
(same H-M symbol)
| symmetry = C2/m
| unit cell = a = 9.76 Å, b = 18.04 Å
c = 5.33 Å; β = 103.59°; Z = 2
| color = Black, dark blue; dark blue to yellow-green in thin section
| colour =
| habit = As prismatic crystals, commonly fibrous, asbestiform; earthy, massive
| twinning = Simple or multiple twinning parallel to {100}
| cleavage = Perfect on {110}, intersecting at 56° and 124°; partings on {100} and {010}
| fracture = Conchoidal to uneven
| tenacity = Brittle
| mohs = 6
| luster = Vitreous to silky
| streak = Pale to bluish gray
| diaphaneity = Semitransparent
| gravity = 3.28–3.44
| density =
| polish =
| opticalprop = Biaxial (−)
| refractive = nα = 1.680–1.698 nβ = 1.683–1.700 nγ = 1.685–1.706
| birefringence = δ = 0.005–0.008
| pleochroism = X = blue, indigo; Y = yellowish green, yellow brown; Z = dark blue
| 2V = Measured: 68° to 85°, Calculated: 62° to 78°
| dispersion = Strong
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| references = [http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/riebeckite.pdf "Riebeckite"], Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineral Data Publishing, 2001[http://www.mindat.org/min-3418.html "Riebeckite"], Mindat.org[http://webmineral.com/data/Riebeckite.shtml "Riebeckite"], The Mineralogy Database (webmineral.com){{Cite web |url=http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/ |title=IMA Master List |access-date=2014-05-12 |archive-date=2015-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105154315/http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/ |url-status=dead }}
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Riebeckite is a sodium-rich member of the amphibole group of silicate minerals, chemical formula Na2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)Si8O22(OH)2. It forms a solid solution series with magnesioriebeckite. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, usually as long prismatic crystals showing a diamond-shaped cross section, but also in fibrous, bladed, acicular, columnar, and radiating forms. Its Mohs hardness is 5.0–6.0, and its specific gravity is 3.0–3.4. Cleavage is perfect, two directions in the shape of a diamond; fracture is uneven, splintery. It is often translucent to nearly opaque.
Name and discovery
Riebeckite was first described in 1888 for an occurrence on Socotra Island, Aden Governorate, Yemen, and named for German explorer Emil Riebeck (1853–1885).
The mineral is also known as crocidolite.{{Cite book|last1=Medicine|first1=Institute of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5Hsz0CKWSYC&dq=winchite&pg=PA51|title=Asbestos: Selected Cancers|last2=Practices|first2=Board on Population Health and Public Health|last3=Effects|first3=Committee on Asbestos: Selected Health|date=2006-09-23|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=978-0-309-10169-1|language=en}}{{Rp|50}}
Occurrence
Riebeckite typically forms dark-blue elongated to fibrous crystals in highly alkali granites, syenites, rarely in felsic volcanics, granite pegmatites and schist. It occurs in banded iron formations as the asbestiform variety crocidolite (blue asbestos). It occurs in association with aegirine, nepheline, albite, arfvedsonite in igneous rocks; with tremolite, ferro-actinolite in metamorphic rocks; and with grunerite, magnetite, hematite, stilpnomelane, ankerite, siderite, calcite, chalcedonic quartz in iron formations.
Riebeckite granite
The riebeckite granite known as ailsite, found on the island of Ailsa Craig in western Scotland, is prized for its use in the manufacture of curling stones.
Riebeckite granite was used for the facing stones of the Canton Viaduct from Moyles Quarry (a.k.a. Canton Viaduct Quarry) now part of Borderland State Park in Massachusetts, US. The commonwealth's name is even taken from an Algonquian word for the Great Blue Hill, which got its color from this form of granite.
Crocidolite (fibrous riebeckite)
File:Krokydolith - Mineralogisches Museum Bonn (7385).jpg
The fibrous forms of riebeckite are known as crocidolite and are one of the six recognised types of asbestos. Often referred to as blue asbestos, it is considered the most hazardous. The association between blue asbestos and mesothelioma was established by J. C. Wagner, C. A. Sleggs, and P. Marchand by 1960.{{cite journal |last1=Wagner |first1=J. C. |title=The discovery of the association between blue asbestos and mesotheliomas and the aftermath. |journal=Occupational and Environmental Medicine |date=1 June 1991 |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=399–403 |doi=10.1136/oem.48.6.399|pmid=2064978 |pmc=1035386 |doi-access=free }}
Crocidolite asbestos was mined in South Africa, Bolivia, and Wittenoom, Western Australia. Bolivian crocidolite was used in approximately 13 billion Kent Micronite cigarette filters, manufactured from March 1952 until at least May 1956 by the Lorillard Tobacco Company (now part of the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company). Blue asbestos was also used to similar effect, and hazard, in early gas masks.
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See also
- {{annotated link|List of minerals}}
- {{annotated link|List of minerals named after people}}
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{commons category|Riebeckite}}
- {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Crocidolite|volume=7|page=477}}
Category:Iron(II,III) minerals