Rogue trader

{{Short description|Professional trader who makes unapproved financial transactions}}

{{Other uses}}

In financial trading, a rogue trader is an employee authorized to make trades on behalf of their employer (subject to certain conditions) who makes unauthorized trades.{{cite news |first1=Deborah | last1=Ball| first2=Paul | last2=Sonne| first3=Carrick | last3=Mollenkamp| title= UBS: Rogue Trader Hit Firm |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904060604576571931690088522 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=September 16, 2011 |accessdate=2011-09-16 }} It can also involve mismarking of securities.Peter Nash (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NiA3DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22mismarking%22+trader&pg=PA209 Effective Product Control; Controlling for Trading Desks], Wiley.{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2018-155-0|title= Citigroup to Pay More Than $10 Million for Books and Records Violations and Inadequate Controls|website=SEC.gov}}{{Cite web|url=http://instituteforfinancialtransparency.com/2017/05/09/merrill-lynch-rogue-trader-says-system-is-broken/|title=Merrill Lynch Rogue Trader says system is broken|date=May 9, 2017}} The perpetrator is a legitimate employee of a company, but enters into transactions on behalf of their employer, or mismarks securities held by their employer, without their employer's permission.

{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | audio1 = [http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/what-a-rogue-trader-learned-from-the-financial-crisis/ What a Rogue Trader Learned From the Financial Crisis], Alexis Stenfors interviewed by Knowledge@Wharton, 24:35, July 18, 2017. Includes edited transcript.{{cite web | title =What a Rogue Trader Learned From the Financial Crisis | publisher =Wharton School of Business | date = July 18, 2017 | url =http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/what-a-rogue-trader-learned-from-the-financial-crisis/ | accessdate =July 21, 2017 }} Audio with edited transcript }}

One famous rogue trader is Nick Leeson, whose losses on unauthorized investments in index futures contracts were sufficient to bankrupt his employer Barings Bank in 1995. Through a combination of poor judgment on his part, increasingly large initial profits, lack of oversight by management, a naïve regulatory environment, and an unforeseen outside event, the Kobe earthquake, Leeson incurred a US$1.3 billion loss that bankrupted the centuries-old financial institution.John Gapper (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=D6hxfN_D_yUC&q=%22rogue+trader%22+securities How to be a Rogue Trader][https://books.google.com/books?id=eHxTDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22rogue+trader%22+securities+leeson+billion&pg=PA214 The SAGE Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society] (2018). In some cases traders have initially made large profits for their employers, and - their goal - large bonuses for themselves, from trades in breach of applicable laws and company rules, and it has been questioned by some whether in some instances traders are not in fact "rogue", as in those cases in which employers directed the activity or knew of it and turned a blind eye to the transgressions due to the profits involved.{{cite book|url=http://www.nickleeson.com/biography/full_biography.html|title=Nick Leeson: biography part I|date=2011-03-01|accessdate=2012-02-23}} Nick Leeson's trades initially generated 10% of Barings' annual profit{{cite news |page=1 |title=Le trader livre sa version de l'affaire Société Générale |date=29 January 2008 |work=Le Monde, paper version }} Jérôme Kerviel said that his trading behavior was widespread at the company and that getting a profit makes the hierarchy turn a blind eye

There have been colossal financial losses and bankruptcies from what are considered to be catastrophically bad decisions by senior decision-makers in financial institutions, such as the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers which necessitated the 2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package, but this is not described as rogue trading and is not punishable.