Rimicaris exoculata

Rimicaris exoculata typically measures between {{Convert|4–6|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length{{Cite journal |last1=Durand |first1=Lucile |last2=Roumagnac |first2=Marie |last3=Cueff-Gauchard |first3=Valérie |last4=Jan |first4=Cyrielle |last5=Guri |first5=Mathieu |last6=Tessier |first6=Claire |last7=Haond |first7=Marine |last8=Crassous |first8=Philippe |last9=Zbinden |first9=Magali |last10=Arnaud-Haond |first10=Sophie |last11=Cambon-Bonavita |first11=Marie-Anne |date=2015-08-31 |editor-last=King |editor-first=Gary |title=Biogeographical distribution of Rimicaris exoculata resident gut epibiont communities along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent sites |url=https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/femsec/fiv101 |journal=FEMS Microbiology Ecology |language=en |volume=91 |issue=10 |pages=fiv101 |doi=10.1093/femsec/fiv101 |pmid=26324855 |issn=1574-6941}} and weighs an average of {{Convert|1.6|g|oz|abbr=on}}.{{Cite web |last1=Grimm |first1=Melissa |last2=Patel |first2=Kruti |title=ADW: : INFORMATION |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rimicaris_exoculata/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Animal Diversity Web |language=en}} During the moult cycle of their exoskeleton, this species transitions from white to translucent due to mineral deposits in the branchial chamber. Both sides of their body are covered in many long bacteriophore setae, and they possess an enlarged cephalothorax.{{Cite journal |last1=Methou |first1=Pierre |last2=Hikosaka |first2=Masanari |last3=Chen |first3=Chong |last4=Watanabe |first4=Hiromi K. |last5=Miyamoto |first5=Norio |last6=Makita |first6=Hiroko |last7=Takahashi |first7=Yoshio |last8=Jenkins |first8=Robert G. |date=2022-04-26 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Karyn N. |title=Symbiont Community Composition in Rimicaris kairei Shrimps from Indian Ocean Vents with Notes on Mineralogy |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=88 |issue=8 |pages=e0018522 |doi=10.1128/aem.00185-22 |issn=0099-2240 |pmc=9040608 |pmid=35404070|bibcode=2022ApEnM..88E.185M }} Although they lack eyes, Rimicaris exoculata has a high concentration of rhodopsin within a dorsal "eyespot" located beneath a transparent cuticle on their carapace.{{Cite web |title=The 'Eye' of the Vent Shrimp {{!}} Deep Sea News |url=https://deepseanews.com/2010/04/the-eye-of-the-vent-shrimp/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=deepseanews.com |language=en-US}} Despite having non-image-forming optics,{{Cite journal |last1=Pelli |first1=Denis G. |last2=Chamberlain |first2=Steven C. |date=1989-02-02 |title=The visibility of 350 °C black-body radiation by the shrimp Rimicaris exoculata and man |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/337460a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=337 |issue=6206 |pages=460–461 |doi=10.1038/337460a0 |pmid=15726721 |bibcode=1989Natur.337..460P |issn=1476-4687}} their evolved compound eye on the dorsal surface suggests extreme sensitivity to light,{{Cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=P. J. |last2=Jinks |first2=R. N. |last3=Herzog |first3=E. D. |last4=Battelle |first4=B. A. |last5=Kass |first5=L. |last6=Renninger |first6=G. H. |last7=Chamberlain |first7=S. C. |date=1995 |title=The morphology of the dorsal eye of the hydrothermal vent shrimp, Rimicaris exoculata |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8924410/ |journal=Visual Neuroscience |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=861–875 |doi=10.1017/s0952523800009421 |issn=0952-5238 |pmid=8924410}} and the ability to detect dim light and chemical compounds emitted by vents. With an enlarged gill chamber and hypertrophied mouthparts covered in thick microbial layers,{{Cite journal |last1=Durand |first1=Lucile |last2=Zbinden |first2=Magali |last3=Cueff-Gauchard |first3=Valarie |last4=Duperron |first4=Sabastien |last5=Roussel |first5=Erwan |last6=Shillito |first6=Bruce |last7=Cambon-Bonavita |first7=Marie-Anne |date=2009-12-24 |title=Microbial diversity associated with the hydrothermal shrimp Rimicaris exoculata gut and occurrence of a resident microbial community |url=https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00806.x |journal=FEMS Microbiology Ecology |language=en |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=291–303 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00806.x |pmid=19951370 |via=Wiley}} Rimicaris exoculata house a dense ectosymbiotic community of chemoautotrophic bacteria within its gill chambers. The atypically large mouthparts within the gill chamber are densely covered with setae.{{Cite journal |last1=Petersen |first1=Jillian M. |last2=Ramette |first2=Alban |last3=Lott |first3=Christian |last4=Cambon-Bonavita |first4=Marie-Anne |last5=Zbinden |first5=Magali |last6=Dubilier |first6=Nicole |date=2010-08-04 |title=Dual symbiosis of the vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata with filamentous gamma- and epsilonproteobacteria at four Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent fields |url=https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02129.x |journal=Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=2204–2218 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02129.x |pmid=21966914 |bibcode=2010EnvMi..12.2204P |issn=1462-2912}}

File:Rimicaris-exoculata swarms.png

Rimicaris exoculata is a prevalent species found on active hydrothermal edifices at deep-sea vents of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at depths of up to {{Convert|3600|m|ft|abbr=on}}. R. exoculata tends to cluster in great numbers (often in the thousands of individuals{{Cite journal |last1=Ravaux |first1=Juliette |last2=Gaill |first2=Françoise |last3=Bris |first3=Nadine Le |last4=Sarradin |first4=Pierre-Marie |last5=Jollivet |first5=Didier |last6=Shillito |first6=Bruce |date=2003-07-15 |title=Heat-shock response and temperature resistance in the deep-sea vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata |url=https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00419 |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=206 |issue=14 |pages=2345–2354 |bibcode=2003JExpB.206.2345R |doi=10.1242/jeb.00419 |issn=1477-9145 |pmid=12796451}}) near where the hydrothermal fluid escapes the vent, where steep thermal and chemical gradients are expected.

The closely related species Rimicaris kairei is also found in similar habitats in Indian Ocean vent fields.{{Cite journal |last1=Methou |first1=Pierre |last2=Hikosaka |first2=Masanari |last3=Chen |first3=Chong |last4=Watanabe |first4=Hiromi K. |last5=Miyamoto |first5=Norio |last6=Makita |first6=Hiroko |last7=Takahashi |first7=Yoshio |last8=Jenkins |first8=Robert G. |date=2022-04-26 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Karyn N. |title=Symbiont Community Composition in Rimicaris kairei Shrimps from Indian Ocean Vents with Notes on Mineralogy |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=88 |issue=8 |pages=e0018522 |doi=10.1128/aem.00185-22 |issn=0099-2240 |pmc=9040608 |pmid=35404070|bibcode=2022ApEnM..88E.185M }}

File:Blacksmoker in Atlantic Ocean.jpgThe Rimicaris exoculata hydrothermal vent shrimp has a unique adaptation in the form of an enlarged gill chamber, which houses a complex trophic epibiotic community. This chamber is host to a dense community of chemoautotrophic bacteria, which provide the majority of the shrimp's nutrition through a direct transfer of organic carbon.{{Cite journal |last1=Zbinden |first1=M. |last2=Cambon-Bonavita |first2=MA |date=2020-10-01 |title=Rimicaris exoculata: biology and ecology of a shrimp from deep-sea hydrothermal vents associated with ectosymbiotic bacteria |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MEPS..652..187Z |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |volume=652 |pages=187–222 |doi=10.3354/meps13467|bibcode=2020MEPS..652..187Z }} In addition, the shrimp hosts a diverse and dense symbiotic community of filamentous bacteria within its enlarged branchiostegites and on its hypertrophied mouthparts. These symbionts are acquired through horizontal transmission with each generation of settling juveniles obtaining their symbionts from the environment anew. The shrimp's gut is full of sulphides and iron-oxide particles, which it receives from the hydrothermal vent fluid and in which microbial communities thrive. The mineral deposits and symbiotic communities residing in the shrimp are renewed approximately every 10 days and reacquired after each molt. The shrimp's morphology has adapted to this symbiosis, with atypically large and densely covered setae on its mouthparts within the gill chamber, to which the ectosymbionts are attached.

File:Rimicaris-exoculata.jpgRimicaris shrimp reproduce through internal fertilization and are protogynous. Females carry their embryos under their abdomen, utilizing modified pleopods and additional setae to maintain their brood.{{Cite journal |last1=Hernández-Ávila |first1=Iván |last2=Cambon-Bonavita |first2=Marie-Anne |last3=Sarrazin |first3=Jozée |last4=Pradillon |first4=Florence |date=2022-08-01 |title=Population structure and reproduction of the alvinocaridid shrimp Rimicaris exoculata on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Variations between habitats and vent fields |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096706372200139X |journal=Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers |volume=186 |pages=103827 |doi=10.1016/j.dsr.2022.103827 |bibcode=2022DSRI..18603827H |issn=0967-0637}} After an incubation period of a few weeks on chimney walls, zoea larvae are released into the water column. These larvae undergo a unique larval development, with a primary lecithotrophic stage followed by an extended planktotrophic period, allowing for a vast potential for dispersion. The larvae disperse within bathypelagic waters, feeding on pelagic food items until they reach a large post-larval stage and return to a benthic and chemosynthetic lifestyle at vents. Every generation of settling juveniles obtains their symbionts from the environment through horizontal transmission.

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Category:Animals living on hydrothermal vents

Category:Caridea