Rogation days#Minor Rogations

The Christian major rogation replaced a pagan Roman procession known as Robigalia, at which a dog was sacrificed to propitiate Robigus, the deity of agricultural disease.{{cite journal | last = Burriss | first = Eli Edward | title = Some Survivals of Magic in Roman Religion | journal = The Classical Journal | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 112–123 | publisher = The Classical Association of the Middle West and South | date = 1928 | jstor = 3289524 }}{{cite book | last = Dues | first = Greg | title = Catholic Customs & Traditions: A Popular Guide | publisher = Twenty-Third Publications | date = 1993 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/catholiccustomst00dues/page/39 39] | url = https://archive.org/details/catholiccustomst00dues| url-access = registration | quote = Robigalia. | isbn = 9780896225152 }} The practitioners observing Robigalia asked Robigus for protection of their crops from wheat rust.

The minor Rogation days were introduced around AD 470 by Mamertus, bishop of Vienne, and eventually adopted elsewhere. Their observance was ordered by the Council of Orleans in 511, and though the practice was spreading in Gaul during the 7th century, it was not officially adopted into the Roman rite until the reign of Pope Leo III (died 816).{{cite journal | last = Cook | first = Albert Stanburrough | title = Augustine's Journey from Rome to Richborough | journal = Speculum | volume = 1 | issue = 4 | pages = 375–397 | date = 1926 | jstor = 2847160 | doi=10.2307/2847160| s2cid = 162451684 }}

The faithful typically observed the Rogation days by fasting and abstinence in preparation to celebrate the Ascension, and farmers often had their crops blessed by a priest at this time.{{cite book | last = Shepherd | first = John | title = A critical and practical elucidation of the Book of common prayer, and administration of the sacraments, and other rites and ceremonies of the Church | publisher = Oxford University | date = 1801 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z88HAAAAQAAJ&q=%22rogation%20days%22&pg=PA119}} Violet vestments are worn at the rogation litany and its associated Mass, regardless of what colour is worn at the ordinary liturgies of the day.

A common feature of Rogation days in former times was the ceremony of beating the bounds, in which a procession of parishioners, led by the minister, churchwarden, and choirboys, would proceed around the boundary of their parish and pray for its protection in the forthcoming year. This was also known in the northern parts of England as 'Gang-day' or 'gan week', after the old English name for going or walking. This was also a feature of the original Roman festival, when revellers would walk to a grove five miles from the city to perform their rites. Thomas Johnson (1633), speaking of the birch tree, mentions another name: Cross-week: "It serveth well to the decking up of houses and banquetting-rooms, for places of pleasure, and for beautifying of streets in the Crosse or Gang Week, and such like."{{sfn|Brand|Ellis|Hazlitt|1905|p=}}

File:The order of the procession on the day of the ascent of the Lord before the garrison of the mass.jpg

The Rogation Day ceremonies are thought to have arrived in the British Isles in the 7th century.

The oldest known Sarum text regarding Rogation Days is dated from around 1173 to 1220.{{cite journal | last = Houseman | first = Michael | title = Painful Places: Ritual Encounters with One's Homelands | journal = The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 447–467 | date = 1998 | jstor = 3034156 | doi=10.2307/3034156| url = https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00119425/file/Painful_Places.pdf }} In it, celebrations in the south of England are described, in which processions were led by members of the congregation carrying banners which represented various biblical characters. At the head of the procession was the dragon, representing Pontius Pilate, which would be followed by a lion, representing Christ. After this there would be images of saints carried by the rest of the congregation.{{cite journal | last = Liszka | first = Thomas R. | title = The Dragon in the "South English Legendary": Judas, Pilate, and the "A(1)" Redaction | journal = Modern Philology | volume = 100 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–59 | date = 2002 | jstor = 1215582 | doi=10.1086/493149| s2cid = 161491639 }} Many torches were present at each procession, weighing between 42 lb (19 kg) and 27 lbs (12 kg), which were bought by the church and parishioners jointly.{{cite journal | last = Pearson | first = Charles Buchanan | title = Some Account of Ancient Churchwarden Accounts of St. Michael's, Bath | journal = Transactions of the Royal Historical Society | volume = 7 | pages = 309–329 | date = 1878 | jstor = 3677891 | doi=10.2307/3677891| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1449751 }}

Sarum texts from the 13th and 15th centuries show that the dragon was eventually moved to the rear of the procession on the vigil of the Ascension, with the lion taking the place at the front. Illustrations of the procession from the early 16th century show that the arrangements had been changed yet again, this time also showing bearers of reliquaries and incense.

During the reign of King Henry VIII, Rogation processions were used as a way to assist crop yields, with a notable number of the celebrations taking place in 1543 when there were prolonged rains.

During the reign of King Edward VI, the Crown having taken much of the Church's holdings within the country, liturgical ceremonies were not officially condoned or recognized as an official part of worship. However, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I the celebrations were explicitly mentioned in the royal reformation, allowing them to resume as public processions.{{cite journal | last = Davenport | first = Edwin | title = Elizabethan England's Other Reformation of Manners | journal = ELH | volume = 63 | issue = 2 | pages = 255–278 | date = 1996 | jstor = 30030221 | doi=10.1353/elh.1996.0015| s2cid = 162365937 }}

Rogation processions continued in the post-Reformation Church of England much as they had before, and Anglican priests were encouraged to bring their congregations together for inter-parish processions. At specific intervals, clerics were to remind their congregations to be thankful for their harvests. Psalms 103 and 104 were sung, and people were reminded of the curses the Bible ascribed to those who violated agricultural boundaries. The processions were not mandatory, but were at the discretion of the local minister, and were also ascribed more importance when a public right of way needed to be protected from agricultural or other expansion.

The marches would follow prescribed routes, with York and Coventry being unique in their following royal entries.{{cite journal | last = Reynolds | first = Roger E. | title = The Drama of Medieval Liturgical Processions | journal = Revue de Musicologie | volume = 86 | issue = 1 | pages = 127–142 | date = 2000 | jstor = 947285 | doi=10.2307/947285}} On other routes, altars were erected at certain locations where antiphons were sung.{{cite journal | last = Zika | first = Charles | title = Hosts, Processions and Pilgrimages: Controlling the Sacred in Fifteenth-Century Germany | journal = Past & Present | issue = 118 | pages = 25–64 | date = 1988 | jstor = 650830 | doi=10.1093/past/118.1.25}}

Any Roman Catholic imagery or icons were banned from the processions. The then Archdeacon of Essex, Grindal of London, besought the church explicitly to label the tradition as a perambulation of the parish boundaries (beating the bounds), further to distance it from the Catholic liturgy. In the book Second Tome of Homelys, a volume containing officially sanctioned homilies of the Elizabethan church, it was made clear that the English Rogation was to remember town and other communal boundaries in a social and historical context, with extra emphasis on the stability gained from lawful boundary lines.

For years after Rogation Days were recognized, the manner in which they were observed in reality was very different from the official decree. Even before religious sensibilities turned towards the puritanical, there were concerns about the lack of piety at such events.{{cite journal | last = Stilgoe | first = John R. | title = Jack·o'·lanterns to Surveyors: The Secularization of Landscape Boundaries | journal = Environmental Review | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 14–16 and 18–30 | publisher = Forest History Society and American Society for Environmental History | date = 1976 | doi = 10.2307/3984295 | jstor = 3984295 | s2cid = 147330346 }} While it was officially ordered that the entire congregation attend, bishops began urging their priests to invite only older and more pious men. This, they believed, would stop the drunken revelry. Royal Injunctions concerning the practice were reinterpreted to restrict and regulate participants of the festivities. Robert Herrick penned a piece to capture the mood of the celebrations before their repression:

{{poemquote|Dearest, bury me

Under that Holy-oak, or Gospel Tree

Where (though thou see'st not) thou may'st think upon

Me, when you yearly go'st Procession.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}}}

In London, Rogation Days, just like Easter or Hocktide, were times when begging was "legitimate" for the period of celebration.{{cite journal | last = Hitchcock | first = Tim | title = Begging on the Streets of Eighteenth-Century London | journal = Journal of British Studies | volume = 44 | issue = 3 | pages = 478–498 | date = 2005 | jstor = 429704 | doi=10.1086/429704| hdl = 2299/33 | url = http://uhra.herts.ac.uk/bitstream/2299/33/1/100205.pdf | hdl-access = free }} Though not widely celebrated in the modern Church of England, the holiday is still observed in some areas.

The reform of the Liturgical Calendar for Roman Catholics in 1969 delegated the establishment of Rogation Days, along with Ember Days, to the episcopal conferences.{{citation|author=Pope Paul VI|author-link=Pope Paul VI|title=General Norms for the Liturgical Year and Calendar|page=11|url=https://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/GIRM/Documents/GNLY.pdf}} Their observance in the Latin Church subsequently declined, but the observance has revived somewhat since Pope John Paul II allowed Rogation days as a permitted, but not mandated, observance.{{cite book | last = Melton | first = J. Gordon | title = Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations | volume = 1 | pages = 749 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KDU30Ae4S4cC&q=%22Pope%20John%20Paul%20II%22%20%22Rogation%20days%22&pg=PA749 | isbn =9781598842050| date = 2011-09-13 | publisher = Abc-Clio }} For those Catholics who continue to celebrate Mass according to the General Roman Calendar of 1960 or earlier, the Rogation Days are still kept, unless a higher ranking feast would occur on the day.{{Cite web|title=Liturgical Calendar|url=http://www.fsspolgs.org/liturgical-aids/liturgical-calendar/|access-date=2021-05-12|website=Our Lady of Guadalupe Seminary|language=en-US}}

The new, Protestant version of the Rogation days became such a fixture in Church life that the tradition was carried over to the English churches across the British Empire, including to the Americas by British colonists in Bermuda, Jamaica, Barbados, Virginia and South Carolina.{{cite journal | last = Beasley | first = Nicholas M. | title = Ritual Time in British Plantation Colonies, 1650-1780 | journal = Church History | volume = 76 | issue = 3 | pages = 541–568 | publisher = Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society of Church History | date = 2007 | doi = 10.1017/S0009640700500572 | jstor = 27645033 | s2cid = 164181942 }} Rogation days continue as an optional observance in the Episcopal Church,[https://www.bcponline.org/ Book of Common Prayer (Online), p.18] and in Anglican Provinces around the world. Although early Rogation celebrations were associated with rural life, agriculture and fishing, the Book of Common Prayer in many jurisdictions has been expanded to include propers for commerce and industry and the stewardship of creation, as well as a fruitful season, and rubrics were added for their use.[https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/rogation-days/ "Rogation Days", The Episcopal Church]

{{Portal|Christianity}}

• Ember days
• Triduum

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin|indent=yes}}

• {{cite book|title=Brand's popular antiquities of Great Britain|editor1-last= Brand|editor1-first= John|editor2-last=Ellis|editor2-first= Henry |editor3-last=Hazlitt|editor3-first= William Carew|date=1905|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djTYAAAAMAAJ}}
• {{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Rogation Days|first=Francis |last=Mershman|volume=13}}

{{refend}}

{{refbegin|indent=yes}}

• {{in lang|it}} Vito Pallabazzer: Lingua e cultura ladina, Belluno 1985, p. 502 (about the rogation days in Ladin tradition)

{{refend}}

• [http://www.liturgies.net/Rogation/RogationDays.htm Rogation Days] at liturgies.net
• [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13110b.htm Catholic Encyclopedia article]

{{Liturgical year of the Catholic Church}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Eastertide

Category:Latin Church