Rolfing

File:Rolfing.jpg

Rolfing ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɔː|l|f|ɪ|ŋ|,_|ˈ|r|ɒ|l|-}})[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/rolfing "Rolfing"]. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. is a form of alternative medicine originally developed by Ida Rolf (1896–1979) as Structural Integration.{{cite journal |vauthors=Sherman KJ, Dixon MW, Thompson D, Cherkin DC |title=Development of a taxonomy to describe massage treatments for musculoskeletal pain |journal=BMC Complement Altern Med |volume=6 |pages=24 |year=2006 |pmid=16796753 |pmc=1544351 |doi=10.1186/1472-6882-6-24 |type=Review |quote=Some massage styles with different names may be essentially the same (e.g., Structural Integration and Rolfing) |doi-access=free }} Rolfing is marketed with unproven claims of various health benefits,{{cite book|title=American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies|publisher=American Cancer Society |year=2009 |isbn=978-0944235713 |veditors=Russell J, Rovere A |edition=2nd |page=[https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse/page/170 170]|chapter=Bodywork|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse|chapter-url-access=registration}} is recognized as pseudoscience{{citation |author=Cordón, LA |encyclopedia=Popular Psychology: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uy1gmwcAgg4C&pg=PA218 |date= 2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32457-4 |pages=217–18 |title=Rolfing }}: "The idea of vital energy... does not correspond to known facts of how the human body operates. Similarly, there is absolutely no support in psychological literature for the idea of traumatic experiences being repressed in the form of muscle memory, and so the basic ideas of Rolfing certainly fall into the category of pseudoscience." and is generally characterized as quackery.

It is based on Rolf's ideas about how the human body's "energy field" can benefit when aligned with the Earth's gravitational field.{{cite book|author=Ida P. Rolf, Ph.D.|title=Rolfing and Physical Reality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sndnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|year= 1990|orig-year=1978|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-1-62055-338-1|page=27,31|quote="This is the gospel of Rolfing: When the body gets working appropriately, the force of gravity can flow through. Then, spontaneously, the body heals itself."}}

Rolfing is typically delivered as a series of ten hands-on physical manipulation sessions sometimes called "the recipe". Practitioners combine superficial and deep manual therapy with movement prompts. The process is sometimes painful. The safety of Rolfing has not been confirmed. The principles of Rolfing contradict established medical knowledge,{{cite book |title=Negotiating Disease: Power and Cancer Care, 1900–1950 |year=2001 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |page=63 |author=Clow B|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pFyee0XcIfoC&pg=PA63 |quote=Before we explore medical reactions to therapeutic innovations in this era, we must stop to consider the meaning of 'alternative medicine' in this context. Often scholars use the term to denote systems of healing that are philosophically as well as therapeutically distinct from regular medicine: homeopathy, reflexology, rolfing, macrobiotics, and spiritual healing, to name a few, embody interpretations of health, illness, and healing that are not only different from, but also at odds with conventional medical opinion.|isbn=978-0773522107 }} and there is no good evidence Rolfing is effective for the treatment of any health condition.

Conceptual basis

Professor of Complementary Medicine Edzard Ernst has offered this definition: "Rolfing is a system of bodywork invented by Ida Pauline Rolf (1896–1979) employing deep manipulation of the body's soft tissue allegedly to realign and balance the body's myofascial structures."{{cite book |author=Ernst E |author-link=Edzard Ernst |publisher=Springer |title=Alternative Medicine – A Critical Assessment of 150 Modalities |isbn=978-3-030-12600-1 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-12601-8 |year=2019 |pages=192–193|s2cid=34148480 }} Rolfing is based on the unproven belief that such alignment results in improved movement,{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Tracey A. |title=Rolfing |journal=Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America |date=2004 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=799–809, vi |doi=10.1016/j.pmr.2004.03.008 |pmid=15458753}} breathing, pain reduction, stress reduction, and emotional changes.

Rolf described the body as organized around an axis perpendicular to the earth, pulled downward by gravity, and she believed the function of the body was optimal when it was aligned with that pull. In her view, gravity tends to shorten fascia, leading to disorder of the body's arrangement around its axis and creating imbalance, inefficiency in movement, and pain.{{Cite book |title=Therapeutic Exercise for Musculoskeletal Injuries |last=Houglum |first=Peggy |publisher=Human Kinetics |year=2016 |isbn=978-0736075954 |edition=4th|pages=432–34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVcvDAAAQBAJ |quote=Dr. Rolf based her techniques on the realization that fascia surrounded all tissue and body structures, so it also influenced those tissues and structures when it is modified. She observed that the body centers on a vertical line of pull created by gravity. It was her theory that the body is most efficient and healthy when it can function in an aligned and balanced arrangement. With gravity's continuing pull, stresses and injuries occur to pull the body out of its normal alignment; imbalance occurs and causes the body to become painful, malaligned, and inefficient. Rolf's philosophy and techniques focus on improving the body's posture so all functions including breathing, flexibility, strength, and coordination are optimally efficient.}} Rolfers aim to lengthen the fascia in order to restore the body's arrangement around its axis and facilitate improved movement. Rolf also discussed this in terms of "energy" and said:

Rolfers make a life study of relating bodies and their fields to the earth and its gravity field, and we so organize the body that the gravity field can reinforce the body's energy field. This is our primary concept.{{cite book|last=Rolf|first=Ida P.|title=Rolfing and Physical Reality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sndnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|year=1990|orig-year=1978|publisher=Healing Arts Press|isbn=978-1-62055-338-1|page=86}}

The manipulation is sometimes referred to as a type of bodywork, or as a type of massage.{{cite book |last= Levine |first= Andrew |year= 1998 |title= The Bodywork and Massage Sourcebook |url= https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_k8j9 |url-access= registration |publisher= Lowell House |pages= [https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_k8j9/page/209 209–34] |isbn= 978-0737300987}}{{cite book |last= Cassar |first= Mario-Paul |year= 2004 |title= Handbook of Clinical Massage: A Complete Guide for Students and Practitioners |url= https://archive.org/details/handbookclinical00cass |url-access= limited |edition= 2nd |publisher= Churchill Livingstone |pages= [https://archive.org/details/handbookclinical00cass/page/n55 48]–49 |isbn= 978-0443073496 }}{{cite book|url=http://librarum.org/book/22665/154|title=The Gale Encyclopedia Of Mental Disorders|publisher=Gale|year=2003|isbn=978-0787657697|editor1-last=Thackery|editor1-first=Ellyn|page=[http://librarum.org/book/22665/154 153–57]|editor2-last=Harris|editor2-first=Madeline|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050455/http://librarum.org/book/22665/154|archive-date=8 August 2014}} Some osteopaths were influenced by Rolf,{{cite book |editor= Stillerman E |date= 2016 |edition= 2nd |title= Modalities for Massage and Bodywork |publisher=Elsevier |pages= 152, 370 |isbn= 978-0323239318|author=Riggs A |chapter=Myofascial Release|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pi9yBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152}} and some of her students became teachers of massage, including one of the founders of myofascial release.{{cite book |last= Knaster |first= Mirka |year= 1996 |title= Discovering the Body's Wisdom: A Comprehensive Guide to More Than Fifty Mind-Body Practices |url= https://archive.org/details/discoveringbodys00knas |url-access= limited |publisher= Bantam |pages= [https://archive.org/details/discoveringbodys00knas/page/195 188, 195]–208 |isbn= 978-0307575500}}

Rolf claimed to have found an association between emotions and the soft tissue: "Rolfing is not primarily a psychotherapeutic approach to the problems of humans, but [...] many people insist on so regarding it. Rolfing is an approach to the personality through the myofascial collagen components of the physical body."Ida Rolf quoted in {{cite book |editor=Rosemary Feitis |title=Rolfing and Physical Reality |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-7mtgps33gEC&pg=PA27 |year=1990 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-0-89281-380-3 |pages=26–27 |chapter=Introduction}} She claimed Rolfing could balance the mental and emotional aspects of subjects and that "the amazing psychological changes that appeared in Rolfed individuals were completely unexpected." Rolfers suggest their manipulations can cause the release of painful repressed memories. Rolfers also hold that by manipulating the body they can bring about changes in personality; for example, teaching somebody to walk with confidence will make them a more confident person.{{cite book |author=Roeckelein JE |title=Elsevier's Dictionary of Psychological Theories |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Yn6NZgxvssC&pg=PA530 |year=2006 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-046064-2 |page=530 |chapter=Rolfing}} The connection between physical structure and psychology has not been proven by scientific studies.{{cite book |title= The Skeptic's Dictionary |chapter= Rolfing |chapter-url= http://www.skepdic.com/rolfing |year=2014 |last= Carroll |first= Robert Todd |publisher= Wiley |author-link= Robert Todd Carroll |edition= Online |access-date= 2014-03-03 |isbn= 978-0471272427}}

Technique

Rolfing is typically performed in ten sessions, sometimes called "the recipe", which claim to reorganize the body's connective tissues.{{cite journal |author=Myers TW |title=Structural integration—developments in Ida Rolf's 'Recipe'—I |journal=Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies |volume=8 |issue=2 |year=2004 |pages=131–42 |issn=1360-8592 |doi=10.1016/S1360-8592(03)00088-3}}{{cite web |author= |title=What is Rolfing Structural Integration? |url=https://www.rolf.org/rolfing.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328160654/http://www.rolf.org/rolfingreg.php |archive-date=2016-03-28 |access-date=2016-07-13 |publisher=Rolf Institute of Structural Integration |quote="Named after its founder, Dr. Ida P. Rolf, Rolfing Structural Integration is a form of bodywork that reorganizes the connective tissues, called fascia, that permeate the entire body."}}{{cite book |title=Contemporary Medical-Surgical Nursing |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2011 |isbn=978-1439058664 |editor1-last=Daniels |editor1-first=Rick |edition=2nd |volume=1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-tmHtnxutW4C&pg=PA306 306] |chapter=Ch. 14: Complementary and Alternative Therapies |ref={{SfnRef|Daniels & Nicoll|2011}} |editor2-last=Nicoll |editor2-first=Leslie}} The first three sessions focus on superficial tissues, the next four focus on deeper tissues and specifically the pelvis, and the final sessions address the whole body.{{cite book |last= Deutsch |first= Judith E. |chapter= The Ida Rolf Method of Structural Integration |editor-first= Judith E. |editor-last= Deutsch |year= 2008 |title= Complementary Therapies for Physical Therapy: A Clinical Decision-Making Approach |publisher= Saunders |pages= 266–67 |isbn= 978-0721601113 }} A session typically lasts between 60 and 90 minutes. The recipient wears undergarments{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/controversiesinp00myrn|url-access=registration|title=Controversies in the Practice of Medicine|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2001|isbn=978-0-313-31131-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/controversiesinp00myrn/page/202 202]|quote=Practitioners suggest pent-up mental anguish tied to initial traumatic event or subsequent chronic pain is released as the fascias become more pliable.|vauthors=Goldstein MC, Goldstein MA}} and moves between the positions of lying on a table, sitting, and standing. Rolfing treatments can be painful and cause soreness.

Effectiveness and reception

Because of its dependence on vitalistic concepts and its unevidenced propositions about the connection between physical manipulation and psychology, Rolfing is classified as a pseudoscience, and is generally seen as quackery.{{cite book | vauthors=Balogun JA| title=The Nigerian Healthcare System | chapter=The Spectrum of Complementary and Alternative Medicine | publisher=Springer International Publishing | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-030-88862-6 | doi=10.1007/978-3-030-88863-3_6 | url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-88863-3_6 | page=153–212}}

Writing for Science-Based Medicine, lawyer Jann Bellamy writes that in the United States of America the public is inadequately protected from bodywork practices such as Rolfing because of the lack of independent oversight; instead regulation is carried out within a "closed loop" system by such bodies as the National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork.{{cite web|author=Jann Bellamy|date=17 September 2015|title=Massage Therapy rubs me the wrong way|url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/massage-therapy-rubs-me-the-wrong-way/|publisher=Science-Based Medicine}} Note in the US the Rolf Institute is approved by the National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork as a continuing education provider; see: {{cite web|title=Legal Information|url=https://rolf.org/legal.php|access-date=4 June 2020|publisher=Dr. Ida Rolf Institute}} In 2015 the Australian Government's Department of Health published a review of 17 alternative therapies, including Rolfing, which concluded no clear evidence of effectiveness was found.{{Cite web |last=Baggoley C |year=2015 |title=Review of the Australian Government Rebate on Natural Therapies for Private Health Insurance |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/0E9129B3574FCA53CA257BF0001ACD11/$File/Natural%20Therapies%20Overview%20Report%20Final%20with%20copyright%2011%20March.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626024750/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/0E9129B3574FCA53CA257BF0001ACD11/$File/Natural%20Therapies%20Overview%20Report%20Final%20with%20copyright%2011%20March.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2016 |access-date=12 December 2015 |publisher=Australian Government – Department of Health |df=dmy-all}}

{{lay source |template=cite web |author=Gavura, S. |date=19 November 2015 |title=Australian review finds no benefit to 17 natural therapies |url=https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/australian-review-finds-no-benefit-to-17-natural-therapies |website=Science-Based Medicine}} Accordingly, in 2017, the Australian government named Rolfing as a practice that would not qualify for insurance subsidy, to ensure the best use of insurance funds.{{cite journal |title=Homeopathy, naturopathy struck off private insurance list |author=Paola S |date=17 October 2017 |journal=Australian Journal of Pharmacy |url=https://ajp.com.au/news/homeopathy-naturopathy-struck-off-private-insurance-list/}} Proponents of Rolfing claim it can be used to alleviate pain.{{cite book|author=Rosemary Thompson|title=Counseling Techniques: Improving Relationships with Others, Ourselves, Our Families, and Our Environment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8JzCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-61441-7|pages=67–}} However, Rolfing's focus on appropriate "alignment" of structures of the body does not reflect modern science about pain.{{cite book|last1=Ernst|first1=Edzard|last2=Pittler|first2=Max|last3=Wider|first3=Barbara|title=Complementary Therapies for Pain Management: An Evidence-Based Approach|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|location=Moseby|isbn=978-0-7234-3400-9|page=150|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9oES85plfgC&q=complementary+therapies+for+pain+management|access-date=18 January 2018}}{{cite journal|last1=Moseley|first1=G. Lorimer|title=Reconceptualising pain according to modern pain science|journal=Physical Therapy Reviews|volume=12|issue=3|year=2013|pages=169–78|issn=1083-3196|doi=10.1179/108331907X223010|s2cid=4248150}}

The American Cancer Society says the deep soft tissue manipulations such as those used in Rolfing are a concern if practiced on people with cancer near tumor sites.

In 2010 The New York Times reported that Rolfing was enjoying a "resurgence" following an endorsement from Mehmet Oz on The Oprah Winfrey Show.{{cite news|author=Considine A|date=6 October 2010|title=Rolfing, Excruciatingly Helpful|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/07/fashion/07rolfing.html}}

In 2019 a taxonomy of "internet scams" identified Rolfing as having been used for deceptive claims about alleviating gastrointestinal problems by "restructuring" muscle tissue.{{cite journal |vauthors=Garrett B, Murphy S, Jamal S, MacPhee M, Reardon J, Cheung W, Mallia E, Jackson C |title=Internet health scams-Developing a taxonomy and risk-of-deception assessment tool |journal=Health Soc Care Community |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=226–240 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30187977 |doi=10.1111/hsc.12643 |s2cid=52164834 |display-authors=5|doi-access=free }}

History

Ida Rolf began working on clients in New York City in the 1940s with the premise that the human structure could be organized "in relation to gravity". She developed structural integration with one of her sons and by the 1950s she was teaching her work across the United States.{{cite book |last=Salvo |first=Susan G. |title=Massage Therapy: Principles and Practice |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |year=2012 |isbn=978-1437719772 |edition=4th |page=423}} In the mid-1960s she began teaching at Esalen Institute, where she gathered a loyal following of students and practitioners.{{cite book|last=Riggs|first=Art|editor=Elaine Stillerman|title=Modalities for Massage and Bodywork|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pi9yBgAAQBAJ|edition=2nd|year=2014|publisher=Mosby |isbn=978-0-323-26079-4|page=153|chapter=9}} Esalen was the epicenter of the Human Potential Movement, allowing Rolf to exchange ideas with many of their leaders, including Fritz Perls.{{cite book|last1=Perls|first1=Frederick|title=In and Out of the Garbage Pail|date=1969|publisher=Real People Press|isbn=978-0911226041|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux4pAQAAMAAJ&q=Esalen}} Rolf incorporated a number of ideas from other areas including osteopathic manipulation, cranial osteopathy, hatha yoga, and the general semantics of Alfred Korzybski.{{cite journal |vauthors=Jacobson E |title=Structural integration: origins and development |journal=J Altern Complement Med |volume=17 |issue=9 |pages=775–80 |year=2011 |pmid=21875349 |pmc=3162380 |doi=10.1089/acm.2011.0001 |type=Historical article}} In 1971 she founded the Rolf Institute of Structural Integration.{{cite web |url= http://kepler.sos.ca.gov |title= Business Search (search for 'Rolf Institute') |publisher= Secretary of State, CA |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150315010639/http://kepler.sos.ca.gov/ |archive-date= 2015-03-15 }} The school has been based in Boulder, Colorado, since 1972, and as of 2010 included five institutes worldwide.{{Cite book|title=Therapeutic Exercise for Musculoskeletal Injuries|last=Houglum|first=Peggy|publisher=Human Kinetics|year=2010|isbn=978-0736075954|edition=3rd|pages=174–75|quote=She eventually opened a school in Boulder, Colorado, The Rolf Institute; there are now five institutes around the world teaching what is now known as Rolfing.}}

The field of Structural Integration

Since Rolf's death, the field of Structural Integration has branched into various schools. Of these schools, the Rolf Institute is the only one with the use of the trademarked terms "Rolfing" and "Certified Rolfer". Other programs of Structural Integration certify "Practitioners of the Rolf Method of Structural Integration" including the Guild for Structural Integration,{{cite book |last= Claire |first= Thomas |year= 1995 |title= Bodywork: What Type of Massage to Get and How to Make the Most of It |url= https://archive.org/details/bodywork00thom |url-access= registration |publisher= William Morrow and Co. |pages= [https://archive.org/details/bodywork00thom/page/40 40–56] |isbn= 978-1591202325}} Hellerwork Structural Integration, Aston Patterning, SOMA, KMI, and a dozen other Structural Integration programs. A professional membership organization exists called the International Association of Structural Integration, which has certified practitioners by exam since 2007.

In some states such as New Hampshire and Nevada, there is a separate license for SI.{{cite web |title=Reflexologists, Structural Integrators, and Asian Bodywork Therapists |url=https://www.oplc.nh.gov/reflexology/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016183830/https://www.oplc.nh.gov/reflexology/index.htm |archive-date=16 October 2020 |publisher=Office of Professional Licensure and Certification, State of New Hampshire |access-date=2 July 2023}}{{cite web |title=Applicants: Structural Integration Educational Requirements |url=https://massagetherapy.nv.gov/Applicants/Applicant_Home/ |publisher=Nevada State Board of Massage Therapy |access-date=2 July 2023}} Internationally, some countries have a Board of Health that regulates bodywork while others don't. Four Canadian provinces require licensure for bodywork practitioners.{{cite web |title=Massage Therapy License Requirements by State | State Regulations & License Requirements |url=https://www.massagemag.com/laws/ |department=Laws and Legislation |magazine=Massage |access-date=15 February 2021 |date=12 February 2014 }} Switzerland has separate licensure for complementary therapies including Structural Integration.{{cite web |url=https://www.oda-kt.ch/methoden/ |publisher=Organisation der Arbeitswelt KomplementärTherapie OdA KT |access-date=15 February 2021|title=Organisation der Arbeitswelt KomplementärTherapie OdA KT : Methoden der KomplementärTherapie }}

References

External links

[http://www.rolf.org/ Rolf Institute website]

Category:Alternative medical treatments

Category:Manual therapy

Category:Massage therapy

Category:Pseudoscience

Category:Somatics