Robert Richard Torrens

{{for|his father, chairman of the South Australian Colonisation Commission|Robert Torrens (economist)}}

{{Infobox officeholder

| honorific-prefix = Lieutenant Colonel

| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCMG}}

| image = Robert Richard Torrens 2.jpeg

| caption = Torrens in an 1880 illustration

| office = Premier of South Australia

| term_start = 1 September 1857

| term_end = 30 September 1857

| monarch = Victoria

| governor = Richard Graves MacDonnell

| predecessor = John Baker

| successor = Richard Hanson

| office1 = Treasurer of South Australia

| predecessor1 = B. T. Finniss

| successor1 = John Hart

| term_start1 = 3 January 1852

| term_end1 = 21 August 1857

| office2 = Member of the House of Assembly
for the City of Adelaide

| predecessor2 = seat established

| successor2 = Judah Moss Solomon

| term_start2 = 3 March 1857

| term_end2 = 1 July 1858

| office3 = Member of the South Australian Legislative Council

| term_start3 = 21 February 1851

| term_end3 = 2 February 1857{{Collapsed infobox section begin|UK Politics|titlestyle=background-color:#eee}}

| parliament6 = United Kingdom

| constituency_MP6 = Cambridge

| term_start6 = 10 December 1868

| term_end6 = 26 January 1874

| predecessor6 = John Eldon Gorst

| successor6 = Alfred Marten{{Collapsed infobox section end}}

| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1812|05|31}}

| birth_place = Cork, Ireland, United Kingdom

| death_date = {{death date and age|1884|08|31|1812|05|31|df=y}}

| death_place = Falmouth, Cornwall, England

| nationality = British

| parents = Robert Torrens and Charity Herbert (née) Chute

| party = Liberal

| alma_mater = Trinity College, Dublin

}}

Sir Robert Richard Torrens, {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=small|GCMG}} (31 May 1812{{cite web|publisher=FamilySearch |title=England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975: Robert Richard Chute Torrens, 1819 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NLPL-GM6 |date=4 February 2023 |access-date=22 December 2024}}{{efn|One early reference gave 1814 as his year of birth, which has been repeated ad nauseam. Modern historians have settled on 1812.Croucher, Rosalind F. (2008) [https://www.alrc.gov.au/news/delenda-est-carthago-sir-robert-richard-torrens-and-his-attack-on-the-evils-of-conveyancing-and-dependent-land-titles-a-reflection-on-the-sesquicentenary-of-the-introduction-of-his-great-law-refor/ 'Delenda Est Carthago!' Sir Robert Richard Torrens and his attack on the evils of conveyancing and dependent land titles: a reflection on the sesquicentenary of the introduction of his great law reforming initiative] Alex Castles Memorial Legal History Lecture for Flinders University Law School, Adelaide, 26 August 2008. Retrieved 27 May 2020.}} – 31 August 1884),{{cite book|title=S.A.'s Greats: The Men and Women of the North Terrace Plaques |page=137 |editor=John Healey |publisher=Historical Society of South Australia |year=2003 |isbn=0957943008}} also known as Robert Richard Chute Torrens, was an Irish-born parliamentarian, writer, and land reformer. After a move to London in 1836, he became prominent in the early years of the Colony of South Australia, emigrating after being appointed to a civil service position there in 1840. He was Colonial Treasurer and Registrar-General from 1852 to 1857 and then the third Premier of South Australia for a single month in September 1857.

Torrens is chiefly remembered as the originator of the Torrens title, a new system of land registration that subsequently spread to the other Australian colonies and is used in Australia and in many other countries throughout the world today. He secured its implementation in South Australia in 1858, and subsequently advocated for its adoption in other jurisdictions. Returning to England in 1865, he served in the British House of Commons from 1868 to 1874.

He was son of the political economist Robert Torrens, who was chairman of the London-based South Australian Colonisation Commission involved in setting up and encouraging emigration to the new colony.

Early life

Torrens was born in Cork, Ireland, on 31 May 1812.{{cite web|website=Adelaidia|url=http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/people/sir-robert-richard-torrens|title=Sir Robert Richard Torrens|first=Peter|last=Moore|date=14 October 2014|access-date=10 November 2019|quote=This entry was first published in S.A.’s Greats: The men and women of the North Terrace plaques, edited by John Healey (Historical Society of South Australia Inc., 2001).}}{{cite ODNB|title=Torrens, Sir Robert Richard Chute (1814[sic]–1884)|first=P. A.|last=Howell|id=27566}} He was the only surviving son of Robert Torrens {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS}} and his first wife Charity Herbert née Chute.{{cite AuDB |first=Douglas J.|last= Whalan |author-link= |title=Torrens, Sir Robert Richard (1814[sic]–1884)|volume=6 |edition= |year=1976 |id2=torrens-sir-robert-richard-4739|access-date=10 November 2019}} His father had this marriage nullified and in 1819 married again, to Esther Serle, an English heiress, and had his three children rebaptised to give them a form of legitimacy, Robert Richard's birth year being reset to 1814.

Torrens was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated BA 1835. His father had been appointed chairman of the London-based South Australian Colonization Commission, created in 1834 to oversee the new colony of South Australia, and the son moved to London in 1836 to work with his father and learn about customs collection by working as a landing waiter. Together they raised customs duties to finance the new colony, and promoted Irish investment and emigration.

In 1839, he married Barbara Anson, daughter of Alexander Park, widow of Augustus George Anson and a niece of explorer Mungo Park. In that same year he was awarded an MA "by grace".

South Australia

In 1840, the couple left for South Australia, arriving on the Brightman in December 1840.{{cite news |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93849771 |title=The Week. |newspaper=South Australian Weekly Chronicle |location=Adelaide |date=20 March 1886 |access-date=15 April 2015 |page=11 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} This ref agrees with date of 13 December 1840 given in Barry Leadbeater's South Australian Passenger Lists. In February 1841, Torrens was Collector of Customs at Adelaide, probably arranged by his father. He continued working as a customs official until 1852, obtaining a good working knowledge of the buying and selling of ships and shares in ships.

He gained a reputation for unorthodoxy in his official dealings; he squabbled with shipowners and was censured for various irregularities and for not supporting some of Governor George Grey's policies, but these did not prevent him from assuming other official roles, nor did his unorthodoxy stop when he was in higher office.

In the enlarged Legislative Council elected in July 1851, Torrens was one of the four official nominees nominated by the Governor, with the added title of Executive Councillor in 1855–57. He became Colonial Treasurer{{efn|Or Treasurer of Customs, according to Debrett}} (a post he held until 1862) and Registrar-General of Deeds, one of the best paid offices in Australia, in 1852.{{Cite SA-parl |pid=4012 |name=Sir Robert Richard Torrens GCMG |former=yes |access-date=17 December 2022}}

When South Australia became self-governing colony in 1856 with the ratification of a new constitution by the British parliament via the Constitution Act 1856, Torrens became Treasurer of South Australia in the ministry of Finniss from 24 October 1856 to 21 August 1857, during which time he published drafts of his land reform bill.

He also volunteered in the colonial artillery for 11 years, retiring as Lieutenant-Colonel in 1865.

Torrens initially opposed the system of voting by secret ballot, which was first adopted by South Australia in 1856–1857; however, after seeing the results, he stated the system was, "the best and most rapid and facile mode of carrying on elections".{{cite book |last=Wigmore |first=John Henry |author-link=John Henry Wigmore |year=1889 |chapter=Introduction |title=The Australian Ballot System as Embedded in the Legislation of Various Countries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eqIRAAAAIAAJ |publisher=Charles Carroll Soule |publication-place=Boston |page=4}}

''Real Property Act 1858''

[[File:Robert Richard Torrens bust.jpg|thumb|left|

Bust of Robert Torrens by the sculptor John Dowie, formerly located in the Lands Titles Office, Adelaide, but now held in the South Australian Parliament Research Library]]

Torrens was elected as one of the members of the House of Assembly for the City of Adelaide in the new parliament in 1857, and on 1 September 1857 became Premier, although his government lasted only a month.

For years before his election, he had vigorously promoted the need for land titles reform, with the current system of transfer of land by deed ineffective, slow, expensive and insecure. It relied on verbose and complicated documents that had to be retained at least a century in order to validate new transactions and lawyers were needed to effect the transactions.{{cite web|url=https://sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au:443/subjects/torrens-title?hh=1&|website=SA History Hub|title=Torrens Title|first=Peter|last= Moore|quote=This is a revised version of an entry first published in The Wakefield Companion to South Australian History edited by Wilfrid Prest, Kerrie Round and Carol Fort (Adelaide: Wakefield Press, 2001). Lightly edited.|date=29 June 2015|access-date=12 November 2019}} The second reading of a bill introduced as a private member's bill was carried despite strong opposition, passing through both Houses on 27 January 1858.

The Real Property Act 1858, with the long title "An Act to simplify the Laws relating to the transfer and encumbrance of freehold and other interests in Land", was assented to on 27 January 1858.{{cite web|website=Museum of Australian Democracy|title=Real Property or 'Torrens Title' Act 1858 (SA)|url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-sdid-43.html|access-date=12 November 2019}}

The Act, eagerly anticipated by many, came into effect on 2 July 1858 and was on the whole well-received,{{cite news |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49775525 |title=The Real Property Act|newspaper=South Australian Register |date=23 June 1858 |access-date=12 November 2019 |page=2 |via=Trove}} apart from some lawyers who would have noted that the ease and clarity of the process would mean less in earnings for them in the future.{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistorians.org.au/175/chronology/july/2-july-1858-real-property-act.shtml|title=2 July 1858 Real Property Act|first=Alison|last=Painter|website=Professional Historians Australia (South Australia)|access-date=12 November 2019|quote=[Source]: Douglas Pike, The Paradise of Dissent, MUP, 1957, p.482}} (Incorrect naming of "Colonel Robert Torrens" reported to site.) Torrens resigned his seat in parliament{{cite Australasia|Torrens, Hon. Sir Robert Richard}} Note that this source incorrectly refers to him as "Colonel Torrens". and was appointed Registrar-General in order to assist with the Act's application,{{cite news |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article60424297 |title=The South Australian Real Property Act of 1858. |newspaper=Empire |date=23 July 1858 |access-date=12 November 2019 |page=5 |via=Trove}} and in this role he did much to bring about a successful practical transition to the new system.

The Act radically altered the method of recording and registering land under freehold title. Instead, government certificates were issued and a central register established. The system transferred property by registration of title, instead of by deeds. This system provided an indisputable record, thus almost eliminating litigation involving land disputes, got rid of difficulties created by lost certificates, and reduced the cost of land sales and transfers. The legislation was refined in the following few years, which included an amendment allowing the licensing of registered land brokers instead of lawyers in land transactions, thus further reducing the cost.

=Spread and current legislation=

So successful was the outcome that it was adopted in the rest of Australia and in many countries throughout the world. The system became known as the Torrens title, and the Act sometimes referred to as the "Torrens Title Act 1858".

Torrens visited Victoria in 1860 and assisted in bringing in the new system in that colony.{{cite news |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article154880186 |title=The South Australian Real Property Act |newspaper=The Age |date=26 March 1860 |access-date=11 November 2019 |page=5 |via=Trove}} He also helped the other colonies to introduce their own variations of the system: Queensland adopted the 1859 version, while New South Wales, Tasmania and Victoria based their legislation on the 1861 reforms. New Zealand, Malaysia and some states in the US followed; the system has since been widely adopted throughout the world.

In 1862, Torrens published A handy book on the Real Property Act of South Australia:...,{{Citation | last1=Torrens|first1= Robert | title=A handy book on the Real Property Act of South Australia: containing a succinct account of that measure, compiled from authentic documents with full information and examples for the guidance of persons dealing; also, an index to the Act | date=1862 | publisher=Printed at the Advertiser and Chronicle Offices | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/34854276 |access-date=12 November 2019 }} which is now available in full online.{{cite web|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-705306792/view?searchTerm=%28real+property+act+1858%29+&partId=nla.obj-705354997#page/n0/mode/1up|website=National Library of Australia|title=A handy book on the Real Property Act of South Australia: containing a succinct account of that measure, compiled from authentic documents with full information and examples for the guidance of persons dealing; also, an index to the Act | date=1862 | publisher=Printed at the Advertiser and Chronicle Offices|access-date=12 November 2019|pages=1–65 }}

In South Australia, the Act was substantially revised in 1886, and Real Property Act 1886 (with various amendments) remains the basis of property law in South Australia.{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/REAL%20PROPERTY%20ACT%201886/CURRENT/1886.380.AUTH.PDF|title=South Australia. Real Property Act 1886|date=3 October 2019|author=Government of South Australia|access-date=12 November 2019}}{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/REAL%20PROPERTY%20ACT%201886.aspx|website=Government of South Australia. Attorney General's Dept|title=Real Property Act 1886|author=Government of South Australia|access-date=12 November 2019}}

=Credit for the Act=

Some have challenged the notion that responsibility for the introduction of the successful system lies with Torrens, and it has been asserted that Anthony Forster, then editor of the South Australian Register, made the original suggestion.{{cite news|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46839062|title= Letter to the Editor|newspaper=The Advertiser|date=8 February 1932|page=10 |access-date=3 March 2011}} In the preface to his book, The South Australian System of Conveyancing by Registration of Title, published at Adelaide in 1859, Torrens stated that his interest in the question had been aroused 22 years before through the misfortunes of a relation and friend, and that he had been working on the problem for many years.{{Citation | last1=Torrens|first1=Robert |last2=Gawler|first2=Henry (1829–1894) | title=The South Australian system of conveyancing by registration of title | date=1962 | publisher=Public Library of South Australia | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/19531171 | access-date=12 November 2019 }} He also said that the idea was based on principles used in transferring shipping property,{{Dictionary of Australian Biography|First=Robert|Last=Torrens|shortlink=0-dict-biogT-V.html#torrens1}} of which he would have gained experience in his early career as a customs official, both in London and Adelaide (1836–1852). His experience as Registrar-General (1852–1858), as a landowner himself, and the influence of politicians such as Forster and W. H. Burford and lawyers such as Richard Bullock Andrews, Henry Gawler and W. C. Belt, would have influenced him close to home.

Torrens was also familiar with a report presented to the British House of Commons on 15 May 1857, supplied by the Clare lawyer Ulrich Hübbe LLD, who had detailed knowledge of the real property laws of the Hanseatic League cities{{cite news |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46840711 |title=Torrens System: Who was the author? |newspaper=The Advertiser |date=17 February 1932 |access-date=13 November 2019 |page=16 |via=Trove}} and whose doctorate in laws from Hamburg University dealt with this topic. His input added to the practical application of the method in law, and Torrens worked on this aspect further. With the support of Carl Muecke and the influential German community,{{cite news |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article54516379 |title=Death of Dr Carl Muecke |newspaper=South Australian Register |date=5 January 1898 |access-date=12 October 2017 |page=7 |via=Trove}} he fought it through Parliament despite vigorous opposition from the legal profession.

There seems to be little doubt in the sources that the successful application of the new system in South Australia was largely the result of Torrens' preparation and attention to detail.

Later life

In 1863, Torrens retired and, after a great series of celebration banquets, left Australia and settled back in England.{{cite DNB|wstitle=Torrens, Robert Richard}} There he gave lectures on and lobbied for the implementation of land title legislation, with a particular focus on Ireland.

He became the member of the House of Commons as a Liberal for Cambridge from 1868 to 1874,{{cite web |title=The city of Cambridge: Parliamentary representation Pages 68-76 A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 3, the City and University of Cambridge |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/cambs/vol3/pp68-76 |website=British History Online |publisher=Victoria County History, 1959 |access-date=26 December 2022}} but did not have the opportunity to effect the land reform which was so dear to him.

He was created Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) on 1 August 1872 and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) on 24 May 1884, for his services "in connection with the Registration of Titles to Land Act". The Queensland, New South Wales, Victorian and Tasmanian Parliaments all gave him votes of thanks, but when in 1880 the attorney-general Sir William Bundey moved in the South Australian House of Assembly to grant Torrens a pension of £500, it was bitterly shouted down and the proposal had to be withdrawn, such was the animosity Torrens had aroused in some quarters.

His last place of residence was a house he built known as Hannaford House, in Ashburton, Devon, where he served as a county magistrate and as lieutenant-colonel of a volunteer artillery unit.

He died of pneumonia at Falmouth on 31 August 1884, aged 70, and was buried at Leusdon Churchyard. His wife, who died in 1899, was interred with him.

There is no record of children of his marriage.

Legacy

Torrens' major legacy is the significant legal reform which became known as Torrens title, which can be said to be a world-first, born in Australia.

Places named after Torrens include:

the Adelaide suburb Torrens Park, after the home he built and called "Torrens Park" near Mitcham in 1853–4. In 1865 Torrens sold the house to his partner in the Moonta Mines, Walter Watson Hughes, who enlarged it and later sold it to Robert Barr Smith.{{cite web|url=https://collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/resource/B+10643|website=State Library of South Australia|title=Torrens Park Residence [B 10643]|format=photo and text |access-date=15 November 2019}} It is now part of Scotch College.
Torrens Building on Victoria Square/Tarndanyangga, Adelaide{{cite web|website=Adelaidia|url=http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/places/torrens-building-0|title=Torrens Building|first=Alexander|last=Parsons|date=7 July 2017|access-date=15 November 2019|quote=This entry was first published in S.A.’s Greats: The men and women of the North Terrace plaques, edited by John Healey (Historical Society of South Australia Inc., 2001).}}
By extension, the now Australia-wide Torrens University, which started life in the Torrens Building
the Electoral district of Torrens{{cite web |url=https://www.ecsa.sa.gov.au/electoral-districts/electoral-district-profiles?view=article&id=857:torrens|website =Electoral Commission SA |title=Torrens|access-date =15 November 2019}}
the Canberra suburb of Torrens, name proposed by "contemporaries of Sir Robert Torrens; SA pioneers and politicians" and gazetted on 20 September 1928; suburb gazetted on 12 May 1966.{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/562640/Suburbs_and_their_names.pdf|page=7|title=Finding AidSuburbs & their names|author=Archives ACT (Territory Records Office|date=2009|access-date=16 November 2019}}{{cite web|url=https://crcanberra.com/suburb-profiles/woden-valley/torrens/|website=Capital Residential|title=Torrens|access-date=16 November 2019}}
Torrens Terrace, a street in Wellington, New Zealand{{cite web|last=Irvine-Smith|first=F. L.|date=1948|url=http://www.wcl.govt.nz/wellington/streetspart2chap15.html|title=The Streets of my city, Wellington New Zealand: Part Two: Chapter Fifteen: Roaming around C.1, 2, 3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016173147/http://www.wcl.govt.nz/wellington/streetspart2chap15.html |archive-date=16 October 2013|publisher= Wellington City Library|access-date=1 March 2013}}
Torrens Creek, Queensland, named by the explorer William Landsborough, who discovered it in 1862 while searching for Burke and Wills.{{cite web|url=https://www.australianexplorer.com/torrens_creek.htm|website=Australian Explorer|title=Torrens Creek|access-date=16 November 2019}}

(Note: Places named after his father, Robert Torrens, are the River Torrens, the suburb of Torrensville, Lake Torrens and Torrens Island.{{cite AuDB |first= |last= |author-link= |title=Torrens, Robert (1780–1864) |volume=2 |edition= |year=1967 |id2= torrens-robert-2740/text3873|access-date=10 November 2019}})

There is a portrait of Torrens in the Art Gallery of South Australia, and a drawing of him in the South Australian State Archives. There is a bust of him by the sculptor John Dowie, commissioned by the Land Brokers Society Incorporated "to commemorate the introduction of the world's first Torrens System of land titles in South Australia in 1858 and the creation of Land Brokers in 1860".On Wikimedia.

Publications

Torrens authored these publications:

The South Australian System of Conveyancing by Registration of Title (1859)
Speeches by R. R. Torrens (1858)
A Handy Book on the Real Property Act of South Australia (1862)
Transportation Considered as a Punishment and as a Mode of Founding Colonies (or Transportation condemned as a deterrent punishment and as a means of founding colonies) (1863)
An Essay on the Transfer of Land by Registration (1882)

And (dates not found):{{cite book|title=Debrett's Illustrated House of Commons, AND THE Judicial Bench|date=1870|editor=Mair, Henry Robert|url=https://archive.org/details/debrettshouseo1870londuoft|page=[https://archive.org/details/debrettshouseo1870londuoft/page/268 268]}}

First effects of Gold discovery on the currency in the Australian Colonies
Anomalies in the present relations between the mother country and her colonies

=List of Worldcat holdings=

There are other publications, documents and letters with Torrens as author, listed in WorldCat.{{cite web|url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3Arobert+richard+torrens&fq=yr%3A1830..1884+%3E&dblist=638&start=11&qt=next_page|title=[Results of search on his name and dates within his lifetime]|website=Worldcat}}

Notes

References

=''Real Property Act 1858''=

{{cite journal | author1=Croucher, Rosalind F. | title=Inspired law reform or quick fix?: Or, 'well, Mr Torrens, what do you reckon now?': A reflection on voluntary transactions and forgeries in the Torrens system | journal=Adelaide Law Review|url=https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AdelLawRw/2009/14.pdf|via=Austlii| date=2009 | volume=30 | issue=2 | pages=292–327 | issn=0065-1915|quote= This article looks at the Torrens system through the imagined eyes of Torrens himself... what [he] himself may have thought of the developments in the law of real property under 'his' Act through a reflection on voluntary transactions and forgeries.}}
{{cite journal|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AJLH/2003/13.html|via=austlii|title=A Comparison of the Australian ('Torrens') System of Land Registration of 58 and the Law of Hamburg in the 1850s|last=Esposito|first=Antonio|date=2003|journal=Australian Journal of Legal History|volume=13}}
{{cite journal|last=Pike|first=Douglas|title=Introduction of the Real Property Act in South Australia|date=1961|volume=1|issue=2|journal=Adelaide Law Review |pages=169–189|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AdelLawRw/1961/4.pdf|via=austlii}}