Robot navigation

File:Learning-indoor-robot-navigation-using-visual-and-sensorimotor-map-information-Movie2.ogv

Robot localization denotes the robot's ability to establish its own position and orientation within the frame of reference. Path planning is effectively an extension of localization, in that it requires the determination of the robot's current position and a position of a goal location, both within the same frame of reference or coordinates. Map building can be in the shape of a metric map or any notation describing locations in the robot frame of reference.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

For any mobile device, the ability to navigate in its environment is important. Avoiding dangerous situations such as collisions and unsafe conditions (temperature, radiation, exposure to weather, etc.) comes first, but if the robot has a purpose that relates to specific places in the robot environment, it must find those places.

This article will present an overview of the skill of navigation and try to identify the basic blocks of a robot navigation system, types of navigation systems, and closer look at its related building components.

Robot navigation means the robot's ability to determine its own position in its frame of reference and then to plan a path towards some goal location. In order to navigate in its environment, the robot or any other mobility device requires representation, i.e. a map of the environment and the ability to interpret that representation.

Navigation can be defined as the combination of the three fundamental competences:Stachniss, Cyrill. "[https://books.google.nl/books?dq=Robotic+Mapping+and+Exploration&ots=mY66zOcyW2&sig=jtVaI6hBrohUnRf49v714zBn180#v=onepage&q=Robotic%20Mapping%20and%20Exploration Robotic mapping and exploration]." Vol. 55. Springer, 2009.

Self-localization
Path planning
Map-building and map interpretation

Some robot navigation systems use simultaneous localization and mapping to generate 3D reconstructions of their surroundings.Fuentes-Pacheco, Jorge, José Ruiz-Ascencio, and Juan Manuel Rendón-Mancha. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jose_Ascencio/publication/234081012_Visual_Simultaneous_Localization_and_Mapping_A_Survey/links/55383e610cf247b8587d3d58/Visual-Simultaneous-Localization-and-Mapping-A-Survey.pdf Visual simultaneous localization and mapping: a survey]." Artificial Intelligence Review 43.1 (2015): 55-81.

Vision-based navigation{{anchor|Optical}}

Vision-based navigation or optical navigation uses computer vision algorithms and optical sensors, including laser-based range finder and photometric cameras using CCD arrays, to extract the visual features required to the localization in the surrounding environment. However, there are a range of techniques for navigation and localization using vision information, the main components of each technique are:

representations of the environment.
sensing models.
localization algorithms.

In order to give an overview of vision-based navigation and its techniques, we classify these techniques under indoor navigation and outdoor navigation.

=Indoor navigation=

File:Egomotion-odometry.gif from a moving camera]]

The easiest way of making a robot go to a goal location is simply to guide it to this location. This guidance can be done in different ways: burying an inductive loop or magnets in the floor, painting lines on the floor, or by placing beacons, markers, bar codes etc. in the environment. Such Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) are used in industrial scenarios for transportation tasks. Indoor Navigation of Robots are possible by IMU based indoor positioning devices.{{Cite book|last1=Chen|first1=C.|last2=Chai|first2=W.|last3=Nasir|first3=A. K.|last4=Roth|first4=H.|title=Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium |chapter=Low cost IMU based indoor mobile robot navigation with the assist of odometry and Wi-Fi using dynamic constraints |date=April 2012|pages=1274–1279|doi=10.1109/PLANS.2012.6236984|isbn=978-1-4673-0387-3|s2cid=19472012}}{{Citation|last=GT Silicon|title=An awesome robot with cool navigation and real-time monitoring|date=2017-01-07|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1bYfUYlVSo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/c1bYfUYlVSo| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|access-date=2018-04-04}}{{cbignore}}

There are a very wider variety of indoor navigation systems. The basic reference of indoor and outdoor navigation systems is [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/982903 "Vision for mobile robot navigation: a survey"] by Guilherme N. DeSouza and Avinash C. Kak.

Also see [http://wwwhomes.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_97/journal/vol2/oh/ "Vision based positioning"] and AVM Navigator.

=Autonomous Flight Controllers=

Typical Open Source Autonomous Flight Controllers have the ability to fly in full automatic mode and perform the following operations;

Take off from the ground and fly to a defined altitude
Fly to one or more waypoints
Orbit around a designated point
Return to the launch position
Descend at a specified speed and land the aircraft

The onboard flight controller relies on GPS for navigation and stabilized flight, and often employ additional Satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) and altitude (barometric pressure) sensor.{{Cite web | url=http://autoquad.org/wiki/wiki/configuring-autoquad-flightcontroller/flying/ | title=Flying | AutoQuad}}

Inertial navigation

Some navigation systems for airborne robots are based on inertial sensors.{{cite book|author1=Bruno Siciliano|author2=Oussama Khatib|title=Springer Handbook of Robotics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xpgi5gSuBxsC&q=robot+%22inertial%22+navigation&pg=PA1020|date=20 May 2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-23957-4|pages=1020–}}

Acoustic navigation

Autonomous underwater vehicles can be guided by underwater acoustic positioning systems.{{cite book|author=Mae L. Seto|title=Marine Robot Autonomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZUaCK8esFAC&q=robot+%22Underwater+acoustic+positioning+system%22+navigation&pg=PA35|date=9 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-5659-9|pages=35–}} Navigation systems using sonar have also been developed.{{cite book|author1=John J. Leonard|author2=Hugh F. Durrant-Whyte|title=Directed Sonar Sensing for Mobile Robot Navigation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ_aBwAAQBAJ|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4615-3652-9}}

Radio navigation

Robots can also determine their positions using radio navigation.{{cite book|author=Oleg Sergiyenko|title=Machine Vision and Navigation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBuzDwAAQBAJ&q=robot+radio+navigation&pg=PA172|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-030-22587-2|pages=172–|year=2019}}

References

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20101123151524/http://ikalogic.com/tut_line_sens_algo.php line tracking sensors for robots and its algorithms]