Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell#Sexuality

Baden-Powell was the penultimate son of Baden Powell, the Savilian Professor of Geometry at the University of Oxford and Church of England priest, and his third wife, Henrietta Grace née Smyth, eldest daughter of Admiral William Henry Smyth. After his father died in 1860, his mother, to identify her children with her late husband's fame, styled the family name Baden-Powell. The name was eventually legally changed by Royal Licence on 30 April 1902.{{Cite book |title=Burke's Peerage and Baronetage |title-link=Burke's Peerage |publisher=Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd |year=1999 |editor-last=Charles Mosley |edition=106th |page=159}} Baden-Powell's father's family originated in Suffolk.{{Cite web |last=Edgar Powell |year=1891 |title=The Powell Pedigree |url=http://www.spanglefish.com/thepowellPedigree/index.asp |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=William Clowes and Sons, Limited |location=London}} His mother's earliest known Smyth ancestor was a Royalist American colonist; her mother's father Thomas Warington was the British Consul in Naples around 1800.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVUBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA69 |title=The dispatches and letters of Vice Admiral Viscount Nelson |publisher=Henry Colburn |year=1846 |volume=6 |page=69}}

Baden-Powell was born Robert Stephenson Smyth Powell at 6 Stanhope Street (now 11 Stanhope Terrace), Paddington, London, on 22 February 1857. He was called Stephe (pronounced "Stevie") by his family.{{Cite book |last=Jeal |first=Tim |title=Baden-Powell |title-link=Baden-Powell (book) |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1989 |isbn=0-09-170670-X |location=London |author-link=Tim Jeal}} He was named after his godfather, Robert Stephenson, the railway and civil engineer,{{Cite web |title=The life of Robert Stephenson – A Timeline |url=http://www.robertstephensontrust.com/page24.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715192905/http://www.robertstephensontrust.com/page24.html |archive-date=15 July 2011 |access-date=13 October 2009 |website=Robert Stephenson Trust}} and his third name was his mother's surname.{{Cite web |date=9 August 1907 |title=The Scouting Pages |url=http://thescoutingpages.org.uk/statues.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326125841/http://thescoutingpages.org.uk/statues.html |archive-date=26 March 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=The Scouting Pages}} Baden-Powell had four older half-siblings from the second of his father's two previous marriages and was the fifth surviving child of his father's third marriage:{{Cite web |title=The Powell Pedigree | Home |url=http://www.spanglefish.com/ThePowellPedigree |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230225939/http://www.spanglefish.com/ThePowellPedigree/ |archive-date=30 December 2017 |access-date=29 December 2017 }}

• Warington (1847–1921)
• George (1847–1898)
• Augustus ("Gus") (1849–1863), who was often ill and died young
• Francis ("Frank") (1850–1933)
• Henrietta Smyth, 28 October 1851 – 9 March 1854
• John Penrose Smyth, 21 December 1852 – 14 December 1855
• Jessie Smyth 25 November 1855 – 24 July 1856
• Robert (22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941)
• Agnes (1858–1945)
• Baden (1860–1937)

The three children immediately preceding Baden-Powell had all died very young before he was born, so there was a seven-year gap between him and his next older brother Frank; so he and his two younger siblings were almost like a separate family, of which he was the eldest. His father died when Baden-Powell was three, so he was raised by his single mother, a strong woman who was determined that her children would succeed. In 1933, he said of her, "The whole secret of my getting on, lay with my mother."{{Cite book |last=Palstra |first=Theo P. M. |title=Baden-Powell, zijn leven en werk |date=April 1967 |publisher=De Nationale Padvindersraad |location=Den Haag |language=nl |trans-title=Baden-Powell, His Life and Work, a True Story}}{{Cite book |last=Drewery |first=Mary |title=Baden-Powell: The Man Who Lived Twice |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |year=1975 |isbn=0-340-18102-8 |location=London}}

Baden-Powell attended Rose Hill School, Tunbridge Wells, and was given a scholarship to Charterhouse, a prestigious public school named after the ancient Carthusian monastery buildings it occupied in the City of London.{{Cite web|url=https://openhouselondon.open-city.org.uk/listings/2845|title=The Charterhouse | Open House London 2019|website=openhouselondon.open-city.org.uk|access-date=5 July 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708033033/https://openhouselondon.open-city.org.uk/listings/2845|url-status=dead}} While he was a pupil there, the school moved out to new purpose-built premises in the countryside near Godalming in Surrey. He played with dolls and learnt the piano and violin, was an ambidextrous artist, and enjoyed acting. Holidays were spent on yachting or canoeing expeditions with his brothers. Baden-Powell's first introduction to outdoor skills was through stalking and cooking games while avoiding teachers in the nearby woods, which were strictly out-of-bounds.{{Cite news |last=Allen |first=Brooke |date=2012-07-20 |title=Opinion {{!}} Rainbow Merit Badge |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/20/opinion/scoutings-gay-founder.html |access-date=2023-11-12 |issn=0362-4331}}

In 1876, Baden-Powell joined the 13th Hussars in India with the rank of lieutenant. In 1880 he was charged with the task of drawing maps of the Battle of Maiwand. He enhanced and honed his military scouting skills amidst the Zulu in the early 1880s in the Natal Province of South Africa, where his regiment had been posted, and where he was mentioned in dispatches. In 1890, he was brevetted Major as military secretary and senior aide-de-camp to the Commander-in-Chief and Governor of Malta, his uncle General Sir Henry Augustus Smyth. He was posted to Malta for three years, also working as an intelligence officer for the Mediterranean for the Director of Military Intelligence. He wrote that he once travelled disguised as a butterfly collector, incorporating plans of military installations into his drawings of butterfly wings.{{Cite web |last=Baden-Powell |first=Lieuth.-Gen. Sir Robert |year=1915 |title=My Adventures As A Spy |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15715/15715-h/15715-h.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919162750/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15715/15715-h/15715-h.htm |archive-date=19 September 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017 |publisher=C. Arthur Pearson, Ltd}} In 1884 he published Reconnaissance and Scouting.{{Cite book |last=Baden-Powell |first=Robert |title=Reconnaissance and scouting. A practical course of instruction, in twenty plain lessons, for officers, non-commissioned officers, and men |date=1884 |publisher=W. Clowes and Sons |location=London |oclc=9913678 |author-link=Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell}}

Baden-Powell returned to Africa in 1896, and served in the Second Matabele War, in the expedition to relieve British South Africa Company personnel under siege in Bulawayo.{{Cite book |last=Baden-Powell |first=Robert |title=The Matabele Campaign, 1896 |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1897 |isbn=0-8371-3566-4}} This was a formative experience for him not only because he commanded reconnaissance missions into enemy territory in the Matopos Hills, but because many of his later Boy Scout ideas took hold here.{{Cite journal |last=Proctor |first=Tammy M. |date=July 2000 |title=A Separate Path: Scouting and Guiding in Interwar South Africa |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=605–631 |doi=10.1017/S0010417500002954 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |s2cid=146706169 |issn=0010-4175}} It was during this campaign that he first met and befriended the American scout Frederick Russell Burnham, who introduced Baden-Powell to stories of the American Old West and woodcraft (i.e., Scoutcraft), and here that he was introduced to Montana Peaked version of a western cowboy hat, of which Stetson was a prolific manufacturer, and which also came to be known as a campaign hat and the many versatile and practical uses of a neckerchief.

Baden-Powell was accused of illegally executing a prisoner of war in 1896, the Matabele chief Uwini, who had been promised his life would be spared if he surrendered.{{Cite web |last=Baden-Powell |first=Robert |title=The Matabele Campaign |url=http://www.thedump.scoutscan.com |page=104}} Uwini was sentenced to be shot by firing squad by a military court, a sentence Baden-Powell confirmed. Baden-Powell was cleared by a military court of inquiry, but the colonial civil authorities wanted a civil investigation and trial. Baden-Powell later claimed he was "released without a stain on my character".{{Cite web |last=Baden-Powell |first=Robert |title=Lessons from the 'Varsity of Life |url=http://www.thedump.scoutscan.com |page=90}}

After Rhodesia, Baden-Powell served in the Fourth Ashanti War on the Gold Coast. In 1897, at the age of 40, he was brevetted colonel (the youngest colonel in the British Army) and given command of the 5th Dragoon Guards in India.{{Cite book |last=Barrett |first=C.R.B. |url=http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-hussars.htm |title=History of The XIII. Hussars |publisher=William Blackwood and Sons |year=1911 |location=Edinburgh and London |access-date=2 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021033700/http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-hussars.htm |archive-date=21 October 2006 |url-status=dead}} A few years later he wrote a small manual, entitled Aids to Scouting, a summary of lectures he had given on the subject of military scouting, much of it a written explanation of the lessons he had learned from Burnham, to help train recruits.{{Cite web |title=First Scouting Handbook |url=http://history.oa-bsa.org/node/3019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211023502/http://history.oa-bsa.org/node/3019 |archive-date=11 December 2013 |access-date=30 July 2013 |publisher=Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America}}

File:SA-S654b-Boer War-Mafeking-10 Shillings (1900).jpg, 10 shillings (1900), Second Boer War currency issued by authority of Colonel Robert Baden-Powell]]

Baden-Powell returned to South Africa before the Second Boer War. Although instructed to maintain a mobile mounted force on the frontier with the Boer Republics, Baden-Powell amassed stores and established a garrison at Mafeking. The subsequent Siege of Mafeking lasted 217 days. Although Baden-Powell could have destroyed his stores and had sufficient forces to break out throughout much of the siege, especially since the Boers lacked adequate artillery to shell the town or its forces, he remained in the town to the point of his intended mounted soldiers eating their horses. The town had been surrounded by a Boer army, at times above 8,000 men.{{Cite book |last=Hamilton |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VyHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT136 |title=The Siege of Mafeking (1900) |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1167298059}}

The siege of the small town received much attention from both the Boers and international media because Lord Edward Cecil, the son of the British Prime Minister, was besieged in the town.{{Cite book |last=Jeal |first=Tim |title=Baden-Powell |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1989 |isbn=0-09-170670-X |location=London}} The garrison held out until relieved, in part thanks to cunning deceptions, many devised by Baden-Powell. Fake minefields were planted and his soldiers pretended to avoid non-existent barbed wire while moving between trenches.{{Cite book |last=Latimer |first=Jon |title=Deception in War |publisher=John Murray |year=2001 |location=London |pages=32–35}} Baden-Powell did much reconnaissance work himself.{{Cite book |last=Conan-Doyle |first=Arthur |title=The Great Boer War |publisher=Smith, Elder and Co |year=1900 |chapter=Chapter 24. The Siege of Mafeking |author-link=Arthur Conan Doyle}} In one instance, noting that the Boers had not removed the rail line, Baden-Powell loaded an armoured locomotive with sharpshooters and sent it down the rails into the heart of the Boer encampment and back again in a successful attack.

File:Baden Powell.jpg

A view expressed by historian Thomas Pakenham of Baden-Powell's actions during the siege argued that his success in resisting the Boers was secured at the expense of the lives of the native African soldiers and civilians, including members of his own African garrison. Pakenham claimed that Baden-Powell drastically reduced the rations to the native garrison.{{Cite book |last=Pakenham |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/boerwar00thom |title=The Boer War |publisher=Avon Books |year=1979 |isbn=0-380-72001-9 |location=New York |author-link=Thomas Pakenham (historian)}} By 2001, after subsequent research, Pakenham changed this view.{{Cite book |last=Pakenham |first=Thomas |title=The Siege of Mafeking |year=2001}}

During the siege, the Mafeking Cadet Corps of white boys below fighting age stood guard, carried messages, assisted in hospitals and so on, freeing grown men to fight. Baden-Powell did not form the Cadet Corps himself, and there is no evidence that he took much notice of them during the Siege; however, he was sufficiently impressed with both their courage and the equanimity with which they performed their tasks to use them later as an object lesson in the first chapter of Scouting for Boys.{{Cite book |last=Baden-Powell |first=Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97178 |title=Scouting for Boys |publisher=C. Arthur Pearson |year=1915}}

The siege was lifted on 17 May 1900.{{cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/south-african-war-lifting-siege-mafeking|title=The South African War: The lifting of the siege of Mafeking|publisher=South African History Online|access-date=15 June 2022}} Baden-Powell was promoted to major-general and became a national hero;{{Cite web |title=Robert Baden-Powell: Defender of Mafeking and Founder of the Boy Scouts and the Girl Guides |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/display/2004/robert-baden-powell.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919104022/http://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/display/2004/robert-baden-powell.php |archive-date=19 September 2011 |access-date=2 November 2010 |website=Past Exhibition Archive |publisher=National Portrait Gallery, London}} however, British military commanders were more critical of his performance and even less impressed with his subsequent choices to again allow himself to be besieged. Ultimately, his failure to understand properly the situation, and abandonment of the soldiers, mostly Australians and Rhodesians, at the Battle of Elands River Pakenham claimed led to his being removed from action.

Briefly back in the United Kingdom in October 1901, Baden-Powell was invited to visit King Edward VII at Balmoral, the monarch's Scottish retreat, and personally invested as Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB).{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court circular|date=14 October 1901 |page=9 |issue=36585}}B-P wrote, "Summoned to Balmoral by King Edward for the weekend: "I have just had my interview with the King. Went to his study and had a long sit down talk alone with him. Then he rang and sent for the Queen who came in with the little Duke of York, and then we had a long chat chiefly about my Police, Lady Sarah, Alexander of Teck, Moncrieff, Duke of York's tour, present state of the war, colonials as troops etc, as well as about Mafeking. The King handed me C.B. and South Africa Medal. It was a very cheery interview, and the King asked me to stay till Monday", "The Piper of Pax" by Eileen K. Wade Baden-Powell was given the role of organising the South African Constabulary, a colonial police force; during this phase, Baden-Powell was sent to Britain on sick leave, so he was only in command for seven months.

File:'Are you in this' poster.jpg propaganda poster drawn by Baden-Powell]]

Baden-Powell returned to England to take up the post of Inspector-General of Cavalry in 1903.{{London Gazette|issue=27553|page=3152|date=19 May 1903|nolink=y}} While holding this position, he was instrumental in reforming reconnaissance training in British cavalry, giving the force an important advantage in scouting ability over continental rivals.{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Spencer |year=2011 |title=Scouting for Soldiers: Reconnaissance and the British Cavalry, 1899–1914 |url=http://wih.sagepub.com/content/18/4/495.abstract |url-status=live |journal=War in History |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=495–513 |doi=10.1177/0968344511417348 |s2cid=110398601 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203174837/http://wih.sagepub.com/content/18/4/495.abstract |archive-date=3 December 2011 |access-date=27 June 2012|url-access=subscription }} Baden-Powell was a career cavalryman but realised that cavalry was no match against the machine gun; however, his superiors, Kitchener and French, the latter also a career cavalryman, still regarded the cavalry as indispensable, with the result that cavalry was used in the First World War with little effect, yet the major item exported from Britain to Flanders during the War was horse fodder.{{cite book|author=Keegan, John|year=1998|title=The First World War|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|isbn=0-375-40052-4|url=https://archive.org/details/firstworldwar00keeg_0|page=308}}

In 1907, Baden-Powell was promoted to Lieutenant-General but put on the inactive list. In October 1907, he was appointed to the command of the Northumbrian Division of the newly formed Territorial Army. During this appointment, Baden-Powell selected the location of Catterick Garrison to replace Richmond Castle which was then the Headquarters of the Northumbrian Division.Reported as "a Yorkshire division" in The Times, 29 October 1907, p.6; the Dictionary of National Biography lists it as the Northumbrian Division, which encompassed units from the North and East Ridings of Yorkshire, as well as Northumbria proper.

On 19 February 1909, facing censure for his public comments about Germany as an enemy, Baden-Powell abruptly sailed in the SS Aragon via Portugal and Spain to South America. The Belfast Newsletter reported that when in March 1909 he visited Santiago de Chile for three days, "He was given a warmer reception than had ever been afforded a foreigner in South America."{{cite book |title=General Baden-Powell's visit to Chili |date=29 March 1909 |publisher=Belfast Newsletter |location=Belfast, UK |page=8 |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000038/19090329/153/0008}} He sailed back in the RMS Danube by 1 May 1909.B-P's unpublished diary held by the Boy Scouts of America In 1910, aged 53, Baden-Powell was retired from the Army. In 1915, Baden-Powell's book "My Adventures as a Spy" was published, lending to false suggestions he had been active as a spy during the war.{{cite book|last=Baden-Powell|first=Lieutenant-General Sir Robert|title= My Adventures as a Spy|year=1915|publisher=C. Arthur Pearson|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15715/15715-h/15715-h.htm}}

{{Quote box |border=1px |bgcolor=#f9f9f9 |qalign=center

|quote={{noitalic|Pronunciation of Baden-Powell}}

{{noitalic|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|eɪ|d|ən|_|ˈ|p|oʊ|əl}} {{respell|BAY|dən|_|POH|əl}}}}

Man, matron, maiden,

Please call it Baden.

Further for Powell,

Rhyme it with Noel

|sstyle=text-align:center

|source=—Verse by B-P{{Citation |last=Hillcourt |first=William |title=Baden-Powell: The Two Lives of a Hero |page=423 |year=1964 |place=New York |publisher=Putnam}}}}

On his return from Africa in 1903, Baden-Powell found that his military training manual, Aids to Scouting, had become a best-seller, and was being used by teachers and youth organisations,{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Robert |year=2003 |title=Marching to a Different Drummer |url=http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0310/d-wwas.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518073952/http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0310/d-wwas.html |archive-date=18 May 2006 |access-date=2 January 2007 |website=Scouting |publisher=Boy Scouts of America }} including Charlotte Mason's House of Education.{{Cite web |title=Transcript of 1937 interview with Powell |url=http://www.dshearer.fsbusiness.co.uk/sctfiles/bp_talks.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120055426/http://www.dshearer.fsbusiness.co.uk/sctfiles/bp_talks.htm |archive-date=20 January 2007}} Following his involvement in the Boys' Brigade as a Brigade vice-president and officer in charge of its scouting section, with encouragement from Sir William Alexander Smith, Baden-Powell decided to re-write Aids to Scouting to suit a youth readership. In August 1907, he held a camp on Brownsea Island to test out his ideas. About twenty boys attended: eight from local Boys' Brigade companies, and about twelve public school boys, mostly sons of his friends.{{Cite web |year=1999 |title=B.-P.'s Experimental camp on Brownsea Island |url=http://www.scoutbase.org.uk/library/hqdocs/facts/pdfs/fs295302.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704155834/http://www.scoutbase.org.uk/library/hqdocs/facts/pdfs/fs295302.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2007 |access-date=11 June 2007 |publisher=The Scout Association }}

File:Robert Baden-Powell Vanity Fair 19 April 1911.jpg, April 1911]]

Baden-Powell was influenced by Ernest Thompson Seton, who founded the Woodcraft Indians. Seton gave Baden-Powell a copy of his book The Birch Bark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians and they met in 1906.{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Ernest Thompson Seton and Woodcraft |url=http://www.infed.org/thinkers/seton.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208084429/http://www.infed.org/thinkers/seton.htm |archive-date=8 December 2006 |access-date=7 December 2006 |publisher=InFed}}{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Robert Baden-Powell as an Educational Innovator |url=http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-bp.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055136/http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-bp.htm |archive-date=5 February 2007 |access-date=7 December 2006 |publisher=InFed}} Baden-Powell's Scouting for Boys was published in six installments in 1908 and has sold approximately 150 million copies as the fourth best-selling book of the 20th century.Extrapolation for global range of other language publications, and related to the number of Scouts, make a realistic estimate of 100 to 150 million books. Details from {{Cite book |last=Jeal |first=Tim |title=Baden-Powell |publisher=Hutchinson |year=1989 |isbn=0-09-170670-X |location=London |author-link=Tim Jeal}}

Boys, as well as girls,{{Cite journal |last=Mills |first=Sarah |date=2011 |title=Scouting for Girls? Gender and the Scout Movement in Britain |journal=Gender, Place & Culture |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=537–556 |doi=10.1080/0966369X.2011.583342 |doi-access=free}} spontaneously formed Scout troops. The Scout Movement had started by itself, first as a national, and soon an international phenomenon.{{Cite journal |last=Mills |first=Sarah |date=2013 |title='An instruction in good citizenship': scouting and the historical geographies of citizenship education |url=https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12149 |journal=Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=120–134 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-5661.2012.00500.x|bibcode=2013TrIBG..38..120M |s2cid=56197483 }} A rally of Scouts was held at Crystal Palace in London in 1909, at which Baden-Powell met some of the first Girl Scouts of whom 6,000 had already been registered as Scouts. In 1910, Baden-Powell and his sister, Agnes Baden-Powell, formed The Girl Guides Association.{{Cite web |url=http://www.wagggsworld.org/en/about/guiding/guidinghistory |title=History of Guiding |access-date=2010-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211051839/http://www.wagggsworld.org/en/about/guiding/guidinghistory |archive-date=2011-02-11 |url-status=dead }} In 1912, Baden-Powell started a world tour with a voyage to the Caribbean. Another passenger was Juliette Gordon Low, an American who had been running a Guide Company in Scotland and was returning to the U.S.A. Baden-Powell encouraged her to found the Girl Scouts of the USA.{{Cite journal |last1=Sims |first1=Anastatia Hodgens |last2=Keena |first2=Katherine Knapp |date=Fall 2010 |title=Juliette Low's Gift: Girl Scouting in Savannah, 1912–1927 |journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=372–387 |jstor=20788992 }}

File:Butt, Baden-Powell, Taft, Bryce2.jpg: Baden-Powell, President Taft, British ambassador Bryce (1912)]]

In 1929, during the 3rd World Scout Jamboree, he received as a present a new 20-horsepower Rolls-Royce car (chassis number GVO-40, registration OU 2938) and an Eccles Caravan.{{Cite web |title=What ever happened to Baden-Powell's Rolls Royce? |url=http://www.jamroll.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820030703/http://www.jamroll.org/ |archive-date=20 August 2008 |access-date=8 November 2008 }} This combination well served the Baden-Powells in their further travels around Europe. The caravan was nicknamed Eccles and is now on display at Gilwell Park. The car, nicknamed Jam Roll, was sold after his death by Olave Baden-Powell in 1945. Jam Roll and Eccles were reunited at Gilwell for the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007 and it has been purchased by a charity, B–P Jam Roll Ltd. Funds are being raised to repay the loan that was used to purchase the car.{{Cite web |date=20 July 2008 |title="Johnny" Walker's Scouting Milestones |url=http://scoutguidehistoricalsociety.com/jamroll.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228142849/http://scoutguidehistoricalsociety.com/jamroll.htm |archive-date=28 February 2014 |access-date=21 February 2014 }} Baden-Powell also had impacts on youth education.{{Cite web |title=Baden-Powell as an Educational Innovator |url=http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-bp.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206222446/http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-bp.htm |archive-date=6 February 2006 |access-date=4 February 2006 |website=Infed Thinkers}} By 1922, there were more than a million Scouts in 32 countries; by 1939, the number of Scouts was over 3.3 million.{{Cite book |last=Nagy |first=László |title=250 million Scouts |publisher=World Scout Foundation |year=1985 |location=Geneva |author-link=László Nagy (Scouting)}}

File:Baden-Powell USZ62-96893 (retouched and cropped).png

Early Scout Association "Thanks badges" (from 1911) and The Scout Association "Medal of Merit" badge had a swastika symbol on them.{{Cite book |last1=Gresh |first1=Lois H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAc7BESPBYkC |title=Why Did It Have To Be Snakes: From Science to the Supernatural, The Many Mysteries of Indiana Jones |last2=Weinberg |first2=Robert |date=2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-22556-1 |page=127 |quote=The symbol [swastika] was used on the Thanks Badge, created in 1911. The swastika had been a symbol for luck in India long before being adopted by the Nazis, and Baden-Powell would have come across it during his years serving in that country. In 1922, the swastika was incorporated into the design for the Medal of Merit. The symbol was dropped by the Boy Scouts in 1934 because of its use by the Nazi Party. |author-link=Lois H. Gresh |author-link2=Robert Weinberg (author) |access-date=18 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108015051/http://books.google.com/books?id=tAc7BESPBYkC |archive-date=8 January 2014 |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |title=Boy Scout medal with fleur-de-lis and swastika, 1930s |url=http://elearning.scgs.qld.edu.au/learningfederation/drs/R2944/description.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723160130/http://elearning.scgs.qld.edu.au/learningfederation/drs/R2944/description.html |archive-date=23 July 2008 |access-date=3 September 2008 |publisher=The Learning Federation}} This was undoubtedly influenced by the use by Rudyard Kipling of the swastika on the jacket of his published books,{{Cite news |date=13 October 2017 |title=Origins of the swastika |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4183467.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304171910/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4183467.stm |archive-date=4 March 2009 |via=BBC News}} including The Jungle Book, which was used by Baden-Powell as a basis for the Wolf Cubs. The swastika had been a symbol of luck in India long before being adopted by the Nazi Party in 1920, and when Nazi use of the swastika became more widespread, the Scouts stopped using it.

Nazi Germany banned Scouting, a competitor to the Hitler Youth, in June 1934, seeing it as "a haven for young men opposed to the new State".{{Cite book |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |url=https://archive.org/details/younggermanyhist0000laqu |title=Young Germany: A History of the German Youth Movement |publisher=Transaction Books |year=1962 |isbn=0-88738-002-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/younggermanyhist0000laqu/page/201 201]–202 |url-access=registration}} Based on the regime's view of Scouting as a dangerous espionage organisation, Baden-Powell's name was included in "The Black Book", a 1940 secret list of people to be detained following the planned conquest of the United Kingdom.{{Cite book |last=Schellenberg |first=Walter |title=Invasion, 1940: The Nazi Invasion Plan for Britain |publisher=St Ermin's Press |year=2000 |location=London |author-link=Tim Jeal}}{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/century/1940-1949/Story/0,6051,127730,00.html|title=Nazi's black list discovered in Berlin|work=The Guardian|access-date=2 March 2023}}{{Cite web |title="B-P" – Chief Scout of the World |url=http://www.euro.scout.org/wsrc/fs/bp_e.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930183638/http://www.euro.scout.org/wsrc/fs/bp_e.shtml |archive-date=30 September 2007 |website=Baden-Powell |publisher=World Organization of the Scout Movement}} A drawing by Baden-Powell depicts Scouts assisting refugees fleeing from the Nazis and Hitler.{{Cite web |title=Scouting helps displaced people |url=https://heritage.scouts.org.uk/explore/scouting-international/scouting-helps-displaced-people/ |access-date=11 June 2020 |publisher=scouts.org.uk}}{{Cite web |title=Evacuees and Refugees |date=18 February 2019 |url=https://cambridgedistrictscoutarchive.com/evacuees-and-refugees/ |access-date=11 June 2020 |publisher=Cambridge District Scout Archives}} Tim Jeal, the author of the biography Baden-Powell, gives his opinion that "Baden-Powell's distrust of communism led to his implicit support, through naïveté, of fascism", an opinion based on two of Baden-Powell's diary entries. Baden-Powell met Benito Mussolini on 2 March 1933, and in his diary described him as "small, stout, human and genial. Told me about Balilla and workmen's outdoor recreations which he imposed through 'moral force'." On 17 October 1939, Baden-Powell wrote in his diary: "Lay up all day. Read Mein Kampf. A wonderful book, with good ideas on education, health, propaganda, organisation etc. – and ideals which Hitler does not practice himself."

At the 5th World Scout Jamboree in 1937, Baden-Powell gave his farewell to Scouting and retired from public Scouting life. 22 February, the joint birthday of Robert and Olave Baden-Powell, continues to be marked as Founder's Day by Scouts and World Thinking Day by Guides to remember and celebrate the work of the Chief Scout and Chief Guide of the World.{{Cite web |last=WAGGGS |title=World Thinking Day MDG 4 Activity Pack |url=http://www.worldthinkingday.org/en/grab/23629/1/wtd-2013-mdg4-web.pdf |access-date=19 February 2013 |publisher=WAGGGS |page=3 }} In his final letter to the Scouts, Baden-Powell wrote:

I have had a most happy life and I want each one of you to have a happy life too. I believe that God put us in this jolly world to be happy and enjoy life. Happiness does not come from being rich, nor merely being successful in your career, nor by self-indulgence. One step towards happiness is to make yourself healthy and strong while you are a boy, so that you can be useful and so you can enjoy life when you are a man. Nature study will show you how full of beautiful and wonderful things God has made the world for you to enjoy. Be contented with what you have got and make the best of it. Look on the bright side of things instead of the gloomy one. But the real way to get happiness is by giving out happiness to other people. Try and leave this world a little better than you found it and when your turn comes to die, you can die happy in feeling that at any rate you have not wasted your time but have done your best. "Be prepared" in this way, to live happy and to die happy – stick to your Scout Promise always – even after you have ceased to be a boy – and God help you to do it.{{Cite web |last=Baden-Powell |first=Sir Robert |title=B-P's final letter to the Scouts |url=http://guidinguk.freeservers.com/B-P.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123100459/http://guidinguk.freeservers.com/B-P.html |archive-date=23 November 2007 |access-date=4 August 2007 |publisher=Girl Guiding UK |df=dmy-all }}

Baden-Powell died on 8 January 1941; his grave is in St Peter's Cemetery in Nyeri, Kenya. His gravestone bears a circle with a dot in the centre "ʘ", which is the trail sign for "Going home", or "I have gone home". His wife Olave moved back to England in 1942; after she died in 1977, her ashes were taken to Kenya by her grandson Robert and interred beside her husband.{{Cite web |title=Baden-Powell |url=https://www.scout.org/node/52292/introduction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108113819/http://scout.org/node/52292/introduction |archive-date=8 November 2015 |access-date=1 August 2017 |website=www.scout.org |language=en}} In 2001, the Kenyan government declared Baden-Powell's grave a national monument.{{Cite web |date=11 April 2014 |title=Scouting family takes pilgrimage to Baden-Powell's grave in Kenya |url=http://blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2014/04/11/scouting-family-takes-pilgrimage-to-baden-powells-grave-in-kenya/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908155416/http://blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2014/04/11/scouting-family-takes-pilgrimage-to-baden-powells-grave-in-kenya/ |archive-date=8 September 2015 |website=Bryan on Scouting}}

{{Library resources box |by=yes |others= |label=Robert Baden-Powell |viaf=122004815 |lccn=n 50050831 |lcheading=Baden-Powell of Gilwell, Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, Baron, 1857–1941 |wikititle= }}

File:Scouting for boys 1 1908.jpg

File:Baden-Powell's grand howl illustration in The Wolf Cub's Handbook 1916.png

Baden-Powell published books and other texts during his years of military service both to finance his life and to generally educate his men.

• 1883: On Vedette: An Easy Aide-Mémoire{{cite web|url=http://history.scoutingradio.net/bpbooks.htm|title=A Baden-Powell Bibliography|publisher=Scouting Radio|access-date=7 August 2023}}
• 1884: Reconnaissance and Scouting
• 1885: Cavalry Instruction
• 1889: Pigsticking or Hoghunting
• 1896: The Downfall of Prempeh: A Diary of Life with the Native Levy in Ashanti, 1895-96
• 1897: The Campaign in Rhodesia
• 1897: [https://archive.org/details/matabelecampaign00badeuoft/page/n7/mode/2up The Matabele Campaign; being a narrative of the campaign in suppressing the native rising in Matabeleland and Mashonaland]
• 1899: Aids to Scouting for N.-C.Os and Men
• 1900: Sport in War
• 1901: Notes and Instructions for the South African Constabulary
• 1907: Sketches in Mafeking and East Africa
• 1910: British Discipline, Essay No. 32 of Essays on Duty and Discipline{{Cite book |url=http://www.spanglefish.com/DutyAndDiscipline |title=Essays on Duty & Discipline |publisher=Cassell & Co |year=1910 |editor-last=I. Maris |volume=32 |location=London |access-date=23 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424181250/http://www.spanglefish.com/DutyAndDiscipline/ |archive-date=24 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |title=Duty & Discipline | Home |url=http://www.spanglefish.com/DutyAndDiscipline/ |website=www.spanglefish.com}}
• 1914: Quick Training for War
• 1915: [https://archive.org/details/cu31924011677428 Indian Memories] (American title Memories of India)
• 1915: My Adventures as a SpyA 1936 edition was named "The adventures of a spy"

Baden-Powell was regarded as an excellent storyteller. During his whole life he told "ripping yarns" to audiences. After having published Scouting for Boys, Baden-Powell kept on writing more handbooks and educative materials for all Scouts, as well as directives for Scout Leaders. In his later years, he also wrote about the Scout movement and his ideas for its future. He spent most of the last two years of his life in Africa, and many of his later books had African themes.

• 1908: Scouting for Boys
• 1909: The Scout Library No.4 Scouting Games, first published as a book by C. Arthur Pearson Ltd. in 1910.
• 1909: [https://archive.org/details/yarnsforboyscout00bade/page/4/mode/2up Yarns for Boy Scouts]
• 1912: The Handbook for the Girl Guides or How Girls Can Help to Build Up the Empire (co-authored with his younger sister Agnes Baden-Powell)
• 1913: Boy Scouts Beyond The Sea: My World Tour
• 1916: Young Knights of the Empire: Their Code, and Further Scout Yarns{{Gutenberg book|no=6673 |name=Young Knights of the Empire: Their Code, and Further Scout Yarns|bullet=none}}
• 1916: The Wolf Cub's Handbook
• 1918: Girl Guiding
• 1919: [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.131894/page/n1/mode/2up Aids To Scoutmastership]
• 1921: What Scouts Can Do: More Yarns
• 1921: An Old Wolf's Favourites
• 1922: Rovering to Success
• 1927: Life's Snags and How to Meet Them
• 1927: South African Tour 1926-7
• 1929: Scouting and Youth Movements
• est 1929: Last Message to Scouts{{Cite web |date=1939 |title=B-P prepared a farewell message to his Scouts, for publication after his death |url=https://www.scout.org/node/19215 |website=World Scouting |access-date=11 October 2019 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011152418/https://www.scout.org/node/19215 |url-status=dead }}
• 1932: illustrated by Baden-Powell, He-Who-Sees-in-the-Dark; the Boys' Story of Frederick Burnham, the American Scout{{Cite book |last1=West |first1=James E. |title=He-who-sees-in-the-dark; the Boys' Story of Frederick Burnham, the American Scout |last2=Lamb |first2=Peter O. |date=1932 |publisher=Brewer, Warren and Putnam; Boy Scouts of America |others=illustrated by Lord Baden-Powell |location=New York |author-link=James E. West (Scouting)}}
• 1933: Lessons From the Varsity of Life, the American edition was titled Lessons of a Lifetime
• 1934: Adventures and Accidents
• 1935: Scouting Round the World
• 1936: Adventuring to Manhood
• 1937: [https://archive.org/details/africanadventure00badeuoft/page/n9/mode/2up African Adventures]
• 1938: Birds and Beasts of Africa
• 1939: Paddle Your Own Canoe
• 1940: More Sketches Of Kenya

Most of his books (the American editions) are available online.{{Cite web |title=Scout scan |url=http://www.thedump.scoutscan.com/dumpinventorybp.php |website=The Dump}} Compilations and excerpts comprised:

• {{Cite book |title=B.-P.'s Outlook: Selections from the Founder's contributions to "The Scouter" magazine from 1909–1940 |date=1955 |publisher=C. Arthur Pearson Limited}}
• {{Cite book |title=Adventuring with Baden-Powell: Stories, yarns and essays |date=1956 |publisher=Blandford Press |asin=B0000CJLLR}}
• {{Cite book |title=Playing the Game: A Baden-Powell Compendium |date=2007 |publisher=MacMillan |isbn=978-1-4050-8827-5 |editor-last=Dr. Mario Sica}}
• {{Cite book |last=Fr. Carlo Muratori |url=https://archive.org/details/un-catalogo-bibliografico-di-robert-baden-powell/page/n5/mode/2up |title=A Bibliographical Catalogue of Robert Baden-Powell: Complete bibliographic catalogue of the works in English |publisher=Biblioteca Cappuccini |year=2021 |location=Bologna |language=en}}

Baden-Powell contributed to various other books, either with an introduction or foreword, or being quoted by the author, including:

• 1905: Ambidexterity by John Jackson{{Cite book |last=Jackson (F.E.I.S.) |first=John |url=https://dlcs.io/pdf/wellcome/pdf-item/b21272013/0 |title=Ambidexterity, Or, Two-Handedness and Two-Brainedness |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. |year=1905 |location=London |pages=258}}
• 1930: Fifty Years Against the Stream: The Story of a School in Kashmir, 1880–1930 by E. D. Tyndale-Biscoe about the Tyndale Biscoe School{{Cite book |last=Tyndale-Biscoe |first=E.D. |title=Fifty years against the stream: The story of a school in Kashmir, 1880–1930 |publisher=Privately |year=1930 |location=Mysore |pages=96}}

A comprehensive bibliography of his original works has been published by Biblioteca Frati Minori Cappuccini.{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/un-catalogo-bibliografico-di-robert-baden-powell/page/n5/mode/2up|title=A Bibliographical Catalogue of Robert Baden-Powell: Complete bibliographic catalogue of the works in English|first=fr. Carlo |last=Muratori|publisher=Biblioteca Frati Minori Cappuccini, Bologna|year= 2021}}

Baden-Powell's father often sketched caricatures of those present at meetings, while his maternal grandmother was also artistic. Baden-Powell painted or sketched almost every day of his life, and with equal competence with either hand. Most of his works have a humorous or informative character. His books are scattered with his pen-and-ink sketches, frequently whimsical. He did a largely unknown number of pen-and-ink sketches; he always travelled with a sketchpad that he used frequently for pencil sketches and "cartoons" for later watercolour paintings. He also created a few sculptures. There is no catalogue of his works, many of which appear in his books, and twelve paintings hang in the British Scout Headquarters at Gilwell Park. There was an exhibition of his work at the Willmer House Museum, Farnham, Surrey, from 11 April – 12 May 1967; a text-only catalogue was produced.{{Cite web |title=Robert Baden-Powell | B–P the Artist |url=http://www.spanglefish.com/RobertBaden-Powell/index.asp?pageid=693848 |website=www.spanglefish.com}}

File:Olave Baden-Powell.jpg]]

In January 1912, Baden-Powell was en route to New York on a world speaking tour, on the ocean liner {{SS|Arcadian}}, when he met Olave St Clair Soames.{{Cite web |last=Baden-Powell |first=Olave |title=Window on My Heart |url=http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-olave-00.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021033421/http://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-olave-00.htm |archive-date=21 October 2006 |access-date=16 November 2006 |website=The Autobiography of Olave, Lady Baden-Powell, G.B.E.as told to Mary Drewery |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton}}{{Cite web |title=Fact Sheet: The Three Baden-Powell's: Robert, Agnes, and Olave |url=http://www.girlguides.ca/media/pdfs/14-3/14.3.1.7.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309134457/http://www.girlguides.ca/media/pdfs/14-3/14.3.1.7.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2008 |publisher=Girl Guides of Canada}} She was 23, while he was 55; they shared the same birthday, 22 February. They became engaged in September of the same year, causing a media sensation due to Baden-Powell's fame. To avoid press intrusion, they married in private on 30 October 1912, at St. Peter's Church, Parkstone.{{Cite web |title=Olave St Clair Baden-Powell (née Soames), Baroness Baden-Powell; Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell |url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?mkey=mw83490 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606152508/http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?mkey=mw83490 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=16 November 2006 |publisher=National Portrait Gallery, London}} 100,000 Scouts had each donated a penny (1d) to buy Baden-Powell a wedding gift, a 20 h.p. Standard motor car (not the Rolls-Royce they were presented in 1929).Hillcourt, p. 338. There is a display about their marriage inside St Peter's Church, Parkstone.{{Cite web|url=http://www.stpetersparkstone.org.uk/church/friends-st-peters|title=Friends of St Peter's | St Peter's Parkstone Parish Church}} Baden-Powell began to suffer persistent headaches which were considered by his doctor to be psychosomatic and were treated with dream analysis.{{Cite news |last=Allen |first=Brooke |date=2012-07-20 |title=Opinion {{!}} Rainbow Merit Badge |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/20/opinion/scoutings-gay-founder.html |access-date=2023-11-12 |issn=0362-4331}}

Baden-Powell and his wife had three children:

• Arthur Robert Peter (known as Peter) (1913–1962), who succeeded his father in the barony;
• Heather Grace (1915–1986), who in Q2 1940 in Alton, Hants, married John Hall King (1913–2004); they had two sons, the elder of whom, Michael, was drowned in the sinking of {{SS|Heraklion}} in 1966; the younger was Timothy;
• Betty St Clair (1917–2004), who, in Alton on 24 September 1936 married Gervas Clay; they had a daughter and three sons.Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 106th edition, vol. 1, ed. Charles Mosley, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1999, p. 160.

When Olave's sister Auriol Davidson (née Soames) died in 1919, Olave and Robert took her three daughters into their family and brought them up.{{Cite news |title=Biography timeline |url=http://www.spanglefish.com/OlaveBadenPowell/index.asp?pageid=531822 |access-date=19 June 2020}}

File:Boy Scouts and What They Do (1913) - plate d.jpg in Perry Hall Park, Birmingham, in July 1913]]

In 1919, the couple moved to Pax Hill near Bentley, Hampshire, named as such as it was bought on Armistice Day (11 November 1918).{{Cite web |title=Wey People, the Big Names of the Valley |url=http://www.weyriver.co.uk/theriver/people_3_names.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310174943/http://www.weyriver.co.uk/theriver/people_3_names.htm |archive-date=10 March 2007 |access-date=29 April 2007 |publisher=Wey River freelance community }} The Bentley house was a gift from her father.{{Cite book |last=Wade |first=Eileen Kirkpatrick |title=27 Years with Baden-Powell |publisher=Blandford Press |year=1957 |chapter=5. Pax Hill |access-date=29 December 2017 |chapter-url=http://www.retiredscouter.com/pinetreeweb/html/wade.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114528/http://www.retiredscouter.com/pinetreeweb/html/wade.htm |archive-date=30 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}

{{anchor|grave}}

File:Baden Powell grave1.jpg, Kenya]]

In 1939, they moved to a cottage he had commissioned in Nyeri, Kenya, near Mount Kenya, where he had previously been to recuperate. The small one-room house, which he named Paxtu, was located on the grounds of the Outspan Hotel, owned by Eric Sherbrooke Walker, Baden-Powell's first private secretary and one of the first Scout inspectors. Walker also owned the Treetops Hotel, approximately 10 miles (17 km) out in the Aberdare Mountains, often visited by Baden-Powell and people of the Happy Valley set. The Paxtu cottage is integrated into the Outspan Hotel buildings and serves as a small museum.{{Cite web |date=24 January 2014 |title=Why did Baden Powell choose Nyeri, Kenya as his last home? |url=https://www.scout.org/node/24290 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605075158/https://www.scout.org/node/24290 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=24 July 2016 |website=Scouts |publisher=World Organization of the Scout Movement }}

Three of Baden-Powell's many biographers comment (after his wife had died in 1977) on his sexuality; the first two (in 1979 and 1986) focused on his relationship with his close friend Kenneth McLaren.{{Cite book |last=Brendon |first=Piers |title=Eminent Edwardians |publisher=Martin Secker & Warburg |year=1979 |isbn=0-436-06810-9 |author-link=Piers Brendon}}{{rp |217–218}}{{Cite book |last=Rosenthal |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/characterfactory00mich |title=The Character Factory: Baden-Powell and the Origins of the Boy Scout Movement |publisher=Pantheon Books |year=1986 |isbn=0-394-51169-7}}{{rp |48}} Tim Jeal's later (1989) biography discusses the relationship and finds no evidence that this friendship was erotic.{{rp |82}} Jeal then examines Baden-Powell's views on women, his appreciation of the male form, his military relationships, and his marriage, concluding that, in his personal opinion, Baden-Powell was a repressed homosexual.{{rp |103|"The evidence available points inexorably to the conclusion that Baden-Powell was a repressed homosexual."}} Jeal's arguments and conclusion are dismissed by Procter and Block (2009) as "amateur psychoanalysis", for which there is no physical evidence.{{Cite book |title=Scouting Frontiers: Youth and the Scout Movement's First Century |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4438-0450-9 |editor-last=Block |editor-first=Nelson R. |location=Newcastle upon Tyne |page=6 |editor-last2=Proctor |editor-first2=Tammy M.}}{{rp |6}}

File:Baden-Powell family (1917).jpg

• Commissioned sub-lieutenant, 13th Hussars, 11 September 1876,{{Cite web |title=London Gazette, 12 September 1876 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/24362/pages/4962 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174032/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/24362/pages/4962 |archive-date=1 February 2014}} retroactively granted the rank of lieutenant from the same date on 17 September 1878{{Cite web |title=London Gazette, 17 September 1878 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/24625/pages/5174 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174034/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/24625/pages/5174 |archive-date=1 February 2014}}
• Captain, 13th Hussars, 16 May 1883{{Cite web |title=London Gazette, 15 January 1884 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/25308/pages/244 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174041/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/25308/pages/244 |archive-date=1 February 2014}}
• Brevet major, British Army, 1888Jeal, Tim, 1989
• Major, 13th Hussars, 1 July 1890{{Cite web |title=London Gazette, 12 July 1892 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/26306/pages/4008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174044/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/26306/pages/4008 |archive-date=1 February 2014}}
• Brevet lieutenant colonel, British Army, 25 March 1895{{Cite web |title=London Gazette, 31 March 1896 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/26726/pages/2028 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201173959/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/26726/pages/2028 |archive-date=1 February 2014}}
• Lieutenant colonel, 13th Hussars, 25 April 1897{{Cite web |title=London Gazette, 30 April 1897 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/26848/pages/2367 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109213024/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/26848/pages/2367 |archive-date=9 November 2013}}
• Full colonel, British Army, 8 May 1897{{Cite web |title=London Gazette, 7 May 1897 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/26850/pages/2535 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174015/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/26850/pages/2535 |archive-date=1 February 2014}}
• Commanding officer, 5th Dragoon Guards, 1897Baden-Powell, Robert. Lessons From the Varsity of Life, 1933. Retrieved from: https://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-5th-dragoons.html
• Major general, 23 May 1900{{Cite web |title=London Gazette, 22 May 1900 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/27194/pages/3253 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174009/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/27194/pages/3253 |archive-date=1 February 2014}}
• Inspector General of Cavalry, British Army, 1903
• Lieutenant general, 10 June 1907{{Cite web |title=London Gazette, 11 June 1907 |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28029/pages/4011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201174013/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28029/pages/4011 |archive-date=1 February 2014}}

File:Robert Baden-Powell Monument London.jpg by Don Potter in front of Baden-Powell House in London]]

In 1937, Baden-Powell was appointed to the Order of Merit, one of the most exclusive awards in the British honours system, and he was also awarded 28 decorations by foreign states, including the Grand Officer of the Portuguese Order of Christ,{{Cite journal |date=1 June 1920 |title=Supplement to the London Gazette |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/31928/supplements/6176 |url-status=dead |journal=London Gazette |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103055932/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/31928/supplements/6176 |archive-date=3 November 2012 |access-date=17 June 2009}} the Grand Commander of the Greek Order of the Redeemer (1920),{{Cite journal |date=22 October 1920 |title=Decoration Conferred by His Majesty the King of the Hellenes |url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/32095/pages/10197/page.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=The London Gazette |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816203231/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/32095/pages/10197/page.pdf |archive-date=16 August 2011 |access-date=10 February 2010}} the Commander of the French Légion d'honneur (1925), the First Class of the Hungarian Order of Merit (1929), the Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog of Denmark, the Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion, the Grand Cross of the Order of the Phoenix, and the Order of Polonia Restituta.{{Cite web |title=Robert Baden-Powell Honours: Order of Polonia Restituta |url=https://www.pinetreeweb.com/bp-honours-poland.html |access-date=13 June 2020}}

The Scout Association's Silver Wolf Award was originally worn by Robert Baden-Powell.{{Cite web |title=Service Awards |url=http://historyofscouting.com/awards/awards_service.htm |access-date=16 December 2016 |website=historyofscouting.com |archive-date=9 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209015250/http://historyofscouting.com/awards/awards_service.htm |url-status=dead }} The World Organization of the Scout Movement's Bronze Wolf Award, for exceptional services to world Scouting, was first awarded to Baden-Powell by a unanimous decision of the then International Committee on the day of the institution of the Bronze Wolf in Stockholm in 1935. He was also the first recipient of the Boy Scouts of America's Silver Buffalo Award in 1926.{{Cite news |date=10 May 1926 |title=Silver Buffalo |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,729190,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208045111/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,729190,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 February 2007}}

In 1927, at the Swedish National Jamboree, he was awarded by the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund with the "Großes Dankabzeichen des ÖPB.{{Cite book |last=Pribich |first=Kurt |title=Logbuch der Pfadfinderverbände in Österreich |publisher=Pfadfinder-Gilde-Österreichs |year=2004 |location=Vienna |language=de}}{{rp |113}} In 1931, Baden-Powell received the highest award of the First Austrian Republic (Großes Ehrenzeichen der Republik am Bande) out of the hands of President Wilhelm Miklas.{{rp |101}} Baden-Powell was also one of the first and few recipients of the Goldene Gemse, the highest award conferred by the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund.{{Cite book |last=Wilceczek |first=Hans Gregor |title=Georgsbrief des Bundesfeldmeisters für das Jahr 1931 an die Wölflinge, Pfadfinder, Rover und Führer im Ö.P.B. |publisher=Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund |year=1931 |location=Vienna |page=4 |language=de}}

File:Baden Powell plaque.png]]

File:Baden-Powell sculpture on Poole Quay (8778).jpg by David Annand in Poole, Dorset]]

In 1931, Major Frederick Russell Burnham dedicated Mount Baden-Powell{{Cite web |title=Mount Baden-Powell |url={{GNIS URL|255344}} |access-date=17 April 2006 |website=USGS}} in California to his friend from forty years before.{{Cite web |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham |date=May 1931 |title=Dedication of Mount Baden-Powell |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dedication_of_Mount_Baden-Powell |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225034808/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dedication_of_Mount_Baden-Powell |archive-date=25 December 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017}}{{Cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |title=Taking Chances |publisher=Haynes |year=1944 |isbn=1-879356-32-5 |pages=xxv–xxix |no-pp=true |author-link=Frederick Russell Burnham}} Today, their friendship is honoured in perpetuity with the dedication of the adjoining peak, Mount Burnham.{{Cite web |title=Mapping Service |url={{GNIS URL|255383}} |access-date=17 April 2006 |website=Mount Burnham}} Baden-Powell was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize on numerous occasions, including 10 separate nominations in 1928.{{Cite web |title=Nomination Database: Baden-Powell |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/nomination/nomination.php?action=show&showid=1589 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819154100/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/nomination/nomination.php?action=show&showid=1589 |archive-date=19 August 2011 |access-date=2 November 2010 |website=The Nomination Database for the Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–1956}} He was awarded the Wateler Peace Prize in 1937.{{Cite web |title=Lijst van Laureaten van de Carnegie Wateler Vredesprijs |url=http://www.vredespaleis.nl/index.php?pid=111 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511105732/http://www.vredespaleis.nl/index.php?pid=111 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=11 July 2013}} In 2002, Baden-Powell was named 13th in the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote.{{Cite web |title=BBC – Great Britons – Top 100 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021204214727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/ |archive-date=4 December 2002 |access-date=19 July 2017 |website=Internet Archive}} As part of the Scouting 2007 Centenary, Nepal renamed Urkema Peak to Baden-Powell Peak.[http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Rasuwa++peak+named+after+Baden+Powell&NewsID=291408 "Rasuwa peak named after Baden Powell"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130204172600/http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Rasuwa++peak+named+after+Baden+Powell&NewsID=291408 |date=4 February 2013 }}. The Himalayan Times. Retrieved 4 August 2012

In June 2020, following the George Floyd protests in Britain and the removal of the statue of Edward Colston in Bristol, the Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole Council (BCP Council) announced that a statue of Baden-Powell on Poole Quay would be removed temporarily for its protection, amid fears for its safety. Police believed it was on a list of monuments to be destroyed or removed,{{cite news |title=Robert Baden-Powell statue to be removed in Poole |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-dorset-53004638 |access-date=21 December 2020 |work=BBC News |date=11 June 2020}} and that it was a target for protestors due to perceptions that Baden-Powell had held homophobic and racist views.{{cite news |title=Who was Scouts founder Robert Baden-Powell and why is he controversial? |url=https://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/18513085.robert-baden-powell-controversial/ |access-date=21 December 2020 |work=Bournemouth Echo |language=en}}{{cite news |title=Was Robert Baden-Powell a supporter of Hitler? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-dorset-53007902 |access-date=21 December 2020 |work=BBC News |date=11 June 2020}}{{Cite news |date=11 June 2020 |title=Robert Baden-Powell: Scout founder statue to be removed in Poole |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-53004638 |access-date=11 June 2020}} The statue was installed by the BCP Council in 2008.{{cite web | url = http://www.poole.gov.uk/news/ref:N480DE69556D07/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216073554/http://www.poole.gov.uk/news/ref:N480DE69556D07/ |archive-date=16 February 2011 |title=Baden-Powell Returns To Poole Quay | year = 2008 | publisher = Borough of Poole }}

Following opposition to its removal,{{cite news |title=Chief scout Bear Grylls speaks out on Baden-Powell statue furore |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jun/14/chief-scout-bear-grylls-speaks-out-on-baden-powell-statue-furore |access-date=21 December 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=14 June 2020 |language=en}} including from residents, and past and present scouts, some of whom camped nearby to ensure it stayed in place, BCP Council had the statue boarded up instead.{{cite news |title=Poole's Baden-Powell statue boarded up instead of removed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-dorset-53020114 |access-date=21 December 2020 |work=BBC News |date=12 June 2020}} Mark Howell, deputy leader of the BCP Council was quoted as saying, "It is our intention that the boarding is removed at the earliest, safe opportunity."{{cite news |title=Baden-Powell statue has been boarded up "as soon as possible" |url=https://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/18513938.baden-powell-statue-boarded-bcp-council/ |access-date=21 December 2020 |work=Bournemouth Echo |language=en}}

{{Emblem table

|image = Coat of Arms of Baron Baden-Powell.svg

|image size =

|bannerimage =

|badgeimage =

|notes =

|year_adopted = 1929

|crest = 1st: a Lion passant Or in the paw a broken Tilting Spear in bend proper pendent therefrom by a Riband Gules an Escutcheon resting on a Wreath Sable charged with a Pheon Or (Powell); 2nd: out of a Crown Vallary Or a Demi Lion rampant Gules on the head a like Crown charged on the shoulders with a Cross Pattée Argent and supporting with the paws a Sword Erect proper Pommel and Hilt Gold (Baden).

|torse =

|helm =

|coronet = Coronet of a baron.

|escutcheon = Quarterly: 1 and 4th, Per fess Or and Argent a Lion rampant gules between two Tilting Spears erect proper (Powell); 2nd and 3rd, Argent a Lion rampant proper on the head a Crown Vallary Or between four Crosses pattée Gules and as many Fleur-de-lis Azure alternately (Baden).

|supporters = Not shown here. Dexter: an Officer of 13th/18th Royal Hussars in full dress, his Sword drawn over his shoulder proper; sinister: a Boy Scout holding a Staff also proper.

|compartment =

|motto = Ar Nyd Yw Pwyll Pyd Yw (Welsh: Where there is steadiness, there will be a Powell).

|orders = Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) – 9 November 1909 (CB: 1901)

: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) – 1 January 1923 (KCVO: 3 October 1909)

: Knight of Grace of the Venerable Order of St John (KStJ) – 23 May 1912

: Grand Officer of the Order of Christ of Portugal (GOC) – 7 October 1919

: Grand Commander of the Order of the Redeemer of the Kingdom of Greece – 21 October 1920

: Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog of Denmark – 11 October 1921

: Baronet – 1 January 1921 (dated 21 February 1923)

: Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) – 3 June 1927

: Baron Baden-Powell, of Gilwell in the County of Essex – 17 September 1929

: Member of the Order of Merit (OM) – 11 May 1937

|other_elements =

|banner =

|badge =

|symbolism =

|previous_versions =

}}

• Actor Ron Moody portrays Baden-Powell in the 1972–1973 miniseries The Edwardians.{{Cite book|title=Trevor Griffiths: Politics, Drama, History|page= 105|author=Stanton B. Garner|year=1999|publisher=University of Michigan Press}}

{{Portal|Scouting|Biography}}

• Baden-Powell's unilens
• List of Scouting memorials

{{Reflist}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{Cite book |last=Begbie |first=Harold |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17300 |title=The story of Baden-Powell: The Wolf that never Sleeps |date=1900 |publisher=Grant Richards |location=London |author-link=Edward Harold Begbie}}
• {{Cite book |last=Brendon |first=Piers |url=https://archive.org/details/eminentedwardian00bren |title=Eminent Edwardians |date=1980 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |isbn=0-395-29195-X |author-link=Piers Brendon}}
• {{Cite book |last=Drewery |first=Mary |title=Baden-Powell: the man who lived twice |date=1975 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=0-340-18102-8 |location=London}}
• {{Cite book |last=Gibson |first=Lorraine |title=Robert Baden-Powell: A Biography with foreword by Bear Grylls OBE |year=2022 |publisher=Pen & Sword History |isbn= 978-1399009300 |author-link=Lorraine Gibson}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Hillcourt |first1=William |title=Baden-Powell: The Two Lives Of A Hero |last2=Baden-Powell |first2=Olave |date=1992 |publisher=Gilwellian Press d/b/a Scouter's Journal Magazine |isbn=0-8395-3594-5 |location=New York |author-link=William Hillcourt}}
• {{Cite book |last=Jeal |first=Tim |title=Baden-Powell |date=1989 |publisher=Hutchinson |isbn=0-09-170670-X |location=London |author-link=Tim Jeal}}
• {{Cite book |last=Kiernan |first=R.H. |title=Baden-Powell |date=1939 |publisher=Harrap |location=London}}
• {{Cite book |last=Maxence |first=Philippe |title=Baden-Powell, éclaireur de légende et fondateur du scoutisme |date=2003 |publisher=Perrin |language=fr}}
• {{Cite book |last=Maxence |first=Philippe |title=Baden-Powell |date=2016 |publisher=Perrin |language=fr}}
• {{Cite book |last=Pakeham|first=Thomas|title=The Boer War|location=London|publisher=Abacus|year=1979}}
• {{Cite book |last=Palstra |first=Theo P.M. |title=Baden-Powel, zijn leven en werk |date=April 1967 |publisher=De Nationale Padvindersraad |location=Den Haag |language=nl}}
• {{cite book|last=Pretorius|first=Fransjohan|title=The A to Z of the Anglo-Boer War|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc.|year=2010}}
• {{Cite book |last=Rosenthal |first=Michael |title=The Character Factory: Baden-Powell and the Origins of the Boy Scout Movement |year=1986 |publisher=Collins |isbn=978-0-00217-604-0}}
• {{Cite book |last=Saunders |first=Hilary St George |title=The Left Handshake |date=1948 |author-link=Hilary Saint George Saunders}}
• {{cite ODNB|id=30520|title=Powell, Robert Stephenson Smyth|orig-year=2004|year=2008|last=Warren|first=Allen}}

{{Refend}}

{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Robert Baden-Powell |b=no |n=no |q=Robert Baden-Powell |s=Robert Baden-Powell |v=no |species=no |author=yes}}

• {{Cite web |title=Lord Baden Powell papers, digital repository |url=https://lib.byu.edu/collections/lord-baden-powell-papers |website=Harold B. Lee Library |publisher=Brigham Young University |quote=L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library}}
• {{Commons-inline|Scouting}}
• {{20th Century Press Archives|FID=pe/000851}}
• {{Cite web |title=The American editions of Baden-Powell's books on line |url=http://www.thedump.scoutscan.com/dumpinventorybp.php}}
• {{Librivox author |id=1213}}
• {{Gutenberg author|id=2144}}
• {{Internet Archive author |sname=Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell}}

{{S-start}}

{{s-mil}}

{{s-new}}

{{s-ttl|title=General Officer Commanding Northumbrian Division|years=1908–1910}}

{{s-aft|after=Francis Plowden}}

{{S-reg|uk}}

{{S-new}}

{{S-ttl|title=Baron Baden-Powell|years=1929–1941}}

{{S-aft|after=Peter Baden-Powell}}

{{S-reg|uk-bt}}

{{S-new}}

{{S-ttl|title=Baronet
(of Bentley)|years=1922–1941}}

{{S-aft|after=Peter Baden-Powell}}

{{S-npo|scout}}

{{S-new}}

{{S-ttl|title=Chief Scout of the British Empire|years=1908–1941}}

{{S-aft|after=Lord Somers}}

{{S-new}}

{{S-ttl|title=Chief Scout of the World|years=1920–1941}}

{{S-non|reason=Never assigned again}}

{{s-end}}

{{Scouting|founders}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badenpowell, Robert Stephenson Smyth}}

Category:1857 births

Category:1941 deaths

Category:19th-century British writers

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1

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Category:Members of the Order of Merit

Category:Grand Officers of the Order of Christ (Portugal)

Category:Commanders of the Legion of Honour

Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Phoenix (Greece)

Category:Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta

Category:Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary

Category:People of the Victorian era

Category:5th Dragoon Guards officers

Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog

Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion

Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau

Robert

Category:British Kenya people

Category:Barons created by George V

Category:People from Bentley, Hampshire

Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts