Robert Coles (settler)

file:Winthrop Fleet.jpg]]

Coles arrived in New England in the summer of 1630 as a passenger in the Winthrop Fleet, and was among the first settlers of the town of Roxbury. In October of that year he petitioned the Massachusetts Bay Colony's General Court in Boston to become a freeman and in 1631 he took the freeman's oath.{{sfn|Stewart|2015}}{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=436}} He was a founding member of the First Church of Roxbury, which was a non-separating Congregationalist church established in 1631, and in 1632 he was one of two townsmen elected to represent Roxbury in the General Court. During his term, Massachusetts Bay became the first colony to adopt formal arbitration laws.{{sfn|Ellis|1847|p=15}}{{Sfn|Thwing|1908|p=45}}{{Sfn|Drake|1878|p=290}}{{Sfn|Cole|1887|p=89}}{{sfn|Shurtleff|1853|p=95}}{{sfn|Centner|Ford|2020|p=5}}

In 1633, Coles was in the first company, led by John Winthrop the Younger, that went to Agawam where he was granted a large home lot on the Ipswich River at present-day East and Cogswell Streets and 200 acres—a property now called Greenwood Farm—on the neck of land north of town.{{Sfn|Ipswich (Mass.)|1899|p=4}}{{Sfn|Hammatt|1854|p=62}}{{sfn|Waters|1905|pp=15,60}}{{Sfn|Macdonough|1901|p=444}} He moved to Salem in 1635 where he received a home lot in town and 300 acres of farmland south of Felton Hill "in the place where his cattle are by Brooksby."{{sfn|Upham|1867|pp=88,85,XXV}}{{Sfn|Macdonough|1901|p=444}}{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=436}}

File:Sabbath-inspection-of-taverns.jpg

In 1631, Coles was fined five marks (about £3 then and US$850 in 2022{{sfn|Nye}}) for drunkenness aboard the Friendship and at Winnissimet, now Chelsea.{{sfn|Noble|1904|p=18}} The Friendship was carrying two hogsheads (more than 120 gallons) of flavored mead called metheglin.{{sfn|Adams|1896|p=356}} Coles's fellow carousers—who were not pious Puritans—included Edward Gibbons, a former polytheist "who chose rather to Dance about a May pole...than to hear a good Sermon"{{sfn|Adams|1896|p=355}} and Samuel Maverick, a wealthy Anglican "very ready to entertain strangers."{{sfn|Wilson|Fiske|1888|p=167}}{{sfn|Noble|1904|p=18}} In 1632, Coles was again fined for drunkenness, this time in Charlestown. In addition to his fine of £1 he was required to appear before the General Court and the Court of Assistants to publicly confess.{{sfn|Noble|1904|p=21}}

Coles was charged a third time for drunkenness in 1633, along with fellow settler John Shatswell, at Agawam. Shatswell was fined £2, but Coles was fined £10 (about US$2900 in 2022{{sfn|Nye}}) for multiple offenses: drunkenness, encouraging Shatswell's wife to drink, and "intiseing her to incontinency{{efn|Incontinency, or adultery, was a capital offense ("...both shalbe punished by death"{{sfn|Noble|1904|p=19}}) and not a misdemeanor, so he was more likely convicted of merely "enticing" and not fornication.}} and other misdemeanor." Coles was also sentenced "to stand with a whte sheete of pap on his back wherein a drunkard shalbe written in great letters, & stand therewith soe longe as the Court thinks meete...."{{Sfn|Noble|1904|p=34-35}} He was charged a fourth time in 1634, this time in Roxbury, and the court responded with more severe penalties: he was forced to wear a red letter "D" (for drunkenness) for a year and was disenfranchised (deprived of voting rights).

The court orders that Coles, for drunkenness by him committed at Roxbury shall be disfranchized, weare about his necke & soe to hange upon his outward garment a D made of redd clothe & sett upon white, to contynue this for a yeare & not to leave it off at any tyme when hee comes amongst company....{{Sfn|Noble|1904|p=41}}{{Sfn|Anderson|1995|p=438}}

Coles was re-enfranchised just two months later and was never again charged with drunkenness.{{Sfn|Salinger|2004|p=111}}{{Sfn|Anderson|1995|p=438}} However, his wife, Mary, was accused of intemperance in the Roxbury church records, where it was noted that "after her husband's excommunication and falls, she did too much favor his ways...."{{sfn|Boston Registry Department|1884|p=75}}{{efn|From the Roxbury church records: "Mary Cole, the wife of Robert Cole. God also wrought vpon her heart (as it was hoped after her coming to NE) but after her husband's excommunication, & falls she did too much favor his ways, yet not as to incur any just blame, she lived an aflicted life, by reason of his vnsetlednesse & removing fro place to place."{{sfn|Boston Registry Department|1884|p=75}}}}

The sanctions against Coles are referenced in historical fiction. His red-letter punishment is mentioned in Anya Seton's 1958 bestselling historical novel, The Winthrop Woman, about the governor's daughter-in-law, Elizabeth Fones.{{sfn|Seton|1958|p=243}} He appears as a minor character in Jackie French Koller's 1995 historical novel, Primrose Way, in which the author notes he "was indeed 'a known tippler' and was arrested for drunkenness and sentenced to wear a sign about his neck...."{{sfn|Koller|1995|p=319}}

Some scholars argue that Coles's red-letter punishment was among those Nathaniel Hawthorne had in mind when he wrote the 1850 novel, The Scarlet Letter, which chronicles the struggles of a fictional woman sentenced to wear a red letter for adultery.{{sfn|Beers|1895|p=24}}{{sfn|Orians|1952|p=429}}{{sfn|Robson|2013|p=21}} Melissa McFarland Pennell, a University of Massachusetts English professor, recounts Coles's punishment in her book The historian's Scarlet letter: reading Nathaniel Hawthorne's masterpiece as social and cultural history (2018).{{sfn|Pennell|Hawthorne|2018|p=31}} In Henry Augustin Beers's Initial Studies in American Letters (1895), the late Yale University literary historian wrote:

The reader of Winthrop's Journal comes everywhere upon hints which the imagination has since shaped into poetry and romance. The germs of many of Longfellow's "New England Tragedies," of Hawthorne's "Maypole of Merrymount," and Endicott's "Red Cross," and of Whittier's "John Underbill" and "The Familists' Hymn" are all to be found in some dry, brief entry of the old Puritan diarist. "Robert Cole, having been oft punished for drunkenness, was now ordered to wear a red D about his neck for a year," to wit, the year 1633, and thereby gave occasion to the greatest American romance, "The Scarlet Letter."{{sfn|Beers|1895|p=24}}

Roger Williams—a Salem preacher who advocated for church-state separation and Native American land rights—was banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635{{Sfn|Warren|2018|p=54}} and in the following year he acquired land from Canonicus and Miantonomi, the chief sachems of the Narragansett people, to create Providence Plantation.{{Sfn|Warren|2018|p=63}} By 1637 Robert Coles moved from Salem to Providence and in 1638 he became one of Providence's first 13 proprietors and a founding member of the first Baptist church congregation in America.{{Sfn|Macdonough|1901|pp=445–446}}{{sfn|King|Wilcox|1908|p=187}} At the inaugural church meeting, at least twelve settlers gathered together with Roger Williams who, after being baptized by Ezekiel Holliman, baptized Coles and the others.{{sfn|Winthrop|Hosmer|1966|p=297}}

{{multiple image

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| image1 = Prov-deed-1666-c-00232 4607fab275.jpg

| caption1 = Initial deed

| image2 = Original Providence Rhode Island town layout of homesteads.jpg

| caption2 = Original home lot map

| image3 = Providence 1650 by Jean Blackburn.jpg

| caption3 = Great Salt Cove {{circa|1650}}

}}

Each of the original proprietors received a narrow, five- or six-acre, river-front home lot that stretched eastward from Towne Street, now Main Street, to "a highway," now Hope Street in present-day College Hill, Providence, and they received shares of upland and meadow on the south side of town.{{Sfn|Macdonough|1901|p=446}}{{sfn|Hopkins|1886|p=27}} Robert Coles's home lot was on the Great Salt Cove between the lots of Thomas Olney and William Carpenter and along the ancient "highway" called the Wampanoag trail, now Meeting Street. The land granted to him south of town laid east of Mashapaug Pond.{{sfn|Hopkins|1886|pp=65,13}}{{sfn|Greene|1890|p=280}}

Roger Williams sold land north of the Pawtuxet River to Coles and twelve others on August 8, 1638, with full payment confirmed on October 3. Soon after the 1638 purchase, Coles built a home on the Pawtuxet River near the falls in present-day Pawtuxet Village.{{Sfn|Rogers|1899|p=99}}{{sfn|Field|1902|p=32}}{{sfn|Hopkins|1886|p=67}}

Previous to 1639, the Pawtuxet sachem Socononoco sold land to Roger Williams that stretched from the meadows on the Pawtuxet River southward to Conimicut Point.{{sfn|Chapin|1926|pp=138–139}}{{Sfn|Rogers|1899|p=31}} On January 1, 1639, Williams sold a share to Coles that included an inland meadow and land at Passeonkquis Cove and Namquid, now called Gaspee Point, and Coles was granted permission by the Pawtuxet tribe to graze cattle on their farmland in the winter. On February 10, 1641, Coles received a confirmatory deed from the sachems Canonicus and Miantonomi.{{sfn|Chapin|1926|pp=138–140}}

By 1648—the year Shawomet was renamed to honor the Earl of Warwick—Coles was listed as a townsman of Warwick, where he was a mill proprietor and resided for the remainder of his life.{{Sfn|Macdonough|1901|p=454}}{{sfn|Conley|2010|p=46}}{{sfn|Reibold|1998|pp=13–14}}

{{quote box

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|source= —Plantation Agreement at Providence of 1640{{sfn|Rhode Island|Bartlett|1856|pp=27}}

|salign=right

|quote = Wee, Robert Coles, Chad Browne, William Harris, and John Warner, being freely chosen by the consent of our loving friends and neighbors the Inhabitants of this Towne of Providence, having many differences amongst us, they being freely willing and also bound themselves to stand to our Arbitration in all differences amongst us to rest contented in our determination, being so betrusted we have seriously and carefully indeavoured to weigh and consider all those differences, being desirous to bringe to unity and peace, although our abilities are farr short in the due examination of such weighty things, yet so farre as we conceive in laying all things together we have gone the fairest and the equallest way to produce our peace. }}

Coles, Chad Brown, William Harris, and John Warner co-authored the Plantation Agreement at Providence of 1640, which was titled the "Report of Arbitrators at Providence, containing proposals for a form of Government" and referred to as the Combination. It was signed by 39 male and female townsmen—an early milestone in women's rights.{{sfn|Rhode Island|Bartlett|1856|pp=27–31}} The Combination is listed among the colonial documents that influenced American constitutionalism.{{sfn|Lutz|1998|p=36}}

The Combination replaced the direct democracy of the original compact of 1637 with a representative, democratic government designed to solve disputes, especially land disputes.{{sfn|Keary|1996|p=273}} It contained 12 articles that defined the borders of Providence, created an elected board of arbitrators and an appeals process, created town offices, and affirmed the separation of church and state as the determination "to hold forth liberty of conscience." The Combination resolved the problem of assembling a quorum of busy townsmen to make decisions, but it left open how those decisions would be enforced.{{Sfn|Field|1902|p=34}}{{Sfn|Bayles|1891|pp=148–151}} The General Assembly replaced the arbitration system with a town charter in 1649.{{sfn|Bicknell|1920|p=224}}

File:Gorton.1643 attack on Shawomet.jpg

In 1641, Coles and John Greene gave Samuel Gorton—a religious leader and agitator fleeing Portsmouth—some of their land in Pawtuxet.{{Sfn|Field|1902|p=61}}{{sfn|Chapin|1916|p=144}} The parcel Coles gave to Gorton was at Papaquinapaug, the region near present-day Fenner Pond south of Roger Williams Park.{{sfn|Gorton|1907|p=38}}{{sfn|Chapin|1916|p=145}} To Coles's dismay, Gorton and his followers, the Gortonites, rejected the authority of the Plantation Agreement of 1640 and became embroiled in bitter disputes.{{Sfn|McLoughlin|1976|p=17}} The trouble began when the Providence arbitrators voted to settle a dispute by seizing some cattle owned by a Gortonite named Francis Weston. The Gortonites fought off the townsmen sent to take the cattle.{{sfn|D'Amato|2001|p=23}} Seeking a way to expel the Gortonites from Pawtuxet, Coles and three other original Pawtuxet settlers—William Arnold, William Carpenter, and Benedict Arnold—traveled to Boston in 1642 to petition the General Court to place their land under the jurisdiction of Massachusetts Bay Colony.{{Sfn|Field|1902|p=62}} The General Court made Coles and the other three petitioners justices of the peace.{{sfn|Tompkins|1919|p=3}} The Gortonites moved south to Shawomet, out of the jurisdiction of the justices and Massachusetts Bay, where they purchased 90 square miles from the sachem Miantonomi.{{sfn|Tompkins|1919|p=3-4}} Benedict Arnold convinced Socononoco and Pomham, the sachems of Pawtuxet and Shawomet, to complain to Massachusetts Bay that they did not agree to the sale.{{sfn|D'Amato|2001|p=24}} Gorton and some Gortonites were arrested in 1643 by Massachusetts Bay soldiers after a violent struggle and were taken to Boston to stand trial.{{Sfn|Field|1902|p=62}}{{sfn|Tompkins|1919|p=5}}

Coles was said to suffer from an unusual "vnsetlednesse & removing frō place to place" which, according to the Puritan minister of his former church in Roxbury, contributed to his first wife's death.{{sfn|Boston Registry Department|1884|p=75}} Notwithstanding, and indeed because of, his unsettledness he acquired hundreds of acres of land in Massachusetts Bay and the Providence Plantations. In 1650, of the 50 tax-payers in Providence, Benedict Arnold paid the highest property tax while five townsmen—Coles, William Arnold, Richard Scott, William Field, and William Carpenter—paid the second highest tax.{{sfn|Rogers|1899|p=33}}

File:1855-native-american-ninigret.jpgHis religious life, too, was unsettled. He was excommunicated by his Puritan church in Massachusetts Bay, which may have contributed to his moving to Providence.{{Sfn|Macdonough|1901|p=447}}{{Sfn|Anderson|1995|p=437}} In Providence, he was a founding member of the Baptist church, but it was later said that, in lieu of Christian worship, he "usually conversed with and was conversant amongst the Indians on the Sabbath days" to learn about Native American religion.{{Sfn|Cocks|Cox|1914|p=361}}{{efn|According to Samuel Gorton, "...Robert Cole whom they had censured to weare a D on his back for a whole year, to proclaim unto all men his guiltiness of the sin of drunkenness and had also cast him out of their Church, and delivered him unto Satan several times, who before, and in the time of this his submission usually conversed with, and was conversant amongst the Indians on the Sabbath days, professing the Indians' religion to be the same with that which the Massachusetts professed and practised."{{Sfn|Macdonough|1901|p=447}}}}

In the winter of 1637, three members of the Pequot tribe escaped captivity in Boston and were taken in by Providence residents. One was a woman who joined Coles's household, probably as a servant. Roger Williams recounted her treatment in Boston: "...of the natives in Boston [she] is used worst: is beaten with firesticks...because a fellow lay with her, but she saith, for her part she refused.” Roger Williams instructed the Providence residents to welcome them and "to walke wisely and justly towards them, so to make mercy eminent...."{{sfn|Massachusetts Historical Society|1943|p=509}}

Coles occasionally fell out with his indigenous neighbors. In 1649, Nanheggen of Pawtuxet and Wesuontup of Mashapaug were accused of breaking into the Providence homes of Coles and Jane Sayers. Nanheggen, who was one of Coles's workers, was convicted by a jury while Wesuontup was acquitted.{{sfn|Rogers|1899|pp=24–25}} In 1652, Coles sold a mastiff dog to Ninigret, the sachem of the Niantic people. The dog ran away from Ninigret and returned to Coles who killed it, possibly to protect poultry or livestock. Coles was fined after Ninigret pressed charges.{{Sfn|Macdonough|1901|pp=451,453,454}}{{sfn|Fisher|Silverman|2014|p=77}}

Robert Coles, whose ancestry remains unknown, was born {{circa|1600}} probably in England.{{efn|According to historian Charles Anderson in The Great Migration Begins (1995), Coles's place of origin and parentage remain unproven.{{Sfn|Anderson|1995|p=437}}}}{{Sfn|Anderson|1995|p=437}} He and his first wife, Mary, appeared together for the first time in the records of the Roxbury church.{{Sfn|Thwing|1908|p=45}} Because Mary's death was recorded in an undated note in Roxbury church records, it is thought she died before he moved to Providence.{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=439}} His second wife, Mary Hawxhurst ({{circa|1602}}–1656), was the daughter of Sampson Hawxhurst (1571–1627), vicar of Nuneaton in Warwickshire, England, and Elizabeth.{{Sfn|Miller|1901|p=174}}{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=439}}{{efn|Robert Coles's first son, John, refers to Mary Hawxhurst as his "mother-in-law" in 1655, confirming she was his stepmother.{{Sfn|Anderson|1995|p=437}}}} After Robert Coles's death, Mary Hawxhurst married Matthias Harvey and moved to Oyster Bay on Long Island.{{Sfn|Cocks|Cox|1914|p=362}}Image:ReligiousFreedomStamp.jpg commemorating the Flushing Remonstrance.]]Coles had at least seven children, four of whom were under 18 years of age when he died. His children by his first wife, Mary, were John Coles (m. Ann), Deliverance Coles (m. Richard Townsend), and Ann Coles (m. Henry Townsend). His children by his second wife, Mary Hawxhurst, were Daniel Coles (m. Mahershalalhasbaz Gorton, daughter of Samuel Gorton), Nathaniel Coles (m. Martha Jackson, Deborah Wright, Sarah Harcurt), Sarah Coles (m. Captain Thomas Townsend), and Captain Robert Coles Jr. (m. Mercy Wright).{{Sfn|Cocks|Cox|1914|p=364}}{{sfn|Anderson|1995|p=438}}

Coles died intestate in 1655 in Warwick, Providence Plantations.{{Sfn|Anderson|1995|p=437}}{{sfn|Miller|1901|p=174}} The Warwick town council settled his debts and distributed net assets of about £400 (about US$114,000 in 2022{{sfn|Nye}}) to his heirs. The settlement included the sale of the "Mill of Warwick" and land in Pawtuxet to establish a trust worth £170 (about US$48,400 in 2022{{sfn|Nye}}) for his minor children.{{sfn|Drake|1858|pp=303–304}}{{Sfn|Macdonough|1901|pp=454–457}}

Three of Coles's daughters married into the Townsend family. The Townsends came to Warwick after conflicts over religious liberty with authorities in the Dutch colony of New Netherland. Ann Coles's husband, Henry Townsend, was fined and imprisoned more than once in New Netherland for hosting Quaker meetings and for political agitation. He signed the Flushing Remonstrance in 1657 to protest the persecution of Quakers and others in New Netherland. A year later Ann Coles was charged with support of the "odious sect." The Townsends later settled in Oyster Bay, which was out of Dutch jurisdiction.{{Sfn|Cocks|Cox|1914|p=367}}{{sfn|Townsend|1909|p=68}}

File:Coles Street Map of Providence 1849 Providence.png

File:Town of Warwick Plate 1 1895 Coles Neighborhood.png

A portion of present-day Wickenden Street in Providence that crosses Hope Street and stretches from Governor to Ann Streets was once called Coles Street.{{sfn|Cushing|1849}} Coles Village, south of Hoxie Village in Warwick, Rhode Island, bears the family name.{{sfn|Everts and Richards (Firm)|1895|p=134}}{{sfn|State of Rhode Island}}

Three of Coles's sons—Robert Jr., Nathaniel, and Daniel Coles—were original proprietors of Musketa Cove Plantation, now the city of Glen Cove, New York, near Oyster Bay.{{sfn|Petrash|2005}} The home that Robert Coles Jr. built there in 1668 still stands.{{sfn|Russell}}

The notable descendants of Robert Coles include industrialist Walter Chrysler (1875–1940) who founded the Chrysler Corporation,{{sfn|American Historical Company, Inc.|1959|pp=84,106}} novelist Miriam Coles Harris (1834–1925),{{sfn|Faust|1983|pp=301–303}} American Revolutionary War spies Robert Townsend (1753–1838) and Sarah "Sally" Townsend (1760–1842) who were siblings and members of the secret Culper Ring,{{sfn|Misencik|2016|pp=6,194}} spy Jesse Coles (1757–1839) who was captured while carrying a message to General Washington,{{sfn|Carpenter|1901|pp=170–171}} and Robert R. Coles (1907–1985) who was chairman of the Hayden Planetarium.{{sfn|Waggoner|1985|p=D00027}}

{{notelist|30em}}

{{reflist|20em}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

Books

• {{Cite book|title=Three episodes of Massachusetts history: the settlement of Boston Bay, the Antinomian controversy, a study of church and town government|last=Adams|first=Charles Francis|date=1896|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin and Co.|location=Boston; New York}} {{PD-notice}}
• {{Cite book|last1=American Historical Company, Inc.|url=https://archive.org/details/chryslerforkeral00unse/page/320|title=Chrysler, Forker and allied families; a genealogical study with biographical notes|date=1959|publisher=American Historical Company, Inc.|place=New York}}
• {{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=Robert Charles |title=The Great Migration Begins Vol. 1|publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society|year=1995}}
• {{Cite book|title=History of Providence County, Rhode Island.|last=Bayles|first=Richard M.|date=1891|publisher=W.W. Preston|location=New York}}
• {{cite book|last1=Beers|first1=Henry Augustin |author-link1=Henry Augustin Beers |title=Initial Studies in American Letters|publisher=G.W. Jacobs|year=1895}}
• {{Cite book |last=Bicknell |first=Thomas Williams |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=El0EAAAAYAAJ&q=disposers |title=The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations |date=1920 |publisher=American Historical Society |language=en}}
• {{cite book|last1=Boston Registry Department|title=Records relating to the early history of Boston|publisher=Boston, Rockwell and Churchill, City Printers|location=Boston|year=1884|volume=6}}
• {{cite book|last1=Carpenter |first1=Daniel Hoogland |title=History and genealogy of the Carpenter family in America, from the settlement at Providence, R.I., 1637–1901|url=https://archive.org/details/historygeneal1901carpbyu |publisher=Marion Press |location=Jamaica, NY|year=1901}}
• {{cite book|last=Chapin|first=Howard M.|title=Documentary History of Rhode Island|url=https://archive.org/details/documentaryhisto02chap|publisher=Preston and Rounds Company|place=Providence|year=1916}} {{PD-notice}}
• {{cite book|last=Chapin|first=Howard M.|title=The early records of the town of Warwick|publisher= E.A. Johnson|place=Providence|year=1926}}
• {{cite book|last1=Cocks|first1=George Williams |last2=Cox|first2=John|title=History and Genealogy of the Cock, Cocks, Cox Family: Descended from James and Sarah Cock, of Killingworth Upon Matinecock, in the Township of Oyster Bay, Long Island, N.Y.|url=https://archive.org/details/historyandgenea00coxgoog|year=1914}} {{PD-notice}}
• {{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=Frank Theodore | title=The Early Genealogies of the Cole Families in America: (Including Coles and Cowles). With Some Account of the Descendants of James, by Hartford, Connecticut, 1635–1652, and of Thomas Cole, of Salem, Mass., 1649–1672|year=1887| publisher=Hann & Adair|location=Columbus}}
• {{Cite book| title=Rhode Island's founders: from settlement to statehood|last=Conley|first=Patrick T.|date=2010|publisher=History Press| location=Charleston, SC}}
• {{cite book|last1=D'Amato|first1=Donald A. |title=Warwick: A City at the Crossroads|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2001|place=Charleston, SC}}
• {{cite book|last1=Drake|first1=Francis S.| title=The town of Roxbury: its memorable persons and places, its history and antiquities, with numerous illustrations of its old landmarks and noted personages|url=https://archive.org/details/townofroxburyits01drak|year=1878|location=Roxbury}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Drake|first1=Samuel G.|title=The New England Historical & Genealogical Register and Antiquarian Journal|date=1858|place=Boston|publisher=S.G. Drake|volume=12}}

• {{cite book|last1=Ellis|first1=Charles Mayo| title=The History of Roxbury Town|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofroxbury00elli_0|location=Boston|publisher=Samuel G. Drake|year=1847}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Everts and Richards (Firm)|title=New topographical atlas of surveys, southern Rhode Island, comprising the counties of Newport, Bristol, Kent and Washington |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/1329204936 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Everts & Richards |year=1895}}
• {{cite book|last1=Faust|first1=Langdon L.| title=American women writers: a critical reference guide from colonial times to the present|publisher=Unger|location=New York|year=1983}}
• {{cite book|last1=Field|first1=Edward| title=State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations at the End of the Century|url=https://archive.org/details/staterhodeislan03fielgoog|publisher=Mason Publishing Company|location=Rhode Island|year=1902}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Fisher|first1=Julie A.|last2=Silverman|first2=David J.| title=Ninigret, sachem of the Niantics and Narragansetts: diplomacy, war, and the balance of power in seventeenth-century New England and Indian country|year =2014|place=Ithaca|publisher=Cornell University Press}}

• {{cite book|last1=Gorton|first1=Adelos|title=The life and times of Samuel Gorton|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Higginson Book Company|year=1907}}
• {{cite book|last1=Hammatt|first1=Abraham| title=The Hammatt Papers No. 1: Early inhabitants of Ipswich, Mass. 1633–1700|year=1880|place=Ipswich, Mass. |publisher= Antiquarian Papers Press|ref=CITEREFHammatt1854}}
• {{cite book|last1=Hopkins|first1=Charles Wyman| title=The home lots of the early settlers of the Providence Plantations : with notes and plats|url=https://archive.org/details/homelotsofearlys00hopk|year=1886|location=Providence|publisher=Providence Press}}
• {{Cite book |last=Ipswich (Mass.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3k_AQAAMAAJ |title=The Ancient Records of the Town of Ipswich: Vol. 1, from 1634 to 1650 |date=1899 |publisher=G.A. Schofield |language=en}}
• {{cite book|last1=King|first1=Henry Melville| last2=Wilcox|first2=Charles Field |title=Historical catalogue of the members of the First Baptist Church in Providence, Rhode Island|year=1908|publisher=F.H. Townsend, Printer}}
• {{Cite book|last=Koller|first=Jackie French|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bX_bWsf-GrMC&dq=%22robert+coles%22+%22massachusetts+bay%22&pg=PA319|title=The Primrose Way|date=1995|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-15-200372-2|language=en}}
• {{cite book|last1=Lutz|first1=Donald S.| title=Colonial origins of the American Constitution: a documentary history|publisher=Liberty Fund|place=Indianapolis|year=1998}}
• {{cite book|last1=Macdonough|first1=Rodney| title=The Macdonough-Hackstaff ancestry|location=Boston|publisher=Samuel Usher|year=1901}}

• {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ras0AQAAMAAJ|title=Winthrop Papers: 1631-1637|date=1943|last=Massachusetts Historical Society|volume=3}} {{PD-notice}}
• {{cite book|last1=McLoughlin|first1=William G.|author-link1=William G. McLoughlin|title=Rhode Island: A History|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|location=New York City|year=1976}}
• {{Cite book|title=Sally Townsend, George Washington's teenage spy|last=Misencik|first=Paul R.|year=2016|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc.}}
• {{cite book|last1=Noble|first1=John|title=Records of the Court of Assistants of the colony of the Massachusetts Bay, 1630–1692|publisher=Suffolk County|location=Boston|year=1904|volume=2}} {{PD-notice}}
• {{Cite book|title=The historian's Scarlet letter: reading Nathaniel Hawthorne's masterpiece as social and cultural history|last1=Pennell|first1=Melissa McFarland|last2=Hawthorne|first2=Nathaniel|date=2018|place=Santa Barbara|publisher=Praeger}}
• {{Cite book| title=The life of Matthias Harvye and family |last=Reibold|first=Dorothy Marty|date=1998|publisher=Gateway Press, Inc.|location=Baltimore, MD}}
• {{Cite book| title=Records of the colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, in New England: Printed by order of the General Assembly |last1=Rhode Island|last2=Bartlett|first2=John Russell|date=1856|volume=1|publisher=A.C. Greene and Brother |location=Providence}}
• {{Cite book|last=Robson|first=Ruthann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3W5GAAAAQBAJ&dq=robert+coles+fined+massachusetts+bay&pg=PA21|title=Dressing Constitutionally: Hierarchy, Sexuality, and Democracy from our Hairstyles to our Shoes|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-24422-1|language=en}}

• {{cite book|last1=Rogers|first1=Horatio|author-link1=Horatio Rogers|title=The Early Records of the Town of Providence|volume=XV|publisher=Snow & Farnham|location=Providence, RI|year=1899}}
• {{cite book|last1=Salinger|first1=Sharon V.| title=Taverns and Drinking in Early America|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Boston|year=2004}}
• {{cite book|last1=Seton|first1=Anya|author-link1=Anya Seton|title=The Winthrop Woman|url=https://archive.org/details/winthropwoman0000seto|url-access=registration|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|location=New York|year=1958}}
• {{Cite book|title=Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England|volume=1|last1=Shurtleff|first1=Nathaniel B.|author-link1=Nathaniel B. Shurtleff|date=1853|publisher=W. White|location=Boston}}
• {{cite book|last1=Thwing|first1=Walter Eliot| title=History of the First Church in Roxbury, Massachusetts, 1630–1904 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyfirstchu02thwigoog|year=1908|publisher=W.A. Butterfield|location=Boston}}
• {{cite book|last1=Townsend|first1=Margaret| title=Townsend—Townshend, 1066–1909: the history, genealogy and alliances of the English and American house of Townsend|year=1909|publisher=Press of the Broadway|location=New York }}
• {{Cite book|last=Upham|first= Charles Wentworth| author-link1=Charles Wentworth Upham|title=Salem witchcraft: with an account of Salem village, and a history of opinions on witchcraft and kindred subjects |date=1867|publisher=Wiggin and Lunt |location=Boston }}
• {{cite book|last1=Warren|first1=James A.| title=God, War, and Providence: The Epic Struggle of Roger Williams and the Narragansett Indians against the Puritans of New England|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York City|year=2018 }}
• {{Cite book|title=Ipswich in the Massachusetts Bay Colony|last=Waters|first=Thomas Franklin |date=1905|place=Ipswich, MA | publisher=The Ipswich historical society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl9AAAAAYAAJ}}
• {{Cite book |title=Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography|last1=Wilson|first1=James Grant|last2=Fiske|first2=John|date=1888|publisher=D. Appleton|volume=4}} {{PD-notice}}
• {{cite book|last1=Winthrop|first1=John|author-link1=John Winthrop|last2=Hosmer|first2=James K. |title=Winthrop's Journal, "History of New England," 1630–1649|volume=1|publisher=Barnes & Noble|location=New York|year=1966}}

Articles

• {{Cite book |last1=Centner |first1=Daniel |title=Arbitration and the Surety |last2=Ford |first2=Megan |publisher=American Bar Association, Tort Trial & Insurance Practice Section |year=2020 |isbn=9781641056571 |editor-last=Belleau |editor-first=Ashley | chapter=A Brief Primer on The History Of Arbitration |editor-last2=Jortner |editor-first2=Laurence |editor-last3=Brewer |editor-first3=Lee |editor-last4=Oertel |editor-first4=Mark |chapter-url=https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba-cms-dotorg/products/inv/book/399836364/chap1-5190560.pdf}}
• {{Cite journal| last1=Greene|first1=Welcome A.|title= The History of a Ferry|journal=The Narragansett Historical Register: A Magazine Devoted to the Antiquities, Genealogy and Historical Matter Illustrating the History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations|year=1890 |volume=8|pages=274–301 |publisher=Narragansett Historical Publishing Company}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Keary|first1= Anne|year=1996 |title= Retelling the History of the Settlement of Providence: Speech, Writing, and Cultural Interaction on Narragansett Bay|journal=The New England Quarterly|volume=69|number=2|pages=250–286|doi= 10.2307/366667|jstor= 366667}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Robert B.|title=Hawxhurst Family|journal=The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record|volume=32|pages=172–176|location=New York|publisher=New York Genealogical and Biographical Society|year=1901}}
• {{cite journal |last1= Orians|first1= G. Harrison|year=1952 |title= Hawthorne and Puritan Punishments|journal=College English|volume=13|number=8|pages=424–432|doi= 10.2307/371722|jstor= 371722}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Tompkins |first=Hamilton Bullock |title=Benedict Arnold, First Governor of Rhode Island (A paper read before the Newport Historical Society) |journal=Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society |volume=30 |pages=1–18 |date=October 1919 }}
• {{Cite news|title=Robert Coles, L.I. Historian and Ex-chief of Planetarium|newspaper=The New York Times |last=Waggoner|first=Walter H.|date=April 4, 1985|access-date=November 11, 2018|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/23/nyregion/robert-coles-li-historian-and-ex-chief-of-planetarium.html}}

Online sources

• {{Cite web|last=Cushing|first=Samuel|year=1849|title=Map of Providence, 1849 |url=https://provlibdigital.org/islandora/object/islandora:4597/view_mods_as_marcxml |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=provlibdigital.org}}
• {{cite web| last =Nye| first =Eric W.| title =Pounds Sterling to Dollars: Historical Conversion of Currency| publisher=University of Wyoming | url = https://www.uwyo.edu/numimage/currency.htm|access-date =May 11, 2022}}
• {{cite web| last1=Petrash|first1=Antonia| last2=Stern|first2=Carol | first3=Carol |last3=McCrossen | url=https://www.glencovelibrary.org/local-history/history-of-glen-cove/ | title= History of Glen Cove| publisher=Glen Cove Public Library |year= 2005 |access-date =July 7, 2018| ref =CITEREFPetrash2005}}
• {{cite web| last =Russell |first =Daniel E. | publisher =City of Glen Cove, New York | title =The Robert Coles Homestead (1668)| url = http://www.glencoveheritage.com/legacy_site/coleshomestead.pdf| access-date =August 14, 2018}}
• {{cite web| last =Stewart| first =Marcia| publisher =The Winthrop Society | title =The Freemen of Massachusetts Bay 1630—1636| url =https://www.winthropsociety.com/doc_freemen.php| year=2015|access-date =July 7, 2018}}
• {{Cite web |last=State of Rhode Island|title=RI.GOV |url=https://www.ri.gov/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=www.ri.gov |language=en}}

{{refend}}

• [https://smallstatebighistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Screenshot-2024-03-15-at-6.09.33%E2%80%AFPM.png Map of Coles's home lot in Providence (smallstatebighistory.com)]
• [https://www.google.com/maps/place/State+Arsenal/@41.8280878,-71.4086977,17z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x89e44517885c415b:0x2e463a00990ef4d9!8m2!3d41.8284796!4d-71.4083051 Location of Coles's home lot in Providence (map.google.com)]
• [https://archive.org/stream/ipswichinmassach00water#page/n442/mode/1up Map of Coles's home lot in Agawam (archive.org)]
• [https://www.google.com/maps/place/42%C2%B041'04.3%22N+70%C2%B049'39.3%22W/@42.6845278,-70.829772,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d42.6845278!4d-70.8275833 Location of Coles's home lot in Agawam/Ipswich (map.google.com)]
• [https://thetrustees.org/place/greenwood-farm/ Information about Coles's farmland in Agawam/Ipswich (thetrustees.org)]
• [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17845/17845-h/images/image04.jpg Map of Coles's farmland (plot XXIV) near Salem (gutenberg.org)]
• [https://www.google.com/maps/place/42%C2%B032'17.5%22N+70%C2%B057'35.1%22W/@42.5381945,-70.9685047,15z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x0:0x0!7e2!8m2!3d42.538199!4d-70.959739 Location of Coles's farmland (plot XXIV) near Salem (map.google.com)]
• [https://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/ri01.asp Full text of Plantation Agreement at Providence of 1640 (Lillian Goldman Law Library)]

{{Rhode Island settlers}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|United States|New England|Rhode Island}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coles, Robert}}

Category:English emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony

Category:People from colonial Boston

Category:People from colonial Rhode Island

Category:1655 deaths

Category:American city founders

Category:History of Providence, Rhode Island

Category:Pre-statehood history of Rhode Island

Category:History of Salem, Massachusetts