Rock kestrel
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Rock Kestrel (Falco rupicolus), Mountain Zebra NP, South Africa.jpg
| genus = Falco
| species = rupicolus
| authority = Daudin, 1800
| range_map =
| range_map_caption = Western part of range of F. t. rupicolus
(also occurs in Siberia farther east)
{{Legend inline|#32CD32|Present all-year|size=65%}}{{space|2}}{{Legend inline|#FFD700|Breeding visitor only|size=65%}}
| synonyms =
Falco tinnunculus rupicolus Daudin, 1800
Falco tinnunculus interstictus (lapsus)
}}
The rock kestrel (Falco rupicolus) is a bird of prey species belonging to the kestrel group of the falcon family Falconidae. It was previously considered a subspecies of the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus).{{Cite web|url=https://www.beautyofbirds.com/rockkestrels.html|title=South African or Rock Kestrel (Falco rupicolus)|website=www.beautyofbirds.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-12}}{{Cite journal|author=Groombridge, J.J.|date=2002|title=A molecular phylogeny of African kestrels with reference to divergence across the Indian Ocean|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=25|issue=2 |pages=267–277|doi=10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00254-3|pmid=12414309|bibcode=2002MolPE..25..267G }}
This species occurs in Africa, from northwestern Angola and southern Democratic Republic of Congo to southern Tanzania, and south to South Africa.{{Cite book|title=Roberts - Birds of southern Africa|author1=Hockey, P.A.R. |author2=Dean, W.R.J. |author3=Ryan, P.G. |publisher=Trustees of the John Voelcker bird book fund|year=2005|isbn=0620340533}}
Description
A slender, medium-sized kestrel, between 30 and 33 centimeters tall.{{Cite journal|author=Barnard, P.|date=1986|title=Windhovering patterns of three African raptors in montane conditions|journal=Ardea|volume=74|pages=151–158}} Adult male kestrels weigh between 183g and 254g, while females weigh between 190g and 280g.
Distribution and habitat
The species occurs from Angola, south through the Democratic Republic of Congo as well as Tanzania, further south to South Africa, and in most of the places between. Noticeable places of scarcity include north and north east Namibia, Botswana, south Mozambique and tropical Lowveld, while in Zimbabwe it is restricted to high-lying central and eastern regions. The kestrel is usually associated with arid areas, but may also be found in open and/or semi-arid areas.
Behavior
= Diet, feeding and call =
Rock kestrels feed on a wide variety of organisms.{{Cite journal|author1=van Zyl, A.J. |author2=Jenkins, A.R. |author3=Allan, D.G. |date=1994|title=Evidence for seasonal movements by rock kestrels Falco tinnuculus and lanner falcons F. biarmicus in South Africa|journal=Ostrich|volume=65|issue=2 |pages=111–121|doi=10.1080/00306525.1994.9639673|bibcode=1994Ostri..65..111V }} They eat primarily invertebrates, but have been known to consume rodents, reptiles and birds.
Two primary forms of hunting are employed: hover hunting and perch hunting.{{Cite journal|author=King, A.J.|author2=Cowlishaw, G.|name-list-style=amp|date=2009|title=Foraging opportunities drive interspecific associations between rock kestrels and desert baboons|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=277|issue=2 |pages=111–118|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00504.x|doi-access=free}} Hover hunting describes the method whereby the kestrel remains stationary in the air with minimal wing flapping by utilizing updrafts.{{Cite book|title=Aspects of the foraging and breeding ecology of the southern African kestrel|last=van Zyl|first=A.J.|publisher=University of Cape Town|year=1993}} Hover hunting generally happens at medium to high windspeeds. It is usually small prey (such as insects) which are caught via this method, and are subsequently eaten during flight. Perch hunting is when the kestrel utilizes either natural (for instance cliffs and trees) or artificial (for instance electricity pylons and telephone poles) perches to scan the surrounding area for prey. Rock kestrels have been observed following baboons through grasslands and catching the insect species flushed out. There are also reports of rock kestrels robbing nests for young birds and eating termites on the floor.
Their call is a harsh [https://drive.google.com/open?id=1mdWluvoZoGLLGCGo3qCmhKWmEWgQu1Gg chay-chay-chay], especially when scaring off intruders, unlike the common kestrel's kee-kee-kee.
= Breeding =
Rock kestrels usually nest in either old stick nests or on cliffs, where they may make a depression in the sand.{{Cite journal|author=Mendelsohn, J.M.|date=1990|title=Observation on the breeding of rock kestrels in Windhoek, Namibia|journal=Gabar|volume=5|pages=35–40}} They have also been observed utilizing buildings, but this appears to be unusual. Clutch sizes vary between 1 and 6 eggs. The female incubates the eggs full-time while the male sources food. After 26 to 32 days the chicks hatch. Chicks will remain in the nest for a further 31 to 39 days post hatching. Thereafter they leave the nest, but often remain in the vicinity for several weeks. Breeding density varies across habitats however a study in Namibia noted values of between 19.1 and 28.9 pairs per 100 square kilometers.