Roll Out Solar Array#Applications
{{Short description|Spacecraft solar panels}}
File:View of the ISS taken during Crew-2 flyaround (ISS066-E-080651).jpg flyaround|299x299px]]
File:ISS new iROSA deployed.jpg
File:ISS-52 Roll Out Solar Array (ROSA) (4).jpg
The Roll Out Solar Array (ROSA) and its larger version ISS Roll Out Solar Array (iROSA) are lightweight, flexible power sources for spacecraft designed and developed by Redwire.{{cite news|title=Redwire acquires Deployable Space Systems|newspaper=SpaceNews |author=Debra Werner|date=23 February 2021|url=https://spacenews.com/redwire-acquires-deployable-space-systems|access-date=16 December 2021}}
This new type of solar array provides much more energy than traditional solar arrays at much less mass.{{cite web|last1=Rory Barrett|first1=Douglas Campbell|title=Development of a Passively Deployed Roll-Out Solar Array|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHt_AQAACAAJ&q=%22Roll+Out+Solar+Array%22|publisher=Defense Technical Information Center, 2006}} Traditional solar panels used to power satellites are bulky, with heavy panels folded together using mechanical hinges. Given a space-bound payload is limited in its mass and volume by necessity, ROSA is 20 percent lighter (with a mass of {{convert|325|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}){{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/spacex_crs-11_mission_overview.pdf |title=SpaceX CRS-11 Mission Overview |publisher=NASA |access-date=3 June 2017}} and one-fourth the volume of rigid panel arrays with the same performance.{{cite web|title=Converting Sunlight into Electricity: Deployable Space Systems Inc|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-485987901.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306022835/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-485987901.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2018|access-date=1 December 2016}}
ROSA is a flexible and rollable solar array that operates the same way a measuring tape unwinds on its spool. The new solar array design rolls up to form a compact cylinder for launch with significantly less mass and volume, potentially offering substantial cost savings as well as an increase in power for satellites. ROSA has a center wing made of a flexible material which support the strings of photovoltaic cells that produce electricity. Both the sides of the wing have a narrow arm that extends through the length of the wing to provide support to the array, called a high strain composite boom. The booms look like split tubes made of a stiff composite material, flattened and rolled up lengthwise. The array does not need any motor to unfurl. This is achieved using the potential energy stored in the booms that is released as each boom transitions from a coil shape to a straight support arm. The solar wings are then deployed due to strain energy in rolled booms that are present at the two ends of the structure.
Patent
Brian R. Spence and Stephen F. White were the first persons to patent the idea of the Roll Out Solar Array on January 21, 2010.{{cite web|title=Directionally controlled elastically deployable roll-out solar array|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8683755|website=www.google/patents|access-date=1 April 2014}} They received a patent for this work on April 1, 2014.
History on ISS
= ROSA test mission =
file:ISS roll out solar array in the SSPF.jpg
NASA tested the ROSA technology in vacuum chambers on Earth throughout the 2010s and, satisfied by the promising results, commenced to test it in space on June 18 of 2017. ROSA launched aboard SpaceX CRS-11 on 3 June. Over the weekend of June 17–18, 2017, engineers on the ground remotely operated the International Space Station's robotic Canadarm2 to extract the Roll Out Solar Array (ROSA) experiment from the SpaceX Dragon resupply ship. After the observation the mechanism was not planned to be retrieved back to earth. The solar array unfurled June 18, extending by tensioning booms on both sides of the 1.6-meter-wide wing.{{cite news|last1=Clark|first1=Stephen|title=Prototype solar array jettisoned as Dragon capsule prepares for trip home|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2017/06/30/prototype-solar-array-jettisoned-as-dragon-capsule-prepares-for-trip-home/|access-date=8 February 2018|publisher=SpaceFlightNow|date=30 June 2017}} NASA decided to conduct continuous tests for a week and observe its consequences. Engineers observed the behavior of the solar array as it was exposed to extreme temperature swings through the ISS's orbit. Vibrations and oscillations were also mechanically introduced to assess the array's response to structural loads.{{cite web|last1=Mathewson|first1=Samantha|title=NASA Tests Flexible Roll-Out Solar Array on Space Station|url=https://www.space.com/37250-roll-out-solar-arrays-on-space-station.html|website=space.com|date=20 June 2017|access-date=20 June 2017}} Subsequent to the experiments, ground controllers were unable to lock the solar panel in its stowed configuration. The solar array was therefore jettisoned from the International Space Station on June 30, following the 12-day test.{{cite web|title=Jettison of ROSA|url=https://www.space.com/37320-rosa-roll-out-solar-array-jettisoned.html|website=space.com|date=27 June 2017|access-date=27 June 2017}}
=iROSA 2B/4B=
File:ISS-65 An iROSA in the grip of the Canadarm2 robotic arm.jpg
In June 2021, two new solar iROSA panels were installed on the International Space Station's P6 truss mast cans.{{cite web|last=agencies|first=Guardian staff and|date=2021-06-21|title=ISS astronauts complete six-hour spacewalk to install solar panels|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jun/21/international-space-station-astronauts-complete-six-hour-spacewalk-to-install-solar-panels|access-date=2021-06-23|website=the Guardian|language=en}} The two operations took six hours each to complete and were carried out on three spacewalks by astronauts Shane Kimbrough and Thomas Pesquet.{{cite web|last=Strickland|first=Ashley|publisher=Time Warner|website=CNN|title=Astronauts install new solar panels in 6-hour spacewalk on International Space Station|date=20 June 2021|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/20/world/nasa-spacewalk-sunday-solar-arrays-scn/index.html|access-date=2 July 2021}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalacademies.org/documents/embed/link/LF2255DA3DD1C41C0A42D3BEF0989ACAECE3053A6A9B/file/D0CE42612418D93FC850A8B8383F306148EC43CCAE2D|title=Current and Future Operations and Challenges with International Space Station|work=ISS Program Office|publisher=NASA|date=15 Oct 2020|access-date=2 July 2021|format=PDF|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504134825/https://www.nationalacademies.org/documents/embed/link/LF2255DA3DD1C41C0A42D3BEF0989ACAECE3053A6A9B/file/D0CE42612418D93FC850A8B8383F306148EC43CCAE2D|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|last=Clark|first=Stephen|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/06/03/spacex-supply-ship-launches-on-mission-to-begin-upgrading-space-station-electrical-grid/ |title=SpaceX cargo ship launches on mission to upgrade space station electrical grid|publisher=Spaceflight Now|date=3 June 2021|access-date=2 July 2021}}{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/spacewalking-astronauts-deploy-second-space-station-solar-array|last=Pearlman|first=Robert Z.|title=Spacewalking astronauts deploy second new solar array for space station|date=25 June 2021|website=Space.com|publisher=Future US Inc|access-date=26 June 2021}} The new arrays were intended to give the station a total of 120 kilowatts of additional augmented power during daytime orbit.{{update after|2022|7|2}}
=iROSA 3A/4A=
On 3 December 2022, Expedition 68 crew members Josh Cassada and Frank Rubio installed an iROSA at Array 3A on the S4 truss segment and connected it to the US power system. The spacewalkers undid bolts and installed cables and at 17:37 GMT the array was deployed and is receiving power. As part of get-ahead tasks, they prepared the 4A array on the P4 truss segment for the next spacewalk, demated the 1B array on the S6 segment, broke torque on the P4 electronics boxes, and installed cables along the truss to be mated at the end of the fifth spacewalk of the expedition.{{Cite web |last=Dodson |first=Gerelle |date=2022-11-03 |title=NASA to Provide Coverage of Preview Briefing, US Spacewalks |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-to-provide-coverage-of-preview-briefing-us-spacewalks |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=NASA}} The spacewalk faced a delay when Cassada's suit did not power up. Troubleshooting steps were carried out and power was restored to Cassada's suit so they could continue the spacewalk. Nick Hague was ground support communicator for the spacewalk.{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first= Mark |title=Spacewalkers Exit Station to Install Roll-Out Solar Array |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2022/12/03/spacewalkers-exit-station-to-install-roll-out-solar-array/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |date= 3 December 2022 |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first= Mark |title=Spacewalkers Complete New Solar Array Installation on Station |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2022/12/03/spacewalkers-complete-new-solar-array-installation-on-station/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |date= 3 December 2022 |language=en-US}} On 22 December 2022, during Cassada and Rubio's next spacewalk, the other iROSA was installed on top of the old 4A solar array.{{cite web | last=Pearlman | first=Robert Z. | title=NASA astronauts unfurl 4th roll-out solar array on spacewalk outside space station | website=Space.com | date=22 December 2022 | url=https://www.space.com/astronauts-spacewalk-international-space-station-fourth-solar-array-deployed | access-date=23 December 2022}}
=iROSA 1A/1B=
On 9 June 2023, NASA astronauts Steve Bowen and Warren Hoburg exited the station’s Quest airlock and installed an upgraded iROSA on the 1A power channel on the S4 truss section of the station. Bowen and Hoburg removed bolts, deployed the rollers, and installed cables before Hoburg picked up the solar array with assistance from Canadarm2. The two astronauts then installed it on the 1A solar array on the S4 Truss. The array was deployed at 16:32 UTC and was reported to be receiving power.{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Mark |date=2023-06-09 |title=NASA Astronauts Begin Spacewalk to Install Solar Array |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2023/06/09/nasa-astronauts-begin-spacewalk-to-install-solar-array-2/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first= Mark |date=2023-06-09 |title=NASA Spacewalkers Complete Solar Array Installation |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2023/06/09/nasa-spacewalkers-complete-solar-array-installation/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US}} On 15 June 2023, during Bowen and Hoburg's next spacewalk, the other iROSA was installed on top of the old 1B solar array on the S6 truss section.{{cite web | title=Astronauts install new roll-out solar array outside International Space Station – Spaceflight Now | website=Spaceflight Now |last=Clark|first=Stephen| date=June 9, 2023 | url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2023/06/09/us-eva-87-coverage/ | access-date=June 10, 2023}}{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Mark |date=2023-06-15 |title=Astronauts Begin Spacewalk to Install Roll-Out Solar Array |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2023/06/15/astronauts-begin-spacewalk-to-install-roll-out-solar-array/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}
=iROSA 2A/3B=
Applications
Over time, the photovoltaic cells on the ISS' existing Solar Array Wings on the Integrated Truss Structure have degraded gradually, having been designed for a 15-year service life. This is especially noticeable with the first arrays to launch, with the P6 and P4 Trusses in 2000 and 2006.
To augment the wings, three pairs of scaled-up versions known as iROSA launched in the trunks of the SpaceX Dragon 2 cargo version from early June 2021 to early June 2023, aboard SpaceX CRS-22, CRS-26, and CRS-28.{{cite web |last=Clark|first=Stephen| title=SpaceX launches Dragon cargo ship to deliver new solar arrays to space station – Spaceflight Now | website=Spaceflight Now – The leading source for online space news | date=26 November 2022 | url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/11/26/spacex-launches-dragon-cargo-ship-to-deliver-new-solar-arrays-to-space-station/ | access-date=28 November 2022}} A fourth pair will be launched in 2025.{{cite web | last=Davenport | first=Justin | title=ISS finishes initial iROSA upgrade with two EVAs this month | website=NASASpaceFlight.com | date=June 15, 2023 | url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/06/iss_irosa_roundup/ | access-date=June 18, 2023}} These arrays, half the width of the existing wings, are intended to be deployed along the central part of the wings between half and two-thirds of their length, and their planes are canted at a 10° angle above the plane of the existing solar array wings.{{cite web|last=Garcia|first=Mark|date=11 January 2021|access-date=26 April 2021|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-solar-arrays-to-power-nasa-s-international-space-station-research|title=New Solar Arrays to Power NASA's International Space Station Research|publisher=NASA|archive-date=24 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524212434/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-solar-arrays-to-power-nasa-s-international-space-station-research/|url-status=dead}}{{PD-notice}}
Work to install iROSA's support brackets on the P6 truss mast cans holding the Solar Array Wings was initiated by the crew members of Expedition 64 in late February 2021.{{cite web|url=http://www.spacefacts.de/iss/english/exp_64.htm|title=Expedition 64 Information Page|date=10 May 2021|access-date=17 June 2021|publisher=Spacefacts.de}} After the first pair of arrays were delivered in early June, a spacewalk on 16 June by members Shane Kimbrough and Thomas Pesquet of Expedition 65 to place one iROSA array on the 2B power channel and mast can of the P6 truss{{cite web|last=Garcia|first=Mark|date=16 June 2021|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2021/06/16/spacewalk-to-install-first-new-solar-array-concluded/|title=Spacewalk to Install First New Solar Array Concluded|access-date=17 June 2021|publisher=NASA}}{{PD-notice}} was successful until a spacesuit computer malfunctioned and the iROSA encountered technical problems with deployment, resulting in the spacewalk being cut short early, having lasted 7 hours and 15 minutes.{{cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/space/hardware-spacesuit-difficulties-stall-ambitious-iss-spacewalk|title=Hardware, Spacesuit Difficulties Stall Ambitious ISS Spacewalk|date=17 June 2021|access-date=17 June 2021|work=Aviation Week|publisher=Informa Markets}}{{cite web|date=17 June 2021|access-date=17 June 2021|url=http://www.spacefacts.de/iss/english/exp_65.htm|title=Expedition 65 Information Page|publisher=Spacefacts.de}} Two more spacewalks, on 20 and 25 June and lasting between 6 hours 28 minutes and 6 hours 45 minutes, saw Kimbrough and Pesquet complete the first iROSA's deployment as well as the installation and deployment of the second iROSA on the 4B power channel and mast can.
The second pair of iROSA assemblies were installed later with one of them on the P4 Truss. Astronauts Akihiko Hoshide and Mark Vande Hei of Expedition 65 were slated to carry out the preceding bracket installation on 24 August 2021.{{cite web|title=Upcoming NASA Live Events|url=https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/nasatv/schedule.html|date=23 August 2021|access-date=23 August 2021|publisher=NASA}}{{Needs update|date=August 2021}} It was postponed to September after Vande Hei encountered "minor medical issues".{{cite web|last=staff|first=Associated Press of New York|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/aug/24/nasa-delays-iss-spacewalk-due-to-astronauts-medical-issue|title=NASA delays ISS spacewalk due to astronaut's medical issue|date=24 August 2021|website=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News and Media Ltd|access-date=27 August 2021}} He was replaced by Thomas Pesquet. The spacewalk began on 12 September 2021 and lasted 6 hours and 45 minutes.{{cite web|last=Harwood|first=William|title=Spacewalkers carry out space station power upgrades|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/international-space-station-power-system-astronauts-spacewalk-today-2021-09-12/|date=12 September 2021|access-date=27 September 2021|website=CBS News|publisher=ViacomCBS}} The second pair of arrays were launched aboard SpaceX CRS-26 on 26 November 2022. On 3 December 2022, Expedition 68 crew members Josh Cassada and Frank Rubio began a spacewalk to install the arrays at their final locations, at the 3A power channel and mast can on the S4 segment, and the 4A power channel and mast can on the P4 segment.{{cite web |last=Garcia|first=Marcia|title=Spacewalkers Complete New Solar Array Installation on Station | website=NASA Blogs | date=3 December 2022 | url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2022/12/03/spacewalkers-complete-new-solar-array-installation-on-station/ | access-date=4 December 2022}}{{cite web | title=Astronauts install new solar array outside International Space Station – Spaceflight Now |last=Clark|first=Stephen| website=Spaceflight Now – The leading source for online space news | date=3 December 2022 | url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/12/03/iss-eva-82/ | access-date=4 December 2022}} They completed the installation on 22 December.
The third pair of arrays were launched aboard SpaceX CRS-28 on 5 June 2023.{{cite web |last=Baylor |first=Michael |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/5345 |title=Falcon 9 Block 5 - SpX CRS-28 |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=Next Spaceflight}}{{cite web|title=SpaceX Launches - CRS-28 Mission|url=https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=crs-28|website=SpaceX|access-date=February 23, 2025}} On 9 June 2023, Expedition 69 crew members Stephen Bowen and Warren Hoburg began a spacewalk to install the arrays at their final locations, at the 1A power channel and mast can on the S4 segment, and at the 1B power channel and mast can on the S6 segment.{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Mark |date=2023-06-09 |title=NASA Spacewalkers Complete Solar Array Installation |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2023/06/09/nasa-spacewalkers-complete-solar-array-installation/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US}} They completed the installation on 15 June. The last pair of iROSAs, the seventh and eighth, are planned to be installed on the 2A and 3B power channels on the P4 and S6 truss segments in 2025.
File:DART satellite draco view.png
The Power and Propulsion Element of Lunar Gateway and the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission used ROSA technology to power its solar electric propulsion.
The ROSA on DART enabled the spacecraft to navigate through space and reach the Didymos asteroid system. The flexible and rollable modular wings were lighter, more compact and stiffer in space and smaller than iROSA. Each array slowly unfurled to reach 28 feet (8.53 m) in length. DART was the first probe to fly the new arrays, paving the way for their use on future missions. Redwire delivered ROSA to APL in May 2021 and worked closely with the APL team for some weeks to carefully install them onto the spacecraft. The installation was completed on 13 August 2021.{{cite web|last=Talbert|first=Tricia|date=2021-08-11|title=DART Gets Its Wings with Innovative Solar Array Technology and Camera|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/dart-gets-its-wings-spacecraft-integrated-with-innovative-solar-array-technology-and-camera|access-date=2021-08-13|website=NASA}}
File:Transformational Solar Array experiment on DART's Roll Out Solar Array (ROSA).png
A small portion of each DART solar array is configured to demonstrate Transformational Solar Array technology, which has very-high-efficiency SolAero Inverted Metamorphic Multijunction (IMM) solar cells and reflective concentrators providing three times more power than current solar array technology.{{Citation|title=Behind the Scenes: Inspecting DART's Roll-Out Solar Array (ROSA) Technology| date=12 August 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmSdzC93H7c|language=en|access-date=2021-08-13}}{{cite web|title=DART has a solar array experiment called transformational solar array on its roll out solar array panel|url=https://dart.jhuapl.edu/Mission/Impactor-Spacecraft.php|access-date=2021-08-13|website=dart.jhuapl.edu}}
This ROSA technology was later extended for commercial applications, first customer being Ovzon. Their satellite was Maxar Technologies-built Ovzon-3 that was successfully launched on a Falcon 9 rocket on 3 January 2024 to a Geostationary transfer orbit.{{Cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=Redwire Roll-Out Solar Arrays Successfully Deployed on First Commercial GEO Satellite for Maxar's Ovzon 3 Mission |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240110642277/en/Redwire-Roll-Out-Solar-Arrays-Successfully-Deployed-on-First-Commercial-GEO-Satellite-for-Maxar%E2%80%99s-Ovzon-3-Mission |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}} Later, the solar arrays were deployed on 10 January 2024.{{Cite web |last=Rainbow |first=Jason |date=2024-01-10 |title=Ovzon 3 successfully deploys solar arrays in geostationary orbit |url=https://spacenews.com/ovzon-3-successfully-deploys-solar-arrays-in-geostationary-orbit/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}
Missions
File:SpaceX_CRS-11_Patch.png|SpaceX CRS-11 mission patch {{efn|ROSA test mission}}
File:KSC-20170603-PH AWG06 0008 (35119281635, cropped).jpg|CRS-11 Launch
File:SpaceX CRS-22 Patch.png|SpaceX CRS-22 Patch {{efn|1st iROSA Mission}}
File:Spacewalk emblem iROSA 2B 4B.png|ISS iROSA 2B and 4B patch mission patch
File:Launch of SpaceX CRS-22 (KSC-20210603-PH-AWG01 0008).jpg|CRS-22 launch
Double Asteroid Redirection Test
File:DART Mission Patch.png|Dart Mission patch {{efn|1st heliocentric mission by ROSA and test mission of Transformational Solar Array}}
File:Behind the Scenes Inspecting DART's Roll Out Solar Array ROSA Technology.webm| DART's Roll Out Solar Array (ROSA) development
File:Rosa for Dart Mission.jpg|ROSA ready to be installed on DART spacecraft
File:Rosa installed on spacecraft.jpg|Roll-Out Solar Arrays (ROSA) being installed on DART
File:DART Launch (NHQ202111230021).jpg|Dart Launch
File:SpaceX_CRS-26_Patch.png|SpaceX CRS-26 mission patch
File:SpaceX CRS-26 Liftoff, Remote Cam -4 (KSC-20221126-PH-KMO04 0024).jpeg|CRS-26 Launch
File:SpaceX CRS-28 Patch.png|SpaceX CRS-28 mission patch
File:NASA's SpX-28 Liftoff (KSC-20230605-PH-FMX01 0061).jpg|CRS-28 Launch
Falcon 9 OVZON-3 Launch (8189462).jpg|Ovzon-3 Launch
See also
References
{{reflist}}
{{notelist}}
- {{NASA|https://www.nasa.gov/feature/international-space-station-solar-arrays/}}
- {{NASA|https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/deployment-of-the-space-stations-roll-out-solar-array-experiment/}}
External links
{{Commons category|Roll-Out Solar Array (ROSA)}}
- [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Pm4MbIwRDw Deployment of experimental solar array on ISS]
- [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jATBbjU4IyA Jettisoning of solar array from the ISS]
- [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Pm4MbIwRDw Deployment of operational solar array on ISS, June 25, 2021]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Roll Out Solar Array}}