Rodolfo Llinás
{{Short description|Colombian neuroscientist (born 1934)}}
{{family name hatnote|Llinás|Riascos|lang=Spanish}}
{{Infobox scientist
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| native_name = Rodolfo Llinás Riascos
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| image = Rodolfo Llinás in 2010.png
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| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1934|12|16}}
| birth_place = Bogotá, Colombia
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| nationality = Colombian and American
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| alma_mater = Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and Australian National University
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| doctoral_advisor = Sir John Eccles
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| known_for = Physiology of the cerebellum, the thalamus, Thalamocortical dysrhythmia as well as for his pioneering work on the inferior olivary nucleus, on the squid giant synapse and on human magnetoencephalography (MEG)
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| awards = {{no wrap|Ralph W. Gerard Prize (2018)
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| field = Neuroscience
| work_institutions = NYU School of Medicine
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{{Neuropsychology}}
Rodolfo Llinás Riascos (born 16 December 1934) is a Colombian neuroscientist. He is currently the Thomas and Suzanne Murphy Professor of Neuroscience and Chairman Emeritus of the Department of Physiology & Neuroscience at the NYU School of Medicine. Llinás has published over 800 scientific articles.NYU Health Sciences Library: [http://library.med.nyu.edu/api/publications/?person=llinar01&sort=display_rank&in-biosketch=yes Faculty Bibliography]. Retrieved June 14, 2021
Early life
Llinás was born in Bogotá, Colombia. He is the son of Jorge Enrique Llinás (a surgeon of Spanish descent, whose family arrived in Colombia at the end of the 19th century){{cite web|title="La pregunta difícil": La vida y obra de Rodolfo Llinás|url=https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/noticias-de-cultura/la-pregunta-dificil-la-vida-y-obra-de-rodolfo-llinas-articulo-725036|date=25 November 2017|access-date=16 May 2021|website=elespectador.com|language=es}} and Bertha Riascos. He was motivated to study the brain by watching his grandfather Pablo Llinás Olarte working as a neuropsychiatrist. Llinás describes himself as a logical positivist.P. (2016). Rodolfo R. Llinas - Can Science Talk God? Retrieved August 26, 2016, from https://www.closertotruth.com/series/can-science-talk-god
Education and early research
Llinás went to the Gimnasio Moderno school in Bogotá and graduated as a medical doctor from the Pontifical Xavierian University in 1959. During his medical studies he had the opportunity to travel to Europe and there he met several researchers in Spain, France and finally Switzerland, where he participated in neurophysiology experiments with Dr. Walter Rudolf Hess, Nobel Prize in Physiology, Medicine, professor and director of the Department of the Institute of Physiology of the University of Zurich. Additionally, while studying medicine he made a theoretical thesis on the visual system under the tuition of neurosurgeon and neurophysiologist Fernando Rosas and the mathematician Carlo Federici at the National University of Colombia.{{cite book|last=Correa|first=Pablo|title=Rodolfo Llinás. La pregunta difícil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcQ_DwAAQBAJ&q=la+pregunta+dificil|year=2017|publisher=Aguilar|isbn=9789585425408|language=es}} He received his PhD in 1965 from the Australian National University working under Sir John Eccles.{{cite book |title= The history of neuroscience in autobiography|last= Squire|first= Larry R|author-link= Larry Squire|year= 2006|publisher= Elsevier|location= New York, New York|isbn= 978-0-12-370514-3|page= 413}}
Personal life
By graduation in Australia, he was very interested in the biological basis of the mind. During this time he met his future wife who was studying philosophy. His two sons, Drs. Rafael and Alexander Llinas, are also physicians. His wife, Gillian Llinas (née Kimber) is an Australian philosopher of mind.
Llinás was a scientific advisor during the establishment of an interactive science museum located in Bogotá, Colombia called Maloka Museum. In 2018, Llinás donated a T-Rex skeleton to the museum and helped to design a model of the nervous system for the dinosaur fossils.{{Cite web|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/bogota/maloka-abre-exposicion-de-trex-para-su-etapa-de-renovacion-247400|title=Maloka se reinventa y estrena atracción: un tiranosaurio rex|last=Tiempo|first=Casa Editorial El|date=2018-07-24|website=El Tiempo|language=es|access-date=2019-05-22}}{{Citation|last=EL TIEMPO|title=Rodolfo Llinás regaló un T Rex a Maloka {{!}} EL TIEMPO|date=2018-07-26|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLSAUWBHRco|access-date=2019-05-22}}
Work
He has studied the electrophysiology of single neurons in the cerebellum, the thalamus, the cerebral cortex, the entorhinal cortex, the hippocampus, the vestibular system, the inferior olive and the spinal cord. He has studied synaptic transmitter release in the squid giant synapse. He has studied human brain function using magnetoencephalography (MEG) on the basis of which he introduced the concept of Thalamocortical dysrhythmia.{{cite journal |vauthors=Llinás R, Ribary U, Jeanmonod D, Kronberg E, Mitra P |title=Thalamocortical dysrhythmia: A neurological and neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by magnetoencephalography |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=96 |issue=26 |pages=15222–7 |year=1999 |pmid=10611366 |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.26.15222 |pmc=24801|bibcode=1999PNAS...9615222L |doi-access=free }}
Career
Llinás has occupied a number of positions.{{CN|date=December 2021}}
- Research fellow, Massachusetts General Hosp.-Harvard University, 1960–61
- National Institutes of Health research fellow in physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1961–63
- Associate professor, University Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1965–66
- Associate member, American Medical Association Institute Biomed. Research, Chicago, 1966–68
- Member, American Medical Association Institute Biomed. Research, Chicago, 1970
- Head neurobiology unit, American Medical Association Institute Biomed. Research, Chicago, 1967–70
- Associate professor neurology and psychiatry, Northwestern University, 1967–71
- Guest professor physiology, Wayne State University, 1967–74
- Professorial lecturer pharmacology, University Ill.-Chgo., 1967–68
- Clinical professor, University Ill.-Chgo., 1968–72
- Professor physiology, head neurobiology div., University of Iowa, 1970–76
- Prof., chairman physiology and biophysics, New York University, New York City, 1976—2011
- Thomas and Suzanne Murphy professor neuroscience., New York University, 1985—
- University Professor, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology., New York University, 2011—
Contributions
Llinás is known for his many contributions to neuroscience, however, his most important contributions are the following:
- Discovery of dendritic inhibition in central neurons (at the mammalian motoneuron).{{cite journal|last=Llinas|first=R|author2=Terzuolo CA|title=Mechanisms of supraspinal actions upon spinal cord activities. Reticular inhibitory mechanisms on alpha-extensor motoneurons|journal=The Journal of Neurophysiology|year=1964|volume=27|issue=4|pages=579–491|doi=10.1152/jn.1964.27.4.579|pmid=14194959}}{{cite journal|last=Llinas|first=R|author2=Terzuolo CA|title=Mechanisms of supraspinal actions upon spinal cord activities. Reticular inhibitory mechanisms upon flexor motoneurons|journal=The Journal of Neurophysiology|year=1965|volume=28|issue=2|pages=413–422|doi=10.1152/jn.1965.28.2.413|pmid=14283063}}
- The functional organization of the cerebellar cortex neuronal circuits.{{cite book |title= The synaptic organization of the brain|last1=Llinás |first1= Rodolfo|last2=Walton|first2=Kerry D|last3=Lang|first3=Eric J|editor-last=Shepherd |editor-first= Gordon M|editor-link= Gordon M. Shepherd|year= 2004|publisher= Oxford University press|location= New York, New York|isbn= 978-0-19-515955-4|orig-year=1st pub. 1974 |pages=271–310 |chapter=Chapter 7: Cerebellum |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rfcRDAAAQBAJ&q=The+Synaptic+Organization+of+the+Brain+Gordon+M.+Shepherd}}
- Defining cerebellar function from an evolutionary perspective.{{Cite journal|last=Llinas|first=RR|year=1969|title=Functional aspects of interneuronal evolution in the cerebellar cortex|journal=UCLA Forum Med Sci|volume=11|pages=329–48|pmid=5397400}}
- First description of electrical coupling in the mammalian CNS (mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus).{{Cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=R.|last2=Llinás|first2=R.|date=1971-01-01|title=Electrotonic coupling between neurones in the rat mesencephalic nucleus|journal=The Journal of Physiology|volume=212|issue=1|pages=45–63|issn=0022-3751|pmc=1395705|pmid=5545184|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1971.sp009309}}
- First determination of presynaptic calcium current, under voltage clamp, at the squid giant synapse.{{Cite journal|last1=Llinás|first1=R.|last2=Steinberg|first2=I. Z.|last3=Walton|first3=K.|date=1976-08-01|title=Presynaptic calcium currents and their relation to synaptic transmission: voltage clamp study in squid giant synapse and theoretical model for the calcium gate|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=73|issue=8|pages=2918–2922|issn=0027-8424|pmc=430802|pmid=183215|doi=10.1073/pnas.73.8.2918|bibcode=1976PNAS...73.2918L|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Llinás|first1=R.|last2=Steinberg|first2=I. Z.|last3=Walton|first3=K.|date=1980-09-01|title=Transmission in the squid giant synapse: a model based on voltage clamp studies|journal=Journal de Physiologie|volume=76|issue=5|pages=413–418|issn=0021-7948|pmid=6256531}}
- Discovery that vertebrate neurons (cerebellar Purkinje cell) can generate calcium-dependent spikes.{{Cite journal|last1=Llinás|first1=R.|last2=Sugimori|first2=M.|date=1980-08-01|title=Electrophysiological properties of in vitro Purkinje cell dendrites in mammalian cerebellar slices|journal=The Journal of Physiology|volume=305|pages=197–213|issn=0022-3751|pmc=1282967|pmid=7441553|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013358}}
- Proposal and Organization of NASA Neurolab Project that flew on April 17, 1998, Space Shuttle Columbia.{{Cite book|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20030068190|title=Neurolab Spacelab Mission: Neuroscience Research in Space|last=Buckey|first=Jay C.|publisher=NASA|year=2003|isbn=978-0-9725339-0-4|location=Houston, Texas}}
- Discovery of the P-type calcium channel in the Purkinje cells.{{cite journal|last=Llinas|first=R|author2=Sugimori|title=Electrophysiological Properties of in Vitro Purkinje Cell Somata in Mammalian Cerebellar Slices|journal=The Journal of Physiology|year=1980|volume=305|pages=171–195|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013357|pmid=7441552|pmc=1282966}}
- Discovery of low threshold spikes generated by low voltage activated calcium conductaces (presently known as due to T-type calcium channel) in inferior olive and thalamus neurons.{{Cite journal|last1=Llinás|first1=R.|last2=Yarom|first2=Y.|date=June 1981|title=Electrophysiology of mammalian inferior olivary neurones in vitro. Different types of voltage-dependent ionic conductances|journal=The Journal of Physiology|volume=315|pages=549–567|issn=0022-3751|pmc=1249398|pmid=6273544|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013763}}{{Cite journal|last1=Llinás|first1=R.|last2=Yarom|first2=Y.|date=June 1981|title=Properties and distribution of ionic conductances generating electroresponsiveness of mammalian inferior olivary neurones in vitro|journal=The Journal of Physiology|volume=315|pages=569–584|issn=0022-3751|pmc=1249399|pmid=7310722|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1981.sp013764}}
- A tensor network model of the transformation of sensory space-time coordinates into motor coordinates by the cerebellum.{{Cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Sisir|last2=Llinás|first2=Rodolfo|chapter=Dynamic geometry, brain function modeling, and consciousness |pages=133–144|doi=10.1016/s0079-6123(07)68011-x|pmid=18166391|title=Models of Brain and Mind - Physical, Computational and Psychological Approaches|volume=168|series=Progress in Brain Research|year=2007|isbn=9780444530509}}
- Asserting the law of no interchangeability of neurons, which it is known as Llinás' law.Llinás, Rodolfo (1990). «Intrinsic Electrical Properties of Mammalian Neurons and CNS Function». Fidia Research Foundation Neuroscience Award Lectures, 1988-1989 (Raven Press) 4: p. 175.
- Direct demonstration of calcium concentration microdomains at the presynaptic active zone.{{cite journal|last=Llinas|first=R|author2=Sugimori, M|author3=Silver, R.|title=Microdomains of high calcium concentration in a presynaptic terminal|journal=Science|date=1 May 1992|volume=256|issue=5057|pages=677–679|doi=10.1126/science.1350109|pmid=1350109|bibcode=1992Sci...256..677L}}
- Utilization of magnetoencephalography in clinical research.{{Cite journal|last1=Rezai|first1=A. R.|last2=Hund|first2=M.|last3=Kronberg|first3=E.|last4=Deletis|first4=V.|last5=Zonenshayn|first5=M.|last6=Cappell|first6=J.|last7=Ribary|first7=U.|last8=Llinás|first8=R.|last9=Kelly|first9=P. J.|date=1995|title=Introduction of magnetoencephalography to stereotactic techniques|journal=Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery|volume=65|issue=1–4|pages=37–41|issn=1011-6125|pmid=8916327|doi=10.1159/000098894}}
- Discovery of subthreshold membrane potential oscillations in the inferior olive, thalamus and entorhinal cortex.{{cite journal | author = Llinas R., Yarom Y. | year = 1986 | title = Oscillatory properties of guinea-pig inferior olivary neurones and their pharmacological modulation: an in vitro study | journal = J. Physiol. | volume = 376 | pages = 163–182 | doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1986.sp016147| pmid = 3795074 | pmc = 1182792}}{{cite journal | author = Alonso A., Llinas R. | year = 1989 | title = Subthreshold Na+-dependent theta-like rhythmicity in entorhinal cortex layer II stellate cells | journal = Nature | volume = 342 | issue = 6246| pages = 175–177 | doi=10.1038/342175a0| pmid = 2812013 | s2cid = 1892764 }}
- The discovery of Thalamocortical dysrhythmia.
- Artificial olivo-cerebellar motor control system as part of the project BAUV (Undersea Vehicle) of the US Navy developed by P. Bandyopadhyay.{{Cite journal|last1=Llinas|first1=R. R.|last2=Leznik|first2=E.|last3=Makarenko|first3=V. I.|date=July 2004|title=The olivo-cerebellar circuit as a universal motor control system|journal=IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering|volume=29|issue=3|pages=631–639|doi=10.1109/joe.2004.833212|bibcode=2004IJOE...29..631L|s2cid=21127267|issn=0364-9059}}{{Cite book|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Promode R.|title=Springer Handbook of Ocean Engineering |publisher=Springer International Publishing|year=2016|isbn=978-3-319-16648-3|editor-last=Dhanak, MR|pages=1287|language=en-gb|chapter=11. Highly Maneuverable Biorobotic Underwater Vehicles|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-16649-0|s2cid=133526257}}
Memberships and honors
Llinás is a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences (1986),[http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/53184.html] the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1996),[https://www.amacad.org/person/rodolfo-riascos-llinas] American Philosophical Society (1996),{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Rodolfo+Llin%C3%A1s&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-12-10|website=search.amphilsoc.org}} the Royal National Academy of Medicine (Spain) (1996) and the French Academy of Sciences (2002). Dr. Llinás has received honorary degrees from the following universities:
- Universidad de Salamanca (Spain) (1985)
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (Spain) (1993)
- National University of Colombia (1994)
- Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (1997)
- Los Andes University (Colombia), Bogotá, Colombia, (1998)
- Toyama University, Toyama, Japan (2005)
- University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy (2006)
Dr. Llinás has received the following awards:
- UNESCO Albert Einstein medal (1991)
- Order of Boyaca Awarded President of Colombia for exceptional service to Colombia (1992)
- Bernard Katz Award Biophysical Society, Washington USA (2012)[http://www.biophysics.org/Membership/Subgroups/ExocytosisEndocytosis/PastSirBernardKatzAwardees/tabid/2328/Default.aspx]
- {{ill|Gold Medal of CSIC|es|Medalla de Oro del CSIC}}, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain (2012){{Cite web |title=Press Releases |url=https://nyulangone.org/news/press-releases |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=NYU Langone News |language=en}}
- Cajal Diploma given by Queen Sofia of Spain Madrid, Spain (2013){{Cite web |title=Instituto Cajal – Noticias |url=https://cajal.csic.es/el-pasado-26-de-junio-se-otorgo-la-iv-medalla-cajal-al-profesor-rodolfo-llinas-en-presencia-de-s-m-la-reina-dona-sofia/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=cajal.csic.es/}}
- Ragnar Granit Lecture and Award, Nobel Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (2013)
- Castilla del Pino Lecture and Award Cordoba, Spain (2015){{Cite web |title=11ª Edición. Prof. Rodolfo Llinás |url=http://www.uco.es/informacion/webs/fundacioncastilla/premios/258-11o-edicion-prof-rodolfo-llinas |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.uco.es}}
- Nansen Neuroscience Lecture and award Norwegian Academy of Science, Oslo, Norway (2016)[http://www.med.uio.no/imb/english/research/news-and-events/events/distinguished-seminar/2016/rodolfo-llinas-art-brain-functions.html]
- Scholar of the Year Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (2016){{Cite web |date=2016-03-11 |title=Professor Rodolfo Llinas {{!}} Australian National University |url=https://www.anu.edu.au/alumni/our-alumni/spotlight/professor-rodolfo-llinas |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.anu.edu.au |language=en}}
- Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience Society for Neuroscience, (2018){{Cite web |title=Society for Neuroscience Confers Rodolfo Llinás the Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience |url=https://www.sfn.org/Publications/Latest-News/2018/11/03/Society-for-Neuroscience-Confers-Rodolfo-Llin%C3%A1s-the-Ralph-W-Gerard-Prize-in-Neuroscience |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.sfn.org |language=en}}
He was the chairman of NASA/Neurolab Science Working Group, in 2011 received University Professor Distinction from New York University [https://med.nyu.edu/neuroscience/%5Btype%5D/rodolfo-llin%C3%A1s-md-phd-receives-university-professor-distinction-new-york-university] and in 2013, the NYU Neuroscience Institute created the Annual Rodolfo Llinás Lecture Series in recognition of his contributions to the field of neuroscience.{{Cite web | url=http://www.med.nyu.edu/neuroscience/Llinas-lecture | title=Neuroscience Institute Events}}
Filmography
- Llinas, el cerebro y el universo. Documentary film, by Gonzalo Argandoña, Cabala Producción Audiovisual, (2018) RTVCplay.{{Cite web |title=Llinás, el cerebro y el universo |url=https://rtvcplay.co/peliculas-documentales/llinas-el-cerebro-y-el-universo |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=RTVCPlay |language=es}}
Selected bibliography
Llinás is the author of more than 20 book chapters and has edited several books on neuroscience.
= Books =
- Hubbard, J.I., Llinás, R. and Quastel, D.M.J. Electrophysiological Analysis of Synaptic Transmission. London: Edward Arnold Publishers 1969.
- Llinás, R. Editor. Neurobiology of Cerebellar Evolution and Development. (Chicago: Am. Med. Association, 1969)
- Precht, W., Llinás, R. (eds.): Frog Neurobiology: a handbook. (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1976). {{url|https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-66316-1}} {{ISBN|978-3-642-66318-5}}
- Steriade, M., Jones, E., y Llinás, R (Eds.): Thalamic Oscillations and Signaling. The Neurosciences Institute Publications Series. (John Wiley & Sons, 1990). {{ISBN|0-471-51508-6}}
- Llinás, R. y Sotelo, C (eds.): The Cerebellum Revisited. (Nueva York: Springer-Verlag, 1992). {{url|https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4612-2840-0}} {{ISBN|978-1-4612-7691-3}}
- Buzsaki, G., Llinas, R., Singer, W., Berthoz, A., Christen, Y. (eds.): Temporal Coding in the Brain. (Nueva York: Springer-Verlag, 1994). {{url|https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-85148-3}} {{ISBN|978-3-642-85150-6}}
- Latorre, R., López-Barneo, J., Bezanilla, F., Llinás, R. (Eds) Biofísica y fisiología celular. (Universidad de Sevilla, España, 1996). {{ISBN|84-472-0339-5}}
- Llinás, Rodolfo R. and Churchland, Patricia S. Mind-Brain Continuum: Sensory Processes The MIT Press (September 9, 1996) {{ISBN|0-262-12198-0}}
- Llinás, Rodolfo R. The Squid Giant Synapse : A Model for Chemical Transmission Oxford University Press, USA (December 15, 1999) {{ISBN|0-19-511652-6}}
- Llinás, Rodolfo. El reto: Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología. Tercer Mundo Editores, (2000) {{ISBN|978-958-601-887-6}}
- Llinás, R. I of the vortex: from neurons to self (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 2001). {{ISBN|0-262-62163-0}}
= Book chapters =
- Llinas R, Rivary U. Perception as an oneiric-like state modulated by the senses. Chapter 6. In: Koch C. Large-scale neuronal theories of the brain. Bradford Book. (1994). {{ISBN|9780262111836}}
- Llinas RR., Walton KD. Cerebellum. Chapter 7. In: Shepherd GM. The synaptic organization of the brain. 4th Ed. New York: Oxford University Press. (1998) {{ISBN|0195118243}}
- Llinas RR., Walton KD., Lang EJ. Cerebellum. Chapter 7. In: Shepherd GM. The synaptic organization of the brain. 5th Ed. Oxford University Press. (2004) {{ISBN|0195159551}}
- Llinas, R. R. Neuroscientific basis of consciousness and dreaming. Chapter 3.6. In: Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 8th ed. (2005).
- Llinás, R. Electrophysiology of the Cerebellar Networks. Comprehensive Physiology (2011). Supplement 2. Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System, Motor Control. {{doi|10.1002/cphy.cp010217}} {{ISBN|9780470650714}}
- Llinas RR., Walton K. Central pain: a thalamic deafferentation generating thalamocortical dysrhythmia. Chapter 4. In: Saab CY. Chronic pain and brain abnormalities. Academic Press-Elsevier (2014). {{ISBN|9780123983893}}
- Llinas, RR. Oscillation in the inferior olive neurons: Functional implication. Chapter 39. pp. 293–298. In: Essentials of Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders: A Primer for Graduate Students. Springer (2016) {{ISBN|978-3-319-24551-5}}
- Llinas, R. R. Consciousness and Dreaming from a Pathophysiological Perspective: The Thalamocortical Dysrhythmia Syndrome. Chapter 3.5. In: Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 10th ed. (2017). {{ISBN|978-1-4511-0047-1}}
= Selected review articles =
- {{cite journal | author = Llinás RR | title = The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of mammalian neurons: insights into central nervous system function | journal = Science | volume = 242 | issue = 4886| pages = 1654–64 | doi = 10.1126/science.3059497 | pmid = 3059497 | date = December 1988 | bibcode = 1988Sci...242.1654L }}
- {{cite journal | author = Llinás RR, Sugimori M, Cherksey B | year = 1989 | title = Voltage-dependent calcium conductance in mammalian neurons. The P channel | journal = Ann N Y Acad Sci | volume = 560 | pages = 103–11 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb24084.x | pmid = 2545128 | s2cid = 84107834 }}
- {{cite journal | author = Llinás RR | year = 1991 | title = Depolarization release coupling: an overview | journal = Ann N Y Acad Sci | volume = 635 | issue = 1| pages = 3–17 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb36476.x | pmid = 1660239 | bibcode = 1991NYASA.635....3L | s2cid = 30849546 }}
- {{cite journal | author = Llinás RR, Paré D | year = 1991 | title = Of dreaming and wakefulness | journal = Neuroscience | volume = 44 | issue = 3| pages = 521–35 | doi = 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90075-y | pmid = 1754050 | s2cid = 32125577 | doi-access = free }}
- {{cite journal | author = Llinás R, Ribary U | date = Apr 2001 | title = Consciousness and the brain. The thalamocortical dialogue in health and disease | journal = Ann N Y Acad Sci | volume = 929 | pages = 166–75 | doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05715.x | pmid = 11349424 | s2cid = 146564098 }}
- {{cite journal | author = Llinás Rodolfo R., Steriade Mircea | year = 2006| title = Bursting of thalamic neurons and states of vigilance. Invited Review | journal = J. Neurophysiol. | volume = 95 | issue = 6| pages = 3297–3308 | doi = 10.1152/jn.00166.2006 | pmid = 16554502 }}
- {{cite book | author = Roy S, Llinás R | title = Models of Brain and Mind - Physical, Computational and Psychological Approaches | chapter = Dynamic geometry, brain function modeling, and consciousness | journal = Prog Brain Res | series = Progress in Brain Research | date = 2007 | volume = 168 | pages = 133–44 | doi = 10.1016/S0079-6123(07)68011-X | pmid = 18166391 | isbn = 9780444530509 }}
- {{cite journal | author = Llinás RR | year = 2011| title = Cerebellar motor learning versus cerebellar motor timing: the climbing fibre story | journal = J Physiol | volume = 589 | issue = 14| pages = 3423–32 | doi = 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.207464 | pmid = 21486816| pmc = 3167107}}
- {{cite journal | author = Buzsáki G, Llinás R | year = 2017| title = Space and time in the brain | journal = Science | volume = 358 | issue = 6362| pages = 482–485 | doi = 10.1126/science.aan8869 | pmid = 29074768| pmc = 5998813| bibcode = 2017Sci...358..482B}}
References
{{reflist}}
External links
{{commons category}}
- [http://www.med.nyu.edu/neuro-physio/faculty/faculty/rodolfo-llinas NYU Neurophysiology website about Rodolfo Llinás]
- [https://med.nyu.edu/faculty/rodolfo-llinas NYU Medicine faculty website about Rodolfo Llinás]
- {{cite web |url= https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=RR2nf7kAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao | title=List of Articles on Google Scholar | publisher=Google Scholar | date=2016 | access-date= 2 June 2016}}
=Newspaper articles=
- [http://www.eltiempo.com/cultura/gente/rodolfo-llinas-habla-del-documental-en-homenaje-a-su-carrera-184136 Estrella de la sabiduría en la Universidad Nacional] Tribute at National University of Colombia
- [http://thesciencenetwork.org/programs/the-science-studio/enter-the-i-of-the-vortex Enter the "I" of the Vortex] The Science Network interview with Rodolfo Llinás
- [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/02/health/research/02prof.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=rodolfo%20llinas&st=cse In a Host of Ailments, Seeing a Brain Out of Rhythm] The New York Times December 8, 2008
- [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E7DB1438F935A15753C1A96F958260 New Way Of Looking At Diseases Of the Brain] The New York Times October 26, 1999
- [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CEEDD163AF934A15756C0A961958260 Listening to the Conversation of Neurons] The New York Times May 27, 1997
- [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50716FB3A5F0C718DDDAC0894DE484D81 New York Times] announcement of election to the [National Academy of Sciences]
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Category:Colombian neuroscientists
Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Category:American neuroscientists
Category:New York University Grossman School of Medicine faculty
Category:Pontificia Universidad Javeriana alumni
Category:Australian National University alumni
Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Category:History of neuroscience
Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society