Robert Kuok
{{Short description|Malaysian billionaire business magnate (born 1923)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{family name hatnote|Kuok|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Robert Kuok
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|郭鹤年}}}}
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Kuok Hock Nien
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1923|10|6|df=y}}
| birth_place = Johor Bahru, Johor, Unfederated Malay States, British Malaya
(now Malaysia)
| known_for = Malaysia's richest person
| occupation = Business magnate, investor, philanthropist
| title = Founder and chairman of Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts
| spouse = Joyce Cheah (谢碧蓉) (deceased)
Pauline Ho Poh Lin (何宝莲)
| children = 8
| alma_mater = Raffles Institution
| relatives = Kuok Khoon Hong (first cousin once removed){{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Asian-Family-Conglomerates/Mahathir-s-94-year-old-top-adviser-rekindles-China-connections|title=Mahathir's 94-year-old top adviser rekindles China connections|website=Nikkei Asia|access-date=24 December 2018|archive-date=25 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225070105/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Asian-Family-Conglomerates/Mahathir-s-94-year-old-top-adviser-rekindles-China-connections|url-status=live}}
}}
Robert Kuok Hock Nien, better known as Robert Kuok,{{efn|{{zh|s=郭鹤年|zh|t=郭鶴年|p=Guō Hènián}}; Foochow Romanized: Guóh Hŏk-nièng}} (born 6 October 1923) is a Malaysian business magnate, investor and philanthropist based in Hong Kong since 1973.{{Cite web |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/remembering-lee-kuan-yew-the-greatest-chinese-outside-mainland-china |title=Remembering Lee Kuan Yew: 'The greatest Chinese outside mainland China' |access-date=22 April 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422223354/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/remembering-lee-kuan-yew-the-greatest-chinese-outside-mainland-china |url-status=live }} According to Forbes, his net worth is estimated at $11.8 billion as of April 2023,{{Cite web |title=18 Malaysians on 2023 Forbes Billionaires List |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2023/04/07/18-malaysians-on-2023-forbes-billionaires-list |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The Star |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407160626/https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2023/04/07/18-malaysians-on-2023-forbes-billionaires-list |url-status=live }} making him the wealthiest Malaysian citizen{{cite web|url = https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/|title = Forbes Billionaires 2021: The Richest People in the World|work = Forbes|access-date = 7 April 2021|archive-date = 4 January 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190104180124/https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/list/3/|url-status = live}}{{cite web|title=Robert Kuok still Malaysia's richest man|url=http://www.nst.com.my/top-news/robert-kuok-still-malaysia-s-richest-man-1.47476|work=New Straits Times|access-date=3 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103143018/http://www.nst.com.my/top-news/robert-kuok-still-malaysia-s-richest-man-1.47476|archive-date=3 January 2015}} and 96th wealthiest person in the world.{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/list/3/#version:static|title=The World Billionaire|website=Forbes|access-date=13 May 2018|archive-date=12 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612043339/https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/list/3/#version:static|url-status=live}} As of April 2023, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index 2023, Kuok has an estimated net worth of $17.7 billion, making him the 97th richest person in the world.{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/robert-kuok-hock-nien/|title=Bloomberg Billionaires Index|website=Bloomberg News|access-date=5 October 2018|archive-date=14 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414095023/https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/robert-kuok-hock-nien/|url-status=live}}
Although Kuok is a major figure in business circles in East and Southeast Asia, he has remained media shy and maintains a low public profile despite his massive business success and immense wealth, with most of his companies being privately held by him or his family members. Apart from presiding the ownership over a multitude of businesses spread across numerous industries in the Malaysian economic landscape, his companies have investments in many countries throughout Continental Asia.
His business interests (collectively known as the Kuok Group of Companies) range from sugarcane plantations (Perlis Plantations Bhd), sugar refineries, flour milling, animal feed, oil, mining, financial services, hotel (Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts), real estate (Kerry Properties), trading, freight shipping (Kerry Logistics) and publishing.{{cite web |title= Forbes profile: Robert Kuok |url= https://www.forbes.com/profile/robert-kuok |work= Forbes |access-date= 4 March 2020 |archive-date= 22 August 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190822010156/https://www.forbes.com/profile/robert-kuok/ |url-status= live }} The biggest source of wealth that has contributed to his private fortune is a stake in the Singaporean company Wilmar International, the world's largest listed palm oil trader company.{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2010/07/06/malaysias-sugar-king-kuok-has-gone-global/|title=Malaysia's Sugar King Kuok has gone global - Business News - The Star Online|website=www.thestar.com.my|access-date=5 June 2018|archive-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621170828/https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2010/07/06/malaysias-sugar-king-kuok-has-gone-global/|url-status=live}} For three months in 2018, Kuok was appointed to the Council of Eminent Persons as an advisor during Mahathir Mohamad's second stint as prime minister.{{cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/whos-who-in-mahathirs-new-cabinet-and-council-of-elders|title=Who's who in Mahathir's new Cabinet and Council of Elders|last=hermesauto|date=12 May 2018|website=straitstimes.com|access-date=5 June 2018|archive-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105234751/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/whos-who-in-mahathirs-new-cabinet-and-council-of-elders|url-status=live}}
Early life and education
Kuok was born on 6 October 1923 in Johor Bahru during British colonial rule to a wealthy Malaysian Chinese family. He was named after Robert the Bruce, and was enrolled at an English-medium primary school by his father's English-speaking clerk.{{Cite web |url=https://www.afr.com/work-and-careers/management/the-making-of-billionaire-robert-kuok-and-the-price-he-paid-for-success-20180402-h0y8ma |title=The making of billionaire Robert Kuok, and the price he paid for success |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302071845/https://www.afr.com/work-and-careers/management/the-making-of-billionaire-robert-kuok-and-the-price-he-paid-for-success-20180402-h0y8ma |url-status=live }} Kuok's father Kuok Keng Kang arrived in British Malaya from Fuzhou (Hokchew), Fujian (Hokkien), China, at the beginning of the 20th century, and Robert was the youngest of three brothers born to Kuok Keng Kang and Robert's mother Zheng Ge Ru. He grew up speaking his parents' Fuzhou dialect, English and later Japanese during the Japanese occupation of Malaya in World War II. He also studied at English College Johore Bahru for his secondary education and later at Raffles Institution in Singapore where he was classmates with Lee Kuan Yew, the founding father of Singapore and the country's first prime minister.{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/remembering-lee-kuan-yew-the-greatest-chinese-outside-mainland-china|title=Remembering Lee Kuan Yew: 'The greatest Chinese outside mainland China'|date=25 March 2015|website=The Straits Times|access-date=22 April 2019|archive-date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422223354/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/remembering-lee-kuan-yew-the-greatest-chinese-outside-mainland-china|url-status=live}}
Business career
=Early 20th century=
According to Kuok himself, he began his business career as an office boy, and later started a business from scratch with financial backing coming from his relatives. Upon graduation, he became a collaborator and worked as a clerk in the rice-trading department of Japanese industrial conglomerate Mitsubishi Shoji Kaisha during the Japanese occupation period between 1942 and 1945, in Singapore, a conglomerate that with the help of Japanese military unit monopolized the rice trade in Malaya during the occupation period. He was soon promoted to head the rice-trading department. After the war, he took the skills he learned from the occupying force to the family's business in Johor.Annabelle R. Gambe. Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurship and Capitalist Development in Southeast Asia, p 94. Lit Verlag Munster, 1999.
After the senior Kuok died in 1948, Kuok and his two brothers and a cousin, Kuok Hock Chin founded Kuok Brothers Sdn Bhd in 1949, trading agricultural commodities. Kuok's relationship with the Japanese continued after Malaya gained independence. In 1959, Kuok formed Malayan Sugar Manufacturing Co. Bhd. together with two prominent Japanese partners. He also brought many influential Malay elites into his company as directors and shareholders, including politicians and royalty.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}} In 1961, he bought cheap sugar from India before the prices shot up, and continued to invest heavily in sugar refineries, at one time controlling 80% of the Malaysian sugar market with production of 1.5 million tonnes, equivalent to 10% of world production, earning himself the nickname "Sugar King of Asia" in the process.
=Late 20th century=
In 1971, he built the first Shangri-La Hotel in Singapore; with land acquired through Petaling Garden Berhad, a Malaysian based developer. His first foray into Hong Kong property was in 1977, when he acquired a plot of land on the newly reclaimed Tsim Sha Tsui East waterfront, where he built his second hotel, the Kowloon Shangri-La. In 1993, his Kerry Group acquired a 34.9% stake in the South China Morning Post from Murdoch's News Corporation. Kuok officially retired from the Kerry Group on 1 April 1993.
His companies have investments in many countries, including Singapore, the Philippines, Thailand, Mainland China, Indonesia, Fiji, and Australia. Businesses in China include 10 bottling companies for Coca-Cola and the ownership of the Beijing World Trade Centre. His company's freight shipping interests include Malaysian Bulk Carriers Berhad and Transmile Group.
=21st century=
In 2007, Kuok merged his plantations, edible oil, and grain businesses with Wilmar International, making it the world's biggest palm-oil processor.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/robert-kuok-hock-nien/|title=Bloomberg Billionaires Index - Robert Kuok|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=2017-09-01|archive-date=14 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414095023/https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/robert-kuok-hock-nien/|url-status=live}}
On 31 October 2009, the PPB Group under the flagship of Robert Kuok issued a statement to the Bursa Malaysia that it had decided to dispose of its sugar units along with land used to cultivate sugar cane for RM 1.29 billion to FELDA. The sales resulted in a one-off gain for the company.
In February 2014, PACC Offshore Services Holdings (POSH), a Singaporean-based oil services operator owned by Kuok started pre-IPO talks with investors to list on the Singapore Stock Exchange to raise $400 million.{{cite web|title=Kuok-owned offshore firm in talks for 400m Singapore dollars. IPO|url=http://oilpatchasia.com/2014/02/kuok-owned-offshore-firm-in-talks-for-400m-singapore-ipo/|publisher=Oil Patch Asia|access-date=5 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305105631/http://oilpatchasia.com/2014/02/kuok-owned-offshore-firm-in-talks-for-400m-singapore-ipo/|archive-date=5 March 2014}}
Politics
His political influence is attested by his selection as one of the Hong Kong Affairs Advisors in the run-up to the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, and his minority stake in CITIC Pacific. He was also instrumental in conveying information and setting up the meetings between Malaysian and Chinese governments leading to full diplomatic cross recognition of the two countries.
On 12 May 2018, in the aftermath of the Malaysian general election that year where Mahathir Mohamad returned as prime minister of Malaysia, Kuok was appointed to the five-member Council of Eminent Persons along with Tun Daim Zainuddin, Tan Sri Datuk Seri Zeti Akhtar Aziz, Tan Sri Hassan Marican and Jomo Kwame Sundaram to advise the Pakatan Harapan (PH) federal government. The council was dissolved on 17 August 2018.{{cite news|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/424473|date=12 May 2018|author=Geraldine Tong|work=Malaysiakini|title=Daim, Zeti, Kuok, Hassan, Jomo named in advisory council|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512181938/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/424473|archive-date=12 May 2018|url-status=live}}
Personal life
Kuok has been married twice. His first wife was Joyce Cheah and his second wife is Pauline Ho Poh Lin. He has eight children from the marriages. His son, Kuok Khoon Ean born in 1955 married Kuok Cheng Sui and holds a bachelor's degree in economics from the University of Nottingham, England. His eldest son, Kuok Khoon Chen is the chairman of Kerry Holdings. Kuok Hui Kwong, his daughter, is chairperson of Shangri-La Asia.{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSFWN1C20B7|title=BRIEF-Shangri-La Asia says Kuok hui kwong will assume position of chairman of board|date=2016-09-26|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-09-01|archive-date=2 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802224956/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSFWN1C20B7|url-status=live}} One of his sons, Kuok Khoon Ean, handles most of the day-to-day operations of his businesses. He resides in Kuala Lumpur. During the reign of Iskandar of Johor as the King of Malaysia, Kuok was offered a "Yang Berbahagia Tan Sri" title (comparable to Sir), but rejected the offer.{{cite web |last1=Lim |first1=Ida |title=Raja Permaisuri Agong: Young Robert Kuok borrowed 3,000 dollars from Johor royalty to start his business |url=https://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/raja-permaisuri-agong-young-robert-040422159.html |website=Yahoo News |access-date=5 July 2024 |language=en-MY |date=27 July 2019}}
Kuok's brother, Philip Kuok Hock Khee was a former Malaysian Ambassador to Germany, Yugoslavia, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Denmark. Philip married Eileen Kuok and had two sons and two daughters. Philip Kuok died in 2003. Another brother, William Kuok Hock Ling, was a member of the Malayan Communist Party and was killed during the Malayan Emergency in 1952.{{cite web|url=https://stulanglaut.wordpress.com/2012/01/04/the-worlds-shrewdest-businessman-founder-of-shangri-la-mr-kuok/|title=The world's shrewdest businessman – Founder of Shangri-La Mr. Kuok | Kita We 我們|last=Laut|first=Stulang|date=2012-01-04|website=Stulanglaut.wordpress.com|access-date=2016-02-25|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119131244/https://stulanglaut.wordpress.com/2012/01/04/the-worlds-shrewdest-businessman-founder-of-shangri-la-mr-kuok/|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/asian-magnate-robert-kuok-89-will-let-others-worry-about-succession/2013/03/01/a9775742-8036-11e2-a350-49866afab584_story.html|title=Asian magnate Robert Kuok, 89, will let others worry about succession|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2017-09-01|archive-date=25 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725070052/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/asian-magnate-robert-kuok-89-will-let-others-worry-about-succession/2013/03/01/a9775742-8036-11e2-a350-49866afab584_story.html|url-status=live}} According to his memoir, Kuok described that of all the brothers, his mother Zheng Ge Ru doted on and adored William the most, and was heartbroken when she received news of his death.
His nephew, Kuok Khoon Hong is the chairman of Wilmar International, and one of the richest people in Singapore.{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-31/billionaire-kuok-says-his-empire-can-last-generations-.html|title=Billionaire Kuok Says His Empire Can Last 'Generations'|author1=Chanyaporn Chanjaroen|date=1 February 2013|newspaper=Bloomberg|author2=William Mellor|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-date=13 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113011622/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-31/billionaire-kuok-says-his-empire-can-last-generations-.html|url-status=live}} Kuok Khoon Hong's father, Kuok Hock Swee, was an older cousin of Robert Kuok.{{Cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Asian-Family-Conglomerates/Mahathir-s-94-year-old-top-adviser-rekindles-China-connections|title=Mahathir's 94-year-old top adviser rekindles China connections|website=Nikkei Asian Review|access-date=24 December 2018|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820070654/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Asian-Family-Conglomerates/Mahathir-s-94-year-old-top-adviser-rekindles-China-connections|url-status=live}} His grand-nephew, Kuok Meng Ru, is in the music industry, owning Swee Lee music company.{{Cite news|url=http://prestigeonline.com/sg/art-culture/news-events/kuok-meng-ru-sweet-new-swee-lee-store/|title=Kuok Meng Ru and His Sweet New Version of Swee Lee|work=Prestige Online - Society’s Luxury Authority|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en-US|archive-date=3 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103130105/http://prestigeonline.com/sg/art-culture/news-events/kuok-meng-ru-sweet-new-swee-lee-store/|url-status=live}}
He lives in the Deep Water Bay neighbourhood on Hong Kong Island.{{Cite web|last=Olsen|first=Robert|title=The Wealthiest Neighborhood On Earth: Deep Water Bay|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertolsen/2015/07/29/the-wealthiest-neighborhood-on-earth-deep-water-bay/|access-date=2020-12-11|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108125517/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertolsen/2015/07/29/the-wealthiest-neighborhood-on-earth-deep-water-bay/|url-status=live}} In 2023, Kuok became a centenarian.{{cite web |last1=Tsang |first1=Denise |last2=Jaipragas |first2=Bhavan |title=Malaysia-born Hong Kong billionaire Robert Kuok feted on 100th birthday |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3237001/robert-kuok-malaysia-born-sugar-king-asia-feted-100th-birthday |website=South China Morning Post |access-date=5 July 2024 |language=en |date=6 October 2023}}
Bibliography
In March 2018, Kuok published a book about his life entitled, Robert Kuok: A Memoir. It won Best Book of the Year at the Singapore Book Publishers Association awards 2018.{{Cite news|title=Robert Kuok {{!}} Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/11d52484-47d0-11e8-8ee8-cae73aab7ccb|access-date=2020-12-11|newspaper=Financial Times|date=8 June 2018|last1=Sender|first1=Henny|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525000708/https://www.ft.com/content/11d52484-47d0-11e8-8ee8-cae73aab7ccb|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|last=hermesauto|date=2018-09-21|title=Malaysian tycoon Robert Kuok's memoir is Book of the Year at Singapore Book Awards|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/malaysian-tycoon-robert-kuok-memoir-is-book-of-the-year-at-singapore-book-awards|access-date=2020-12-11|website=The Straits Times|language=en|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515074000/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/malaysian-tycoon-robert-kuok-memoir-is-book-of-the-year-at-singapore-book-awards|url-status=live}}
- Robert Kuok: A Memoir (2018) {{ISBN|978-981-4189-73-6}}{{Citation| author =Robert Kuok, Andrew Tanzer| title =Robert Kuok: A Memoir| publisher =Landmark Books Pte Ltd| year =2018| isbn =9789674154721| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ew4LEAAAQBAJ&q=Robert+Kuok%3A+A+Memoir.| access-date =19 November 2021| archive-date =19 March 2022| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20220319072938/https://books.google.com/books?id=ew4LEAAAQBAJ&q=Robert+Kuok%3A+A+Memoir.| url-status =live}}
Notes
{{Notelist}}
References
External links
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Category:20th-century Malaysian businesspeople
Category:21st-century Malaysian businesspeople
Category:21st-century philanthropists
Category:Hong Kong Affairs Advisors
Category:Malaysian businesspeople
Category:Malaysian billionaires
Category:Malaysian men centenarians
Category:Malaysian chairpersons of corporations
Category:Malaysian chief executives
Category:Malaysian company founders
Category:Malaysian expatriates in Hong Kong
Category:Malaysian people of Chinese descent
Category:Malaysian philanthropists
Category:Members of the Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region