Romanized Popular Alphabet

In Xiangkhoang Province, Protestant missionary G. Linwood Barney began working on the writing system with speakers of Green Mong (Mong Leng), Geu Yang and Tua Xiong, among others. He consulted with William A. Smalley, a missionary studying the Khmu language in Luang Prabang Province at the time. Concurrently, Yves Bertrais, a Roman Catholic missionary in Kiu Katiam, Luang Prabang, was undertaking a similar project with Chong Yeng Yang and Chue Her Thao. The two working groups met in 1952 and reconciled any differences by 1953 to produce a version of the script.{{Harvcoltxt|Smalley|Vang|Yang|1990|pp=151–154}}

The alphabet was developed to write both the Hmong Der (White Hmong, RPA: Hmoob Dawb) and Mong Leng (Green/Blue Mong, RPA: Moob Leeg) dialects. While these dialects have much in common, each has unique sounds. Consonants and vowels found only in White Hmong (denoted with †) or Green Mong (denoted with ⁂) are color-coded respectively.

Phonology adapted from: {{Harvcoltxt|Golston|Yang|2001}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Smalley|Vang|Yang|1990|pp=48–51}}. See also: Mortensen, David. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060906061745/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~dmort/mong_leng_phonology.pdf "Preliminaries to Mong Leng (Hmong Njua) Phonology"] ([http://web.archive.org/web/20060906061745/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~dmort/mong_leng_phonology.pdf Archive]) Unpublished, UC Berkeley. 2004. Some writers make use of variant spellings. Much as with Tosk for Albanian, White Hmong was arbitrarily chosen to be the "standard" variant.

• The glottal stop is not indicated in the orthography. The few truly vowel-initial words are indicated by an apostrophe, which thus acts as a zero consonant.

RPA indicates tone by letters written at the end of a syllable,{{Harvcoltxt|Clark|2000|p=47}} similarly to Gwoyeu Romatzyh or Zhuang, rather than with diacritics like those used in the Vietnamese alphabet or Pinyin. Unlike Vietnamese and Chinese, all Hmong syllables end in a vowel, which means that using consonant letters to indicate tone will be neither confusing nor ambiguous.

1. {{angbr|d}} represents a phrase-final low-rising variant of the creaky tone

{{Portal|Asia|Language}}

• Standard Zhuang

{{reflist}}

• {{citation

|last=Clark

|first=Marybeth

|year=2000

|title=Diexis and anaphora and prelinguistic universals

|series=Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications

|volume=29

|issue=Grammatical analysis: Morphology, Syntax, and Semantics

|pages=46–61

}}

• {{citation

|last1=Golston

|first1=Chris

|last2=Yang

|first2=Phong

|year=2001

|chapter=Hmong loanword phonology

|chapter-url=http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~chrisg/index_files/Golston&Yang.pdf

|title=Proceedings of HILP 5

|editor-last=Féry

|editor-first=Caroline

|editor2-last=Green

|editor2-first=Antony Dubach

|editor3-last=van de Vijver

|editor3-first=Ruben

|place=Potsdam

|publisher=University of Potsdam

|pages=40–57

}}

• {{cite book

|last1 = Smalley

|first1 = William A.

|author-link1 = William A. Smalley

|last2 = Vang

|first2 = Chia Koua

|last3 = Yang

|first3 = Gnia Yee

|year = 1990

|title = Mother of Writing: The Origin and Development of a Hmong Messianic Script

|url = https://archive.org/details/motherofwritingo0000smal

|url-access = registration

|place = Chicago

|publisher = University of Chicago Press

|isbn = 978-0226762876

}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070519115155/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~dmort/hmong_lang_faq.html Hmong Language FAQ], David Mortensen
• [http://www.moob.org/ Mong Literacy] – includes lessons on writing Mong Leng with RPA
• http://www.hmongrpa.org/
• [http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/wiarchives.uw-sc-zq Father Yves Bertrais papers, 1950-2007]

Category:Phonetic alphabets

Category:Latin alphabets

Category:Romanization

Category:West Hmongic languages

Category:Writing systems introduced in the 1950s