Ring of the Fisherman

A letter written by Pope Clement IV to his nephew in the 13th century includes the earliest known mention of the Ring of the Fisherman, which was used for sealing the pope's private correspondence.{{cite web|author=René Ostberg|title=Fisherman's Ring|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fishermans-Ring|date=April 21, 2025|work=Encyclopedia Britannica}} Public documents, by contrast, were sealed by stamping a different papal seal onto lead which was attached to the document. Such documents were historically called papal bulls, named after the stamped bulla (seal) of lead. By the 15th century, the fisherman's ring began to be used to seal papal briefs, which are official but less formal documents. That practice ended in 1842, when the sealing wax was replaced by a stamp which affixed the same device in red ink. Lead seals continue to be used for apostolic letters.Elaine Sciolino, [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/04/world/europe/spanish-cardinal-becomes-the-temporary-administrative-father.html Spanish Cardinal Becomes the Temporary 'Administrative Father' for the World's Catholics], New York Times (April 4, 2005).

The ring has been lost or stolen at various times. In a 1588 letter, the Spanish ambassador to Rome, Count Olivares, reported to Philip IV that a papal cup-bearer had stolen the Fisherman's Ring from Sixtus V.[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/07/26/105055997.html Fisherman's Ring is Missing], New York Times (July 26, 1903). In 1797, after Napoleon's troops occupied Rome, the ring of Pius VI was briefly taken by French soldiers under the command of General Berthier.Michael J. Schuck, That They Be One: The Social Teaching of the Papal Encyclicals 1740-1989 (Georgetown University Press, 1991), p. 6. The ring was returned to Pius VI the next day, although he died in forced exile in Valence. Before the French abducted Pius VII, the pope reportedly broke the ring into two pieces, which were held in Paris until Louis XVIII returned them to Rome. In 1899, the Fisherman's Ring was reportedly lost before an underservant recovered it and returned it to Leo XIII; however, upon Leo's death in 1903, the ring was not found among his possessions.

The longstanding custom of kissing an episcopal ring (i.e., the ring of a bishop, including the pope), accompanied by the bending of the knee or the bowing of the head, was firmly established by the Middle Ages. A partial indulgence associated with kissing the Fisherman's Ring was granted by Pope Pius X in the early 20th century. However, Paul VI abolished this custom as well as other acts of subservience to the pope, such as the kissing of the pope's foot and cheek. The practice of kissing the ring has endured, although Francis (as archbishop of Buenos Aires and later pope) usually discouraged it,Eric Sundrup, [https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2019/03/26/explainer-why-doesnt-pope-francis-want-people-kiss-his-ring Explainer: Why doesn’t Pope Francis want people to kiss his ring?], America (March 26, 2019). due to the ritual's connotations of clericalism and temporal power.

A new ring is traditionally cast for each pope, and the design features an image of Saint Peter along with an inscription of the pope's name in Latin.John-Peter Pham, Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession (Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 332. (For example, Benedictus XVI for Benedict XVI.)[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/secrets-of-the-papal-ring-goldsmith-details-how-one-of-a-kind-adornment-is-crafted/ Secrets of the papal ring: Goldsmith details how one-of-a-kind adornment is crafted], CBS Mornings (March 13, 2013). Past popes have used rings of various designs reflecting their own tastes. Pius IX's ornate ring contained more than a hundred diamonds; John XXIII's ring was a simple cameo, and John Paul II used hammered gold. Benedict XVI's ring was created by eight artisans under the direction of Claudio Franchi, a Roman goldsmith, and consisted of 35 grams of gold.[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/secrets-of-the-papal-ring-goldsmith-details-how-one-of-a-kind-adornment-is-crafted/ Secrets of the papal ring: Goldsmith details how one-of-a-kind adornment is crafted], CBS Mornings (March 13, 2013). Although the Fisherman's Ring is traditionally made of gold, Francis (reigned 2013-2025) chose one of gold-plated silver. Unusually, Francis's ring was based on a previously designed ring, created by Italian sculptor Enrico Manfrini (d. 2004) for Paul VI.{{cite web|url=http://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2013/03/pope-francis-eschews-tradition-with-silver-ring/|title=Pope Francis eschews tradition with silver ring|work=Capital News|date=18 March 2013 }}

File:Ring of the Fisherman Pope Pius VIII.jpg]]

During the ceremony of a papal coronation or papal inauguration, the Camerlengo traditionally slips the ring on the ring finger of the new pope's right hand.{{cite web|url=https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=4697|title=The Ring of the Fisherman|author=Catholic Online}} Benedict XVI had the dean of the College of Cardinals, Angelo Sodano, give him the ring, which he then placed upon himself.{{cite web|url=http://www.dieter-philippi.de/en/ecclesiastical-fineries/ring-of-the-fisherman-piscatory-ring|title=Sammlung Philippi - The Piscatory Ring (Anulus piscatoris) of Pope Benedict XVI.|author=Administrator|quote=[The ring] was passed to Pope Benedict XVI by the dean of the College of Cardinals, Angelo Cardinal Sodano. Mr Franchi, too, was present at the introduction. Watching the Pope stick the ring on his finger was a memorable experience to him.}} Pope Francis was likewise bestowed his ring by Sodano at his installation.Joshua J. McElwee, [https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/francis-inaugural-mass-pope-must-be-servant-inspired-lowly Francis at inaugural Mass: Pope must be servant, 'inspired by lowly'], National Catholic Reporter (March 19, 2013).

Benedict XVI wore the Fisherman's Ring daily, but other contemporary popes, including Benedict's successor Francis, wore it only during certain ceremonies. Pope Paul VI routinely wore a different ring, which commemorated the Second Vatican Council.

Historically, upon the death of a pope, the camerlengo ceremonially destroyed the ring (as well as the bulla) using a hammer in the presence of the College of Cardinals.{{Cite web |date=April 21, 2025 |title=How the next Pope is chosen |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-904185ba-2600-4d37-9419-9204b4da5167 |access-date=2025-04-22 |publisher=BBC News |language=en-GB}}Oscar Holland and Leah Dolan, [https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/22/style/pope-francis-fishermans-ring-destroyed/index.html Why Pope Francis' signet ring will be destroyed following his death], CNN (April 22, 2025). The practice of destroying a late pope's signet ring originated as a means to prevent the issuance of forged documents during the sede vacante (the interregnum between the death of one pope and the election of another).{{Cite web |date=2025-04-21 |title=A series of ancient traditions rule the pope's funeral and conclave |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/pope-francis-dead-what-happens-next-rcna128745 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=NBC News |language=en}}

The apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis, which governs procedures during the sede vacante, directs the College of Cardinals to "arrange for the destruction of the fisherman's ring and of the lead seal with which Apostolic Letters are dispatched" during a meeting of the general congregation of cardinals, but does not set a specific time when the destruction must occur.Junno Arocho Esteves, [https://www.osvnews.com/papal-ring-insignia-destroyed-at-cardinals-final-meeting/ Papal ring, insignia destroyed at cardinals’ final meeting], OSV News (May 7, 2025). However, the ritual typically occurs during a meeting of the general congregation of cardinals that precedes the conclave to elect a successor.[https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/3658/cardinals-finish-meetings-john-pauls-fishermans-ring-destroyed Cardinals finish meetings, John Paul's Fisherman's Ring destroyed], Catholic News Service'' (April 15, 2005).

The broken Fisherman's Ring of Pius IX is part of the Alice and Louis Koch Collection of 2,500 rings at the Swiss National Museum in Zurich.Susanne Fowler, [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/22/fashion/jewelry-history-beatriz-chadour-sampson-england.html As a Historian, She Follows the Clues], New York Times (November 22, 2021).

Upon the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI in 2013 (the first papal resignation in more than six hundred years), Benedict's signet ring was not destroyed but was instead defaced by applying two deep cuts in the shape of a cross using a chisel.{{cite web |author=Carol Zimmermann|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1301028.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130312175100/http%3A//www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1301028.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-03-12 |title=Ring of retired Pope Benedict no longer can be used as seal |agency=Catholic News Service |date=March 7, 2013}} The ring and seals of Pope Francis were cut with a chisel by a laywoman in front of the College of Cardinals at their last General Congregation on May 6, 2025 (as seen in a video posted by Vatican News),{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLUA0nNf3Qw|title=20250506 Annullamento Anello del Pescatore}} following his death on April 21, 2025.{{Cite Web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2025-05/12th-general-congregation-college-cardinals.html|title=12th General Congregation focuses on necessary qualities for a future Pope}}

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Category:Papal vestments

Category:Seals (insignia)

Category:Individual rings