Ritchie Boys
{{Short description|WWII US special military intelligence unit}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
The Ritchie Boys, part of the U.S. Military Intelligence Service (MIS) at the War Department, were an organization of soldiers in World War II with sizable numbers of German and Austrian recruits who were used primarily for interrogation of prisoners on the front lines and counter-intelligence in Europe. Trained at secret Camp Ritchie in Washington County, Maryland, many of the total 22,000 men and women in service were German-speaking immigrants to the United States, often Jews, who fled Nazi persecution.{{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=Bruce |author1-link=Bruce Henderson (author) |title=Sons and Soldiers: The Untold Story of the Jews Who Escaped the Nazis and Returned with the U.S. Army to Fight Hitler |date=2017 |publisher=William Morrow |location=New York |isbn=978-0062419095 |url=https://brucehendersonbooks.com/books/sons-and-soldiers/overview/ |language=en |oclc=1014240736}}{{cite journal |last1=Foy |first1=David A. |title=Intelligence in Literature and Media: Reviewed: Sons and Soldiers: The Untold Story of the Jews Who Escaped the Nazis and Returned with the US Army to Fight Hitler |journal=Studies in Intelligence |date=2017-10-02 |volume=61 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206034821/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol-61-no-3/sons-and-soldiers.html |archive-date=6 December 2017 |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol-61-no-3/sons-and-soldiers.html |access-date=12 May 2021 |publisher=Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency |quote= }} After the war, many former Ritchie Boys rose to important positions in the military and in the intelligence community.Cartwright, J. B., The Quiet Contingent: An Addendum on WWII: The Boys of Camp Ritchie, 2024. {{ISBN|979-8-89379-322-2}} In addition to interrogation and counter-intelligence, they were trained in psychological warfare to study and demoralize the enemy, and they later served as prosecutors and translators in the Nuremberg trials.{{Cite web|title=Ritchie Boys: The secret U.S. unit bolstered by German-born Jews who helped the Allies beat Hitler|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ritchie-boys-60-minutes-2022-01-02/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}
The parent organization of the Ritchie Boys, the MIS, was commanded in Washington by Brigadier General Hayes Adlai Kroner for most of the war.{{Cite web |last=Bigelow |first=Michael E. |title=A Short History of Army Intelligence |url=https://irp.fas.org/agency/army/short.pdf |publisher=U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command}}
Camp Ritchie
The Ritchie Boys consisted of approximately 20,000 servicemen and 2,000 Women's Army Corps members, who were trained for U.S. Army Intelligence during World War II at the secret Camp Ritchie training facility. Most of the men sent to Camp Ritchie for training were assigned there because of fluency in German, French, Italian, Polish, or other languages that were needed by the US Army during the war. Members had been drafted into or volunteered to join the United States Army and, after their ability to speak an enemy language had been discovered, {{citation needed span|text=were sent to Camp Ritchie on secret orders.|reason=Citation needed establishing "secret orders".|date=October 2023}} Some of the Jewish refugees who were part of this program had originally arrived in the US as children, many without their parents, and were also among the One Thousand Children.
They were trained at the Military Intelligence Training Center at Camp Ritchie in Maryland, later officially known as Fort Ritchie (it was closed in 1998 under the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission).{{cite web |title=Fort Ritchie at Cascade |url=http://www.fortritchie.com/ |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705091604/http://www.fortritchie.com/ |archive-date=5 July 2008 |date=5 July 2008 |quote=Fort Ritchie is a new mixed-use development on a 591-acre former Army post in Cascade, Maryland. Corporate Office Properties Trust}} They were specially trained in methods of intelligence, counterintelligence, interrogation, investigation and psychological warfare.[https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=437576 John Patrick Finnegan, Military Intelligence, Center of Military History United States Army, Washington, D.C., 1998.] Nine hundred of these men also attended special training at Camp Sharpe, Pennsylvania. The Jewish refugees were qualified for these tasks because they knew the German language and understood the German mentality and behavior better than most American-born soldiers.[https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x0c60 Kurt Frank Korf, quoted in Patricia Kollander, I Must be a Part of this War: A German American's Fight against Hitler and Nazism, Fordham University Press, 2005] {{ISBN|0-8232-2528-3}}; p. 109. The role of the soldiers was, therefore, to work in the front lines, at strategic corps and army levels, at interrogation, analyzing German forces and plans, and to study and demoralize the enemy. The majority of them went on to work as members of the US Counter Intelligence Corps.Sayer, Ian, and Douglas Botting, [https://books.google.com/books/about/America_s_secret_army.html?id=yQxnAAAAMAAJ America's Secret Army: The Untold Story of the Counter Intelligence Corps. Grafton Books, 1989] {{ISBN|0-246-12690-6}}
During the Battle of the Bulge, two Ritchie Boys were recognized by their accents, and the German officer Curt Bruns then ordered them both to be summarily executed; he said, "The Jews have no right to live in Germany." He was captured on February 15, 1945, put on trial for the murders, and sentenced to death by firing squad. Bruns was executed on June 15, 1945, the first World War II criminal to be executed by the US Army.{{Cite web |title=Ritchie Boys: The secret U.S. unit bolstered by German-born Jews who helped the Allies beat Hitler |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ritchie-boys-60-minutes-2022-07-03/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}
Europe
After the German declaration of war against the United States on December 11, 1941, the Ritchie Boys became an important weapon for the Allies. Many of them entered Europe on D-Day (6 June 1944).Gilbert, James L., John P. Finnegan and Ann Bray. [http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps103181/GPO_Army_318-530.pdf In the Shadow of the Sphynx: A History of Army Counterintelligence], History Office, Office of Strategic Management and Information, US Army Intelligence and Security Command, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, Dec 2005; p. 33. {{ISBN|1234461366}} Others followed over time. Shortly after reaching land, they left their units and pursued their special tasks. They fed the Allies valuable information. General Oscar Koch (General Patton's G-2) acknowledged that the advance warning of the German Bulge offensive occurred because of information gathered by their MIS units. Moreover, the Ritchie Boys helped break German resistance by demoralizing them in both open and covert operations. They interrogated prisoners-of-war and defectors to obtain information about the Germans' force levels, troop movements, and physical and psychological states. A common interrogation tactic was to use the Germans' fear of transfer into Soviet custody.{{cite news |last1=Fine |first1=Sabrina |title=Holocaust refugee turned American Soldier never forgot the horrors he witnessed |url=https://www.jbsa.mil/News/News/Article/2154602/holocaust-refugee-turned-american-soldier-never-forgot-the-horrors-he-witnessed/ |access-date=12 May 2021 |work=502nd Air Base Wing, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston |publisher=United States Air Force |date=April 17, 2020 |quote=My friend and comrade Fred Howard found that the German soldiers were afraid beyond everything else of landing in Russian captivity,” Stern said. “We played on that fear by telling the enemy soldiers that we had orders to turn them over to the Russians if they did not cooperate. We got vital info for our Air Force that way. I disguised myself as a Soviet commissar and liaison officer. I donned a Russian uniform for that purpose; Fred played a soft-hearted American.}} By means of targeted disinformation by newspaper announcements, flyers, radio broadcasts, and sound trucks, the German population and military were encouraged to cease their resistance to the Allied invasion.
Pacific
Camp Ritchie also trained over 500 Nisei (second-generation Japanese-Americans) for PACMIRS (Pacific Military Intelligence Research Service), a program to translate documents the U.S. Navy captured in Saipan in July 1944. Fifteen crates of documents were sent to Camp Ritchie for training purposes and were not considered to have any military intelligence. One Nisei, Kazuo Yamane, digging into a crate, retrieved what he believed to be a textbook but soon discovered it to be meeting minutes from a gathering of all of Japan's armories. The notes contained locations of the armories, the number of weapons held by Imperial Japan, and spare parts held and indicated that Japan had half as many of weapons available to it in 1944 as it had in 1943. Yamane immediately contacted his superior, who contacted the War Department, which translated the text into English. The Americans then located and destroyed the armories. Yamane called this act his "Proof of Loyalty" because he claimed that he could easily have not reported the document to his superiors. A 2017 film, Proof of Loyalty: Kazuo Yamane and the Nisei Soldiers of Hawaii, detailed his time in the service and at Ritchie.
Post-war
A classified postwar report by the U.S. Army found that nearly 60 percent of the credible intelligence gathered in Europe had come from the Ritchie Boys.
After the war, many of the Ritchie Boys served as translators and interrogators such as during the Nuremberg Trials. Many of them went on to successful political, scientific, or business careers.
The first-ever reunion of the Ritchie Boys took place from 23–25 July 2011 at the Holocaust Memorial Center, in Farmington Hills, Michigan.{{cite web|url=https://detroit.cbslocal.com/2011/07/23/holocaust-memorial-center-hosts-the-ritchie-boys-exhibit/|title=Holocaust Memorial Center Hosts 'The Ritchie Boys' Exhibit|date=23 July 2011|publisher=CBS Detroit|access-date=31 August 2019}} Another reunion was held in June 2012 in Washington, D.C., and at Fort Ritchie, which had then closed.{{cite journal|title=Just-in-Time Intelligence Training in World War II: The Legacy of the "Ritchie Boys" Seven Decades Later (Part I) |first1=William C. |last1=Spracher |first2=Mark |last2=Kramar |journal=American Intelligence Journal| volume=31|issue=2|year=2013|pages=139–142 |publisher= National Military Intelligence Foundation |jstor=26202086 }}
In August 2021, the Ritchie Boys were honored in a congressional resolution.{{Cite web|date=2021-08-11|title=Ritchie Boys Honored for WWII Service, Valor|url=https://www.ausa.org/news/ritchie-boys-honored-wwii-service-valor|access-date=2021-11-26|website=AUSA|language=en}}{{Cite web|last=Cardin|first=Ben|date=2021-08-09|title=Text – S.Res.349 – 117th Congress (2021–2022): A resolution honoring the contributions of the Ritchie Boys.|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-resolution/349/text|access-date=2021-11-26|website=www.congress.gov}}
Following the sale of Fort Ritchie in April 2021, a museum and educational center was opened on June 9, 2023 to continue commemorating the story of the Ritchie Boys in the location that they had originally trained.{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldmailmedia.com/story/news/2021/05/07/washington-county-maryland-ritchie-boys-world-war-ii-60-minutes/4976881001/|title=Segment on WWII Ritchie Boys from Washington County camp to air on '60 Minutes'|date=7 May 2021|publisher=Herald Mail Media| access-date=13 May 2021}} On April 25, 2022, Maryland State Senator Paul Corderman officially announced $400,000 of state funding for the creation of a museum at Camp Ritchie to honor the legacy of the Ritchie Boys and the history of the Army Post.{{Cite web |title=Senator Paul Corderman is at Fort Ritchie Community Center |url=https://www.facebook.com/100058239601106/posts/412998933984757/?d=n |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=Facebook |language=en}}{{Better source needed|reason=Facebook is not a reliable source (WP:NOTRS).|date=May 2022}}
Then museum director, Landon Grove, presented a number of talks and interviews, including several NPR discussions in Tulsa, Oklahoma, to spread the story of the soldiers.
The Ritchie Boys were honored by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum with the Elie Wiesel Award, the museum's highest honor to recognize "the unique role they played serving the United States and advancing our victory over Germany." The Ritchie Boys Arno Mayer and Gideon Kantor were present to accept the award, and a keynote speech was given by Mark Milley.{{cite web | url=https://www.ushmm.org/information/press/press-releases/ritchie-boys-2022-elie-wiesel-award | title=Elie Wiesel Award is Museum's Highest Honor }}{{Failed verification|date=May 2022|reason=doesn't say award has been given, says only that it will be in the future and doesn't mention Meyer, Cantor, or Milley.}}
On October 31, 2022, a press conference was held at Fort Ritchie and Representative David Trone announced he expected to introduce in Congress a bill to award the Ritchie Boys the Congressional Gold Medal.{{cite web|url=https://www.wfmd.com/2022/10/31/legislation-to-honor-the-ritchie-boys-to-be-introduced/|title=Legislation To Honor The 'Ritchie Boys' To Be Introduced|date=31 October 2022|publisher=WFMD| access-date=31 October 2022}}
Notable Ritchie Boys
{{more citations needed|section|date=December 2021}}
Anyone who attended Camp Ritchie is considered a Ritchie Boy for this list, whether or not they went on to serve in Europe:
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
- William AaltoCartwright, J. B., The Quiet Contingent: An Addendum on WWII: The Boys of Camp Ritchie, 2024; p. 488. {{ISBN|979-8-89379-322-2}}
- Robert H. Abeles, chemist{{cite web|last1=Traussnig|first1=Florian|last2=Lackner|first2=Robert|title=Austrian Graduates of the Military Intelligence Training Centers: Camp Ritchie & Camp Sharpe|url=https://camp-ritchie.webnode.at/_files/200000011-c1f69c1f6b/MITC_Austrians_English-2.pdf|access-date=8 September 2021|publisher=Austrian Center for Intelligence, Propaganda and Security Studies}}
- Lloyd AlexanderCartwright, J. B., The Quiet Contingent: An Addendum on WWII: The Boys of Camp Ritchie, 2024; p. 489. {{ISBN|979-8-89379-322-2}}
- {{ill|Werner Angress|de}}, historian{{cite web |last1=Angress |first1=Werner |author1-link=:de:Werner Angress |title=May he rot forever! |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/%C2%BBmay-he-rot-forever-%C2%AB/fgLS1eqGQKPXKA?hl=en |website=Jewish Museum Berlin |publisher=Google Arts & Culture |access-date=12 May 2021 |language=en}}
- Joseph Anthony
- Ralph H. Baer{{cite web|last1=Lota|first1=Jiesie|title=Ritchie Boys|url=https://klangslattery.com/ritchie-boys/|access-date=12 May 2021|website=Katie Lang-Slattery}}
- John Bertram Oakes
- Gardner Botsford
- John Robert Boker Jr.
- Victor Brombert
- Hanus Burger
- John Chafee
- Prince David Chavchavadze
- Frank Church
- William Sloane Coffin
- John E. Dolibois
- Joseph W. Eaton
- Claudius Miller Easley, Jr., son of Claudius Miller Easley
- Alexander Eckstein{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
- Leon Edel
- Leonard Edmondson
- Eugene Ehrlich
- Hermann Eilts
- Don Eliason
- William Emerson (journalist)
- Paul Fairbrook{{cite web |last1=Gilbert |first1=Lori |title=San Joaquin man part of unique WWII band of brothers |url=https://www.recordnet.com/article/20120528/A_LIFE/205270305 |website=The Record |publisher=Gannett |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512230711/https://www.recordnet.com/article/20120528/A_LIFE/205270305 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |location=Stockton, CA |language=en |date=May 28, 2012 |quote=I was assigned to write the Red Book, the 'Order of Battle Book of the German Army'}}{{cite web |last1=Bies |first1=Brandon |last2=Santucci |first2=Vincent |title=Interview with Paul Fairbrook |url=https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/FOHU_oral_history/transcripts/NPS_POBox1142_PFairbrook.pdf |website=P.O. Box 1142, Fort Hunt Oral History Project |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403132523/https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/FOHU_oral_history/transcripts/NPS_POBox1142_PFairbrook.pdf |archive-date=2021-04-03 |location=Stockton, California |date=February 15, 2008 |quote=Paul Fairbrook...And it took a year and a half before it was finished. And, when it was finished, some of us – I mean, here’s the order of battle book and I have it – and when it was finished I believe that – I mean it was dated 1st of March, 1945.}}{{cite news |last1=Creamer |first1=Maggie |title=WWII veteran Paul Fairbrook recounts decoding German documents |url=https://www.lodinews.com/news/article_a34be29b-3271-52ea-8ca0-ff8f0251fad5.html |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116193547/http://www.lodinews.com/news/article_a34be29b-3271-52ea-8ca0-ff8f0251fad5.html |archive-date=16 November 2015 |work=Lodi News-Sentinel |publisher=Central Valley News-Sentinel Inc. |date=July 11, 2012 |location=Lodi, California |language=en |quote=They had about 30 classes at Camp Richie, and Fairbrook was in the fourth class before the barracks were even built....He was then transferred to a secret camp called P.O. Box 1142, between Alexandria and Mount Vernon, Va....He worked on a book titled "The German Army Order of Battle 1942," writing the first chapter describing the various German army units.....He also prepared a study called "Political Introduction and Morale-Building in the German Army." ...He served as dean of the Culinary Institute of America. He also spent 20 years as the Director of Auxiliary Services at University of the Pacific, overseeing housing and food services.}}
- Eugene Fodor
- Tom Forkner
- Prince Gaetano of Bourbon-Parma{{cite book |last1=Dolibois |first1=John E. |author1-link=John E. Dolibois |title=Pattern of Circles: An Ambassador's Story |publisher=Kent State University Press |isbn=9780873383899 |page=60 |date=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hs5sXTlcbY4C&q=Bourbon-Parma&pg=PA60 |language=en |quote=Camp Ritchie had been the Maryland National Guard Camp for years....There was a prince of Bourbon-Parma |oclc=231054588}}
- Harris Gaylord Warren[http://www.jstor.org/stable/2516309 Cooney, Jerry W., and Thomas L. Whigham. "Harris Gaylord Warren (1906–1988)." The Hispanic American Historical Review, 69, no. 3 (1989): 562–64. Accessed June 22, 2021]
- Robert F. Goheen
- Landis Gores
- Alfred de Grazia{{cite web|title=Captain Alfred J. de Grazia|url=https://www.soc.mil/SWCS/RegimentalHonors/_pdf/po_degrazia.pdf|access-date=9 January 2022|website=soc.mili}}
- Adolf Grünbaum{{cite web |title=Interview with Adolf Grübaum |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/oh_findingaids/RG-50.106.0240_trs_en.pdf |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=9 January 2022 |date=March 31, 2015}}
- Hans Habe
- Fred Henderson
- Stefan Heym
- J. B. Jackson
- George Jellinek
- Philip Johnson
- Theodore N. Kaufman
- Walter Arnold Kaufmann
- Konrad Kellen
- Henry KissingerCartwright, J. B., The Quiet Contingent: An Addendum on WWII: The Boys of Camp Ritchie, 2024; p. 323–329, {{ISBN|979-8-89379-322-2}}
- John Kluge{{Cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/FOHU_oral_history/transcripts/PO%2520Box%25201142_Kluge_John_2016.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906021030/https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/FOHU_oral_history/transcripts/PO%20Box%201142_Kluge_John_2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}
- Ted Knap
- John Kneller
- Robert Lewis Koehl
- Robert Komer
- André Kostolany{{cite book |last1=Dahlit |first1=Brin |title=Dissertation: How can Strategic People Networks (SPNs) be successful? – An inquiry into the causes and nature of social networks striving toward a mutual goal |date=2005-11-08 |publisher=Leuphana University of Lüneburg |page=82 |url=http://www.gbv.de/dms/lueneburg/LG/OPUS/2005/336/pdf/Dahlit_Brin_Dissertation_Band2_Teil2_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513203914/http://www.gbv.de/dms/lueneburg/LG/OPUS/2005/336/ |archive-date=13 May 2021 |chapter=Appendix A: Andrè Kostolany (1906–1999) |quote=I met a number of interesting men at Camp Ritchie who would intersect with my life later on: Phillip Johnson, then a junior architect who had already been involved with the Museum of Modern Art; John Kluge, who was born in Germany and later would found Metromedia; John Oakes, who later edited the New York Times editorial page; and Fred Henderson, part Apache Indian and a regular Army officer who made a career with the CIA after the War. }}
- Ed Koterba{{cite news |title=Biography Breakfast meeting will focus on musician, newspaperman |url=https://www.therecordherald.com/story/news/local/2016/05/09/biography-breakfast-meeting-will-focus/30558686007/ |newspaper=Waynesboro Record Herald |access-date=9 January 2022}}
- Fritz G. A. Kraemer
- Melvin Kranzberg
- Georg Kreisler
- William Krimer, interpreter for four U.S. presidents{{cite web |title=William D. Krimer, Interpreter, Dies at 86 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/11/national/william-d-krimer-interpreter-dies-at-86.html |website=New York Times |access-date=8 September 2021 |date=February 11, 2001}}
- Herman Lang
- Ralph LaPointe
- Richard Pipes{{cite book |last1=Cartwright |first1=J. B. |title=The Quiet Contingent: An Addendum on WWII: The Boys of Camp Ritchie |date=2024 |isbn=979-8893793222 |page=352}}
- Maximilian Lerner{{cite news|work=The New York Times|title=Maximilian Lerner, Whose Espionage Skills Helped Win a War, Dies at 98|last=Sandomir|first=Richard|date=September 17, 2022|access-date=September 17, 2022|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/17/us/max-lerner-dead.html}}
- Hans F. Loeser
- James Lord
- George Mandler
- Klaus Mann
- Gilberto José Marxuach
- Arno J. Mayer{{cite web |last1=Bies |first1=Brandon |last2=Santucci |first2=Vincent |title=Fort Hunt Oral History: Interview of Arno Mayer |url=https://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/FOHU_oral_history/transcripts/FOHU_POBox%201142_%20Mayer_Arno.pdf |website=nps.gov |access-date=9 January 2022}}
- Ib Melchior
- Joseph Mugnaini
- Hugh Nibley
- Gottfried E. Noether
- William R. Perl
- Laughlin Phillips
- Eric Pleskow
- Nicholas V. Riasanovsky
- Frank K. Richardson
- Maurino Richton
- Marvin Resnik, father of astronaut Judith Resnik
- Howard W. Robison
- David Rockefeller[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/world-war-ii-jews-escape-nazi-germany-hitler-60-minutes-2021-05-09/ "Ritchie Boys: The secret U.S. unit bolstered by German-born Jews that helped the Allies beat Hitler". CBS, "60 Minutes," Season 53, episode 34, first presented May 9, 2021.]
- Robert Rodenberg, founder of the Baltimore Colts
- Toby E. Rodes
- Archibald Roosevelt Jr.{{cite web |last1=Wertheim |first1=Jon |author1-link=Jon Wertheim |title=The secret U.S. unit that helped the Allies beat Hitler |url=https://wghn.com/2021/05/09/the-secret-u-s-unit-who-helped-the-allies-beat-hitler/ |website=WGHN |language=en |quote=(Transcript) Produced by Katherine Davis. Associate producer, Jennifer Dozor. Broadcast associate, Elizabeth Germino. Edited by Stephanie Palewski Brumbach and Robert Zimet.}}
- J. D. Salinger{{cite news|author=Bethune, Brian|date=20 July 2017|title=The untold story of the Ritchie Boys|work=Macleans|url=http://www.macleans.ca/culture/books/the-untold-story-of-the-ritchie-boys/}}
- Irvin C. Scarbeck
- Paul J. Scheuer
- Richard Schifter
- Rudolph Schirmer, former chairman of the board of G. Schirmer Inc.{{cite web |title=Rudolph Edward Schirmer '41 |url=https://paw.princeton.edu/memorial/rudolph-edward-schirmer-%E2%80%9941 |website=Princeton Alumni Weekly |publisher=Princeton University |access-date=12 May 2021 |language=en |date=21 January 2016 |quote=During WWII he was in military intelligence (Field Interrogation Unit).}}
- David Schoenbrun
- Harold Zvi Schiffrin
- Talcott Williams Seelye
- Oskar Seidlin
- Lorenzo Semple Jr.
- David Seymour
- Donald Shively
- Nicolai Shutorev
- Arnold M. Silver
- Ruffy Silverstein
- George Skibine
- Herbert Spiro
- Guy Stern
- Wilbur C. Sze
- Hans Trefousse{{cite news|last1=Fox|first1=Margalit|title=Hans L. Trefousse, Historian and author, Dies at 88|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/05/nyregion/05trefousse.html?_r=0|access-date=6 April 2015|work=The New York Times|date=4 February 2010}}{{cite journal|last1=Thomsen|first1=Paul A.|last2=Spivak|first2=Joshua|title=Through an Interrogator's Eyes|journal=Military History|date=April 2002|volume=19|issue=1|page=58|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/interviews/6097381/through-interrogators-eyes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118195408/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/interviews/6097381/through-interrogators-eyes|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-01-18|access-date=6 April 2015}}
- Rolf Valtin
- Harry Wald
- Vernon A. Walters
- William Warfield
- John Weitz
- Edwin Wolf II
- Peter H. Wyden
- Ernst Wynder
- Jirayr Zorthian
}}
Instructors at Camp Ritchie included Rex Applegate{{Cite book|last=Eddy|first=Beverley Driver|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ch8sEAAAQBAJ&dq=rex+applegate+camp+ritchie&pg=PA118|title=Ritchie Boy Secrets: How a Force of Immigrants and Refugees Helped Win World War II|date=2021-09-07|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8117-6997-6|pages=118|language=en}} and professional wrestler Man Mountain Dean.{{Cite book|last=Eddy|first=Beverley Driver|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ch8sEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22man+mountain+dean%22+%22camp+ritchie%22&pg=PA44|title=Ritchie Boy Secrets: How a Force of Immigrants and Refugees Helped Win World War II|date=2021-09-07|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8117-6997-6|pages=44|language=en}}
Film, TV, books
- In 2004, the documentary movie The Ritchie Boys by Christian Bauer featured ten of the Ritchie Boys.{{cite web |title=The Ritchie Boys |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0435725/ |website=IMDb |access-date=12 May 2021 |date= 23 April 2004}}{{cite web |title=Camp Ritchie and the Legacy of the Ritchie Boys |url=https://www.theritchieboys.com/2012/ |website=ritchieboys.com |access-date=10 January 2022}}
- In 2015, the book "Immigrant Soldier: The Story of a Ritchie Boy" by K. Lang-Slattery was published. It is a fictionalized historical account based on the experiences of her uncle, Herman Lang, a Jewish refugee from Nazi Germany who escaped to America via England, was trained at Camp Ritchie, returned to Germany as a US soldier specializing in prisoner interrogation and translation, and served under General Patton. {{cite web |title=Author Talk: Kathryn Lang-Slattery – Immigrant Soldier: The Story of a Ritchie Boy|date=24 October 2016|url=https://srpubliclibrary.org/event/the-next-chapter-retirement-6|access-date=17 May 2024|website=San Rafael Public Library}}
- On May 9, 2021, the story of the Ritchie Boys was presented in a forty-minute segment of the CBS news show 60 Minutes. Victor Brombert, 97, Paul Fairbrook, 98, and Guy Stern, 99, gave personal testimony.{{cite web |last1=Wertheim |first1=Jon |author1-link=Jon Wertheim |title=The secret U.S. unit that helped the Allies beat Hitler |url=https://wghn.com/2021/05/09/the-secret-u-s-unit-who-helped-the-allies-beat-hitler/ |website=WGHN |language=en |quote=(Transcript) Produced by Katherine Davis. Associate producer, Jennifer Dozor. Broadcast associate, Elizabeth Germino. Edited by Stephanie Palewski Brumbach and Robert Zimet.}} On January 2, 2022, an expanded one hour version called "60 Minutes Presents" was shown.{{Cite web|title="60 Minutes Presents "The Ritchie Boys" ON Sunday, Jan. 2|url=https://www.viacomcbspressexpress.com/cbs-news-and-stations/releases/view?id=58878|access-date=2022-01-03|website=ViacomCBS Press Express|language=en}} The program re-aired on July 3, 2022, due to its popularity.
See also
- P. O. Box 1142, codename for MIS special wing, MIS-Y, POW interrogation, at Fort Hunt, Virginia
References
{{reflist}}
Bibliography
- {{cite book |last1=Eddy |first1=Beverley Driver |date=2021 |title=Ritchie Boy Secrets: How a Force of Immigrants and Refugees Helped Win World War II |publisher=Stackpole Books |location=Guilford, Connecticut |isbn=978-0811769969 |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/56348399-ritchie-boy-secrets |language=en |oclc=1227916710}}
- {{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=Bruce |author1-link=Bruce Henderson (author) |title=Sons and Soldiers: The Untold Story of the Jews Who Escaped the Nazis and Returned with the U.S. Army to Fight Hitler |date=2017 |publisher=William Morrow |location=New York |isbn=978-0062419095 |url=https://brucehendersonbooks.com/books/sons-and-soldiers/overview/ |language=en |quote= |oclc=1014240736}}
- Book review: {{cite journal |last1=Foy |first1=David A. |title=Intelligence in Literature and Media: Reviewed: Sons and Soldiers: The Untold Story of the Jews Who Escaped the Nazis and Returned with the US Army to Fight Hitler |journal=Studies in Intelligence |date=2017-10-02 |volume=61 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206034821/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol-61-no-3/sons-and-soldiers.html |archive-date=6 December 2017 |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol-61-no-3/sons-and-soldiers.html |access-date=12 May 2021 |publisher=Center for the Study of Intelligence, CIA|quote= }}
- Book review: {{cite journal |last1=Heilbrunn |first1=Jacob |title=Book Review: Sons and Soldiers |journal=World War II |date=December 2017 |url=https://www.historynet.com/book-review-sons-and-soldiers.htm |publisher=HistoryNet LLC}}
External links
- {{cite web |last1=Lota |first1=Jiesie |title=Ritchie Boys |url=https://klangslattery.com/ritchie-boys/ |website=Katie Lang-Slattery }}
- {{cite web |last1=Lubran |first1=Bernard |title=On the Ritchie Boys |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eX4S9cveh5Y |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/eX4S9cveh5Y |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|website=National Museum of American Jewish Military History |publisher=YouTube |language=en |date=May 10, 2020}}{{cbignore}}
- {{cite web |last1=Lubran |first1=Bernard |title=The Ritchie Boys |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltzCPCC2PeA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/ltzCPCC2PeA |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|website=AHCFoundation |publisher=YouTube |language=en |date=June 1, 2020 }}{{cbignore}}
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