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Riigikogu

{{Short description|Unicameral legislature of Estonia}}

{{more citations needed|date=September 2017}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}

{{expand Estonian|date=August 2023|topic=gov}}

{{Infobox legislature

| name = State Assembly of Estonia

| coa_pic = File:Riigikogu logo.svg

| native_name = Riigikogu

| legislature = XV Riigikogu

| house_type = Unicameral

| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|1919|4|23}}{{-}}{{start date and age|df=y|1992|10|21}} (re-established)

| disbanded = 1940–1991

| leader1_type = Chairman

| leader1 = Lauri Hussar

| party1 = Estonia 200

| election1 = 10 April 2023

| leader2_type = First Vice-Chairman

| leader2 = Toomas Kivimägi

| party2 = Reform

| election2 = 10 April 2023

| leader3_type = Second Vice-Chairman

| leader3 = Arvo Aller

| party3 = EKRE

| election3 = 15 July 2024

| members = 101

| structure1 = Riigikogu_composition.svg

| structure1_res = 250px

| political_groups1 =

Government (52)

: {{Color box|{{party color|Estonian Reform Party}}|border=black}} Reform (39)

: {{Color box|{{party color|Estonia 200 (2021)}}|border=black}} E200 (13)

Opposition (49)

: {{Color box|{{party color|Social Democratic Party (Estonia)}}|border=black}} SDE (14)

: {{Color box|{{party color|Isamaa}}|border=black}} Isamaa (11)

: {{Color box|{{party color|Conservative People's Party of Estonia}}|border=black}} EKRE (10)

: {{Color box|{{party color|Estonian Centre Party}}|border=black}} Centre (7)

: {{Color box|#c8a218|border=black}} ERK (1)

: {{Color box|{{party color|Independent}}|border=black}} Independents (6)

| session_room = Riigikogu sisehoov1.jpg

| meeting_place = Parliament building in Toompea Castle, Tallinn

| committees1 = {{Collapsible list |title = 11 Committees|Constitutional|Cultural Affairs|Economic Affairs|Environment|European Union Affairs|Finance|Foreign Affairs|Legal Affairs|National Defence|Rural Affairs|Social Affairs}}

| last_election1 = 5 March 2023

| next_election1 = By 7 March 2027

| voting_system1 = Party-list proportional representation
Modified D'Hondt method

| website = [http://www.riigikogu.ee www.riigikogu.ee]

| footnotes =

}}

The Riigikogu ({{IPA|et|ˈriːɡ̊iˈkoɡ̊u|lang}}, from Estonian riigi-, "of the state", and kogu, "assembly") is the unicameral parliament of Estonia. In addition to approving legislation, the Parliament appoints high officials, including the prime minister and chief justice of the Supreme Court, and elects (either alone or, if necessary, together with representatives of local government within a broader electoral college) the president. Among its other tasks, the Riigikogu also ratifies significant foreign treaties that impose military and proprietary obligations and bring about changes in law, as well as approves the budget presented by the government as law, and monitors the executive power.

History

{{Politics of Estonia}}

=History=

23 April 1919, the opening session of the Estonian Constituent Assembly is considered the founding date of the Parliament of Estonia.{{cite web |url=https://www.riigikogu.ee/ |title=Riigikogu |website=Riigikogu |access-date=17 December 2018 |archive-date=5 December 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981205210344/https://www.riigikogu.ee/ |url-status=live }} Established under the 1920 constitution, the Riigikogu had 100 members elected for a three-year term on the basis of proportional representation. Elections were fixed for the first Sunday in May of the third year of parliament.{{sfn|Miljan|2004|p=413}} The first elections to the Riigikogu took place in 1920. From 1923 to 1932, there were four more elections to the Riigikogu. The elections were on a regional basis, without any threshold in the first two elections, but from 1926 a moderate threshold (2%) was used. The sessions of the Riigikogu take place in the Toompea Castle, where a new building in an unusual Expressionist style was erected in the former courtyard of the medieval castle in 1920–1922.

In 1933 amendments to the first Constitution were approved by referendum, where more power was given to an executive President. The following year, the President used these new powers to adjourn parliament and declared martial law to avert an alleged coup.{{sfn|Miljan|2004|p=414}} In 1937, a second constitution was approved by referendum which saw the introduction of a two chambered legislature, the {{Ill|Chamber of Deputies (Estonia)|lt=Chamber of Deputies|et|Riigivolikogu}} (Riigivolikogu) and the National Council (Riiginõukogu). Elections were subsequently held in 1938 where only individual candidates were allowed to run.

During the subsequent periods of Soviet occupation (1940–41), German occupation (1941–44), and the second Soviet occupation (1944–1991) the Parliament was disbanded. The premises of the Riigikogu were used by the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR during the second Soviet occupation.

=Restitution of independence=

In September 1992, a year after Estonia had regained its independence from the Soviet Union, elections to the Parliament took place on the basis of the third Constitution of Estonia adopted in a referendum in the summer of the same year. The 1992 constitution, which incorporates elements of the 1920 and 1938 Constitutions and explicitly asserts its continuity with the Estonian state as it existed between 1918 and 1940, sees the return of a unicameral parliament with 101 members. The most recent parliamentary elections were held on 5 March 2023. The main differences between the current system and a pure political representation, or proportional representation, system are the established 5% national threshold, and the use of a modified D'Hondt formula (the divisor is raised to the power 0.9). This modification makes for more disproportionality than does the usual form of the formula.

Latest election

{{main|2023 Estonian parliamentary election}}

{{#lst:2023 Estonian parliamentary election|2023electiontable}}

Current seat allocation

Image:Riigikogu (2011).jpg

The seat allocation refers to de facto allocation, as defectors from fractions are not allowed to join other ones between elections.

Structure of former legislatures

= [[1992 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament after 1992 election]] =

style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"

| style="background:#014F9A; width:22%; color:white" | 29

| style="background:#F0953A; width:14%; color:white" | 17

| style="background:#007557; width:12%; color:white" | 15

| style="background:#E10600; width:10%; color:white" | 12

| style="background:#0000FF; width:9%; color:white" | 10

| style="background:#800080; width:7%; color:white" | 8

| style="background:#1034A6; width:7%; color:white" | 8

| style="background:#2FAE2F; width:3%; color:white" | 1

| style="background:#FCC200; width:2%; color:white" | 1

Pro Patria Union

| Safe Home (Estonia)

| Popular Front (Estonia)

| Moderates (Estonia)

| Estonian National Independence Party

| Estonian Royalist Party

| Estonian Citizen

| Estonian Greens

| Estonian Entrepreneurs' Party

= [[1995 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament after 1995 election]] =

style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"

| style="background:#F0953A; width:32%; color:white" | 41

| style="background:#FFE200; width:16%; color:#0000FF" | 19

| style="background:#007557; width:14%; color:white" | 16

| style="background:#014F9A; width:8%; color:white" | 8

| style="background:#E10600; width:6%; color:white" | 6

| style="background:#E56509; width:6%; color:white" | 6

| style="background:#3273ED; width:5%; color:white" | 5

Coalition Party and Country Union

| Estonian Reform Party

| Estonian Centre Party

| RKEI and ERSP (Pro Patria National Coalition and Estonian National Independence Party)

| Moderate (Social Democratic Party/Country Centre Party)

| Our Home is Estonia

| The Right Wingers (People's Party of Republicans Conservatives)

= [[1999 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament after 1999 election]] =

style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"

| style="background:#007557; width:23%; color:white" | 28

| style="background:#014F9A; width:16%; color:white" | 18

| style="background:#FFE200; width:16%; color:#0000FF" | 18

| style="background:#E10600; width:15%; color:white" | 17

| style="background:#F0953A; width:8%; color:white" | 7

| style="background:#F5B453; width:7%; color:white" | 7

| style="background:#E56509; width:6%; color:white" | 6

Estonian Centre Party

| Pro Patria Union

| Estonian Reform Party

| Moderates (Estonia)

| Estonian Coalition Party

| Estonian Country People's Union

| Estonian United People's Party

= [[2003 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament after 2003 election]] =

style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"

| style="background:#007557; width:25%; color:white" | 28

| style="background:#04427C; width:25%; color:white" | 28

| style="background:#FFE200; width:18%; color:#0000FF" | 19

| style="background:#F5B453; width:13%; color:white" | 13

| style="background:#014F9A; width:7%; color:white" | 7

| style="background:#E10600; width:7%; color:white" | 6

Estonian Centre Party

| Res Publica Party

| Estonian Reform Party

| People's Union of Estonia

| Pro Patria Union

| Moderate People's Party

= [[2007 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament after 2007 election]] =

style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"

| style="background:#FFE200; width:28%; color:#0000FF" | 31

| style="background:#007557; width:26%; color:white" | 29

| style="background:#00A2E6; width:18%; color:white" | 19

| style="background:#E10600; width:11%; color:white" | 10

| style="background:#80BB3D; width:7%; color:white" | 6

| style="background:#F5B453; width:7%; color:white" | 6

Estonian Reform Party

| Estonian Centre Party

| Pro Patria and Res Publica Union

| Social Democratic Party (Estonia)

| Estonian Greens

| People's Union of Estonia

= [[2011 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament after 2011 election]] =

style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"

| style="background:#FFE200; width:27%; color:#0000FF" | 33

| style="background:#007557; width:23%; color:white" | 26

| style="background:#00A2E6; width:20%; color:white" | 23

| style="background:#E10600; width:17%; color:white" | 19

Estonian Reform Party

| Estonian Centre Party

| Pro Patria and Res Publica Union

| Social Democratic Party (Estonia)

= [[2015 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament after 2015 election]] =

style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"

| style="background:#FFE200; width:28%; color:#0000FF" | 30

| style="background:#007557; width:25%; color:white" | 27

| style="background:#E10600; width:15%; color:white" | 15

| style="background:#00A2E6; width:14%; color:white" | 14

| style="background:#0086CF; width:9%; color:white" | 8

| style="background:#0063AF; width:8%; color:white" | 7

Estonian Reform Party

| Estonian Centre Party

| Social Democratic Party (Estonia)

| Pro Patria and Res Publica Union

| Estonian Free Party

| Conservative People's Party of Estonia

= [[2019 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament after 2019 election]] =

style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"

| style="background:#FFE200; width:29%; color:#0000FF" | 34

| style="background:#007557; width:23%; color:white" | 26

| style="background:#0063AF; width:18%; color:white" | 19

| style="background:#00A2E6; width:11%; color:white" | 12

| style="background:#E10600; width:10%; color:white" | 10

Estonian Reform Party

| Estonian Centre Party

| Conservative People's Party of Estonia

| Isamaa

| Social Democratic Party (Estonia)

= [[2023 Estonian parliamentary election|Estonian Parliament after 2023 election]] =

style="width:70%; font-weight:bold; text-align:center"

| style="background:#FFE200; width:36%; color:#0000FF" | 37

| style="background:#0063AF; width:17%; color:white" | 17

| style="background:#007557; width:16%; color:white" | 16

| style="background:#2F2A95; width:14%; color:white" | 14

| style="background:#E10600; width:9%; color:white" | 9

| style="background:#00A2E6; width:8%; color:white" | 8

Estonian Reform Party

| Conservative People's Party of Estonia

| Estonian Centre Party

| Estonia 200

| Social Democratic Party (Estonia)

| Isamaa

Speakers of the Riigikogu

The salary of the speaker is €8318.19 per month.{{cite web | url=https://www.riigikogu.ee/en/parliament-of-estonia/composition/salaries-of-mps/ | title=Salaries of MPS }}

=1921–1937=

class="wikitable"

! Name

! Period

! Legislature

Otto Strandman

|4 January 1921 – 18 November 1921

|I Riigikogu{{cite web |url=https://www.riigikogu.ee/riigikogu/koosseis/riigikogu-juhatus/ |title=Riigikogu juhatus |website=Riigikogu |access-date=18 June 2019 |archive-date=6 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606122850/https://www.riigikogu.ee/riigikogu/koosseis/riigikogu-juhatus/ |url-status=live }}

Juhan Kukk

|18 November 1921 – 20 November 1922

|I Riigikogu

Konstantin Päts

|20 November 1922 – 7 June 1923

|I Riigikogu

Jaan Tõnisson

|7 June 1923 – 27 May 1925

|II Riigikogu

August Rei

|9 June 1925 – 22 June 1926

|II Riigikogu

|Karl Einbund

|22 June 1926 – 19 July 1932

|III Riigikogu, IV Riigikogu, V Riigikogu

Jaan Tõnisson

|19 July 1932 – 18 May 1933

|V Riigikogu

Karl Einbund

|18 May 1933 – 29 August 1934

|V Riigikogu

Rudolf Penno

|28 September 1934 – 31 December 1937

|V Riigikogu

=Speakers of the Riigivolikogu (lower chamber)=

class="wikitable"

! Name

! Period

! Legislature

Jüri Uluots

|21 April 1938 – 12 October 1939

|VI Riigikogu

Otto Pukk

|17 October 1939 – 5 July 1940

|VI Riigikogu

Arnold Veimer

|21 July 1940 – 25 August 1940

|

=Speaker of the Riiginõukogu (upper chamber)=

class="wikitable"

! Name

! Period

! Legislature

Mihkel Pung

|21 April 1938 – 5 July 1940

|VI Riigikogu

=Chairman of the Supreme Council (1990–1992)=

class="wikitable"

! Name

! Period

Arnold Rüütel

|29 March 1990 – 5 October 1992

=Speaker of the Supreme Council (1990–1992)=

class="wikitable"

! Name

! Period

Ülo Nugis

|29 March 1990 – 5 October 1992

=Since 1992=

class="wikitable"

! Name

! Period

! Legislature

Ülo Nugis

|21 October 1992 – 21 March 1995

|VII Riigikogu

Toomas Savi

|21 March 1995 – 31 March 2003

|VIII Riigikogu, IX Riigikogu

Ene Ergma

|31 March 2003 – 23 March 2006

|X Riigikogu

Toomas Varek

|23 March 2006 – 2 April 2007

|X Riigikogu

Ene Ergma

|2 April 2007 – 20 March 2014

|XI Riigikogu, XII Riigikogu

Eiki Nestor

|20 March 2014 – 4 April 2019

|XII Riigikogu, XIII Riigikogu

Henn Põlluaas

|4 April 2019 – 18 March 2021

|XIV Riigikogu

Jüri Ratas

|18 March 2021 – 10 April 2023

|XIV Riigikogu

Lauri Hussar

|10 April 2023 – present

|XV Riigikogu{{cite news |title=Eesti 200 leader Lauri Hussar elected Riigikogu speaker |url=https://news.err.ee/1608943580/eesti-200-leader-lauri-hussar-elected-riigikogu-speaker |work=ERR |date=10 April 2023 |language=en}}

Chancellery

{{expand section|date=March 2020}}

Established on October 5 of 1992, the Chancellery of the Riigikogu ({{langx|et|Riigikogu Kantselei}}) is the administration supporting the Riigikogu in the performance of its constitutional functions.{{cite web |title=Chancellery of the Riigikogu |url=https://www.riigikogu.ee/en/parliament-of-estonia/chancellery-riigikogu/ |website=Riigikogu |access-date=21 March 2020 |language=et |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406140317/https://www.riigikogu.ee/en/parliament-of-estonia/chancellery-riigikogu/ |url-status=live }} The [https://www.riigikogu.ee/en/parliament-of-estonia/chancellery-riigikogu/board-and-departments/ departments] of the Chancellery perform the daily functions.

See also

Citations and references

{{Reflist}}

=Cited sources=

{{Refbegin}}

  • {{Cite book |last=Miljan |first=Toivo |year=2004 |title=Historical Dictionary of Estonia |language=en |location=Maryland, US |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=0-8108-4904-6}}

{{Refend}}

External links

  • {{Official website}}
  • [http://www.legaltext.ee/text/en/X60044K2.htm Riigkogu's election law] {{in lang|en}}

{{Coords|59|26|09|N|24|44|14|E|display=title}}

{{Estonia topics}}

{{Parliaments in Europe}}

{{National unicameral legislatures}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:1919 establishments in Estonia

Category:Government of Estonia

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