Roman assemblies
{{short description|Assemblies of the Roman people}}
{{Use British English |date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates |date=February 2025}}
The Roman assemblies were meetings of the Roman people duly convened by a magistrate. There were two general kinds of assemblies: a contio where a crowd was convened to hear speeches or statements from speakers without any further arrangements and a comitia where citizens were called and arranged into voting blocks.{{sfn|Lintott|1999|pp=42–43, noting that "[Concilium] might on occasion refer to assemblies of the whole people" and that it was used for emphasis on who was voting (eg plebs) rather than how (eg by tribes)}}
When called to enact legislation or make decisions, such as on guilt or war, citizens were in the historical period always divided into voting blocks. Citizens voted directly in these blocks, with a majority of the blocks determining the decision of the assembly; this system was directly democratic with no representatives. There were three kinds of voting blocks – curiae, centuriae, and tribus – giving rise, respectively, to the curiate, centuriate, and tribal assemblies. In the middle and late republics, only the centuriate and tribal assemblies were politically relevant.
The assemblies elected all magistrates during the Roman Republic. They also had plenary authority to make laws,{{sfn|Lintott|1999|p=40}} but only exercised this authority in accordance with procedures buttressed by Roman religious practices. Prior to a voting assembly, notice had to be given. On the day thereof, the presiding magistrate took auspices with the gods. When the people were summoned a prayer was conducted and the matter at hand introduced. Speakers invited by the presiding magistrate then could be given; citizens in the assembly had no presumptive right to participate except by listening to the proceedings. When the president called the people to vote, they did so by blocks with a result announced when a majority was reached.{{sfn|Lintott|1999|pp=40–41, 43–49}}
The curiate and centuriate assemblies date to the regal period. Their functions in this early period are poorly documented but mainly relate to the election on the Roman monarch. After the overthrow of the Roman monarchy (dated traditionally to 509 BC) the centuriate assembly is said to have elected the magistrates that would become the consuls, with the tribal assembly being formed shortly after the creation of the republic. The plebeian council, on the other hand, was formed and became coequal with the other assemblies over the course of the Conflict of the Orders. The fall of the republic did not mean that the assemblies stopped to meet. However, their importance quickly diminished as the emperor accrued direct legislative power and the senate became the de facto electoral assembly. The assemblies had become entirely obsolete by the third century AD.
''Comitia''
A comitia was an assembly summoned to make a decision, about whom should be elected, whether a law should be passed, war and peace, or guilt. Most commonly during the republic, comitia were used for electoral purposes and the word comitia in Latin was used a metonymy for them. This contrasted with contiones ({{singular}} contio) where nothing was enacted.{{sfn|Lintott|1999|p=42}}
The word concilium (glossed in English as "council") also referred to some kinds of assemblies. This included foreign ones and assemblies of the plebeians at Rome; however, the word could be used to refer to meetings of the whole Roman people.{{sfn|Lintott|1999|p=43, citing Livy, 1.26.5, 1.36.6, 2.7.7, 3.71.3, and 6.20.11}} Usage of concilium was rare in Latin – reference to an assembly of the tribes under the presidency of plebeian tribunes only as a concilium plebis is a modern convention{{sfn|Lintott|1999|p=53. "Since Mommsen's time, most modern scholars have used [comitia tributa] exclusively for a meeting by tribes of the whole [people] while reserving the term concilium plebis for meetings of the plebeians. This orthodoxy has come under attack."}} – and there are instances where such an assembly was referred to as comitia tributa.{{sfn|Lintott|1999|p=53 n. 62, citing Livy, 2.56.2}} Similarly, there are instances where concilium was used to refer to non-voting assemblies such as contiones.{{sfn|Forsythe|2005|p=180}}
= Curiate assembly =
{{excerpt|Curiate assembly}}
= Centuriate assembly =
{{excerpt|Centuriate assembly}}
= Tribal assembly =
{{excerpt|Tribal assembly}}
= Plebeian council =
{{excerpt|Plebeian council}}
''Contio''
{{excerpt|Contio}}
See also
References
{{Reflist|20em}}
Bibliography
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- {{Cite book |last=van der Blom |first=Henriette |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/oratory-and-political-career-in-the-late-roman-republic/0FF23CFD58211BCB8085B9F75664CD72 |title=Oratory and Political Career in the Late Roman Republic |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-05193-5 |doi=10.1017/cbo9781107280281}}
- {{Cite book |last=Cornell |first=Tim |title=The Beginnings of Rome |date=1995 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-01596-0 |location=London |oclc=31515793}}
- {{Cite book |last=Forsythe |first=Gary |title=A Critical History of Early Rome |date=2005 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-94029-1 |location=Berkeley |oclc=70728478 }}
- {{cite book |last=Lomas |first=Kathryn |title=The Rise of Rome |year=2018 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-65965-0 |location=Cambridge |series=History of the Ancient World |doi=10.4159/9780674919938 |s2cid=239349186 }}
- {{cite book |last=Mouritsen |first=Henrik |title=Politics in the Roman Republic |year=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03188-3 |lccn=2016047823 }}
- {{Cite book |last=Lintott |first=Andrew |title=Constitution of the Roman Republic |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-926108-6 }} Reprinted 2009.
- {{Cite journal |last=Pina Polo |first=Francisco |date=1995-12-01 |title=Procedures and functions of civil and military contiones in Rome |journal=Klio |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=203–216 |doi=10.1524/klio.1995.77.jg.203 |issn=2192-7669}}
- {{Cite journal |last=Tan |first=James |date=2008 |title=Contiones in the age of Cicero |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/ca/article/27/1/163/92783/Contiones-in-the-Age-of-Cicero |journal=Classical Antiquity |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=163–201 |doi=10.1525/ca.2008.27.1.163 |issn=0278-6656|url-access=subscription }}
- {{Cite journal |last=Vervaet |first=Frederik Juliaan |date=2015 |title=The "lex curiata" and the patrician auspices |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2015_num_26_1_1848 |jstor=44945732 |journal=Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz |volume=26 |pages=201–224 |issn=1016-9008}}
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External links
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Roman assemblies
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- {{Cite web |last=Devereaux |first=Bret |date=2023-07-28 |title=How to Roman republic 101, part II: Romans, assemble! |url=https://acoup.blog/2023/07/27/collections-how-to-roman-republic-101-part-ii-romans-assemble/ |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=A Collection of Unmitigated Pedantry }}
{{Roman Constitution}}
{{Ancient Rome topics}}
Category:Government of the Roman Republic
Category:Government of the Roman Empire