Rogatio

{{Short description|Ancient Roman legislative process}}

{{for|the days relating to western Christianity's calendar|Rogation days}}

{{Roman government}}

In the Roman republic, a {{lang|la|rogatio}} (from Latin {{lang|la|rogo}}, "ask, place a question before") is a proposed piece of legislation. All legislation during the republic was moved before an assembly of the people. The rogatio procedure underscores the fact that the Roman Senate could issue decrees, but was not a legislative. Only the people, organised in an assembly, could pass legislation.{{sfn|Millar|1998|pp=157–58}}

A magistrate with the {{lang|la|jus contionandi}} could call a {{lang|la|contio}}, an informal assembly of the people, before which he could announce new legislation.{{sfn|Mouritsen|2001|p=38}} A bill's proposer was its {{lang|la|lator}}; a supporter was an {{lang|la|auctor}}.{{sfn|Millar|1998|p=26}} After a magistrate promulgated a bill, under the {{lang|la|lex Caecilia Didia}} of 98 BC, a {{lang|la|trinundium}} had to elapse. A {{lang|la|trinundium}} meant three market days.{{sfn|Mouritsen|2001|p=38}} Immediately before an assembly was called to vote on a bill, a special {{lang|la|contio}} was called so that a debate on the proposal could be held. Once that debate was over, the {{lang|la|contio}} immediately became the assembly that could vote on the matter.{{sfn|Mouritsen|2001|pp=38–39}}

With only a few exceptions, the main legislative assembly was the {{lang|la|comitia tributa}}.{{sfn|Lintott|1999|p=55, noting that "almost all legislation" took place before the tribes}} Told to depart into your groups ({{langx|la|descedite, Quirites}}), the {{lang|la|contio}} organised into the appropriate legislative assembly.{{sfn|Lintott|1999|p=46}} Then after an initial prayer, the presiding magistrate opened voting by asking the people {{lang|la|velitis, iubeatis ... vos, Quirites, rogo}} ("Do you wish, do you command, ... I ask you, citizens").{{sfn|de Libero|2006}} Each tribe was then called by an order set by lot;{{sfn|Mouritsen|2001|p=19}} the centuries voted according to a pre-determined order with the wealthier centuries voting first.{{sfn|Lintott|1999|p=48}} The citizens in each tribe then voted either {{lang|la|uti rogas}} ("as you ask") or {{lang|la|antiquo}} ("I contradict").{{sfn|de Libero|2006}} When a majority was reached, voting ended and all tribes which had not yet voted were dismissed.{{sfn|Lintott|1999|pp=60–61}}

Plebeian tribunes and other magistrates, most especially the consuls, could veto proceedings but only before the taking of lots for the order in which the tribes were to vote. It was also not acceptable for bills to be vetoed by any magistrate without any discussion.{{sfn|Lintott|1999|p=46}} Threats of veto against a bill or its general unpopularity among the people usually led to the bill's withdrawal.{{Cite book |last=Lintott |first=Andrew William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcc9AAAAIAAJ |title=Judicial reform and land reform in the Roman republic |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-40373-3 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bcc9AAAAIAAJ&dq=rogatio+OR+rogation+inauthor:Lintott&pg=PA6 6–7]}} Lintott believes Cicero exaggerates the extent to which the plebs could influence withdrawal. If a bill was passed (rogatio lata est), it became a law (lex) after the presiding magistrate made a formal announcement (renuntiatio) of the assembly's decision.

In the early Republic, the Senate had to approve the constitutionality of a law before it was enacted; after the passage of the lex Publilia Philonis in 339 BC, which required that at least one of the two censores be a plebeian, this approval (patrum auctoritas) was required before the bill was put to a vote in the assembly. With controversial measures, however, the Senate was sometimes bypassed. If a bill was proposed for the purpose of declaring war, it had to be brought before the {{lang|la|comitia centuriata}}.{{cite book |last=Millar |first=Fergus |title=Rome, the Greek world, and the East |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2002 |page=116}}

All copies of statutes, proposed laws, and other public documents were recorded in the {{lang|la|aerarium}} under the stewardship of the urban quaestors.{{sfn|Lintott|1999|p=137}}