Roon-class cruiser

The Second Naval Law in Germany, passed in 1900, envisioned a force of fourteen armored cruisers for service both in Germany's colonial empire and as scouts for the main battle fleet in German waters.{{efn|Armored cruisers were vessels that generally possessed side armor intended to serve on foreign stations, as a fast wing of a fleet of battleships, or to attack or protect merchant shipping. Side armor differentiated them from large protected cruisers that only incorporated an armor deck for defense against enemy fire.{{sfn|Dodson 2018|p=7}}}} The naval expansion program was primarily directed against the British Royal Navy, then the world's preeminent naval force. The previous armored cruiser design, the {{sclass|Prinz Adalbert|cruiser|4}}, provided the basis for the next pair of vessels to be built under the program. The design for the new ships, completed in 1901, was slightly improved over that of {{lang|de|Prinz Adalbert}}, with the primary changes being the addition of two boilers, which necessitated a longer hull and provided an increase of about {{convert|2000|PS|ihp|0}}.{{efn|The {{sclass|Prinz Adalbert|cruiser|1}}'s propulsion system was rated to produce {{convert|16200|PS|ihp}},{{sfn|Gröner|p=50}} so the resulting increase actually amounted to 2,800 PS.}} The design staff projected that the ships would gain {{convert|0.5|kn}} in speed over the earlier cruisers for a top speed of {{convert|22|kn}}, but in service, neither actually reached that speed. They were nevertheless about a half-knot faster than the Prinz Adalberts, which had also failed to reach their intended speed. These failures were primarily the result of their length-to-breadth ratio, which was imposed by the limitations of existing dock facilities in Wilhelmshaven.{{sfn|Dodson 2016|pp=58–59, 66}}{{sfn|Gröner|pp=50–51}}

The {{lang|de|Roon}}-class ships shared many layout characteristics with the contemporary German pre-dreadnought battleships, including a smaller main armament but heavier secondary battery than their foreign equivalents. As with all of the preceding German armored cruisers, they received less armor protection than their opposite numbers in the British fleet. As a result, they compared unfavorably with their British contemporaries.{{sfn|Lyon|p=249}}{{sfn|Dodson 2016|p=174}} The historian John Taylor describes the ships as "poorly protected and not a successful class in service."{{sfn|Taylor|p=50}} Further, they suffered the same fate as many pre-dreadnought type vessels completed in the mid-1900s, having been rendered obsolescent by the advent of all-big-gun warships like the British battlecruiser {{HMS|Invincible|1907|2}}, launched in 1907.{{sfn|Herwig|p=57}} Despite their drawbacks, the {{lang|de|Roon}}s provided the basis for the follow-on {{sclass|Scharnhorst|cruiser|4}}, which proved to be far better fighting ships, more than a match for contemporary British armored cruisers.{{sfn|Dodson 2016|pp=67–68}}

File:Roon linedrawing.png

The ships of the {{lang|de|Roon}} class were {{convert|127.30|m|ftin|sp=us}} long at the waterline and {{convert|127.80|m|ftin|abbr=on}} overall. They had a beam of {{convert|20.20|m|ftin|abbr=on}} and a draft of {{convert|7.76|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. {{lang|de|Roon}} and {{lang|de|Yorck}} displaced {{convert|9533|t|LT|sp=us}} normally, and {{convert|10266|t|LT|sp=us}} at full load. Their hulls were constructed from transverse and longitudinal steel frames that formed a structure over which the steel hull plates were riveted. The hulls contained twelve watertight compartments and a double bottom that ran for sixty percent of the length of the ship.{{sfn|Gröner|p=51}}

Like the preceding {{lang|de|Prinz Adalbert}}-class ships, {{lang|de|Roon}} and {{lang|de|Yorck}} were good sea boats; when the fuel bunkers were full they had a gentle motion. They also maneuvered well and were responsive to the helm; steering was controlled with a single rudder. With the rudder turned to its maximum extent, the ships lost up to 60 percent of their speed. The ships' design placed the casemates too low, and as a result they were exceedingly wet, which rendered them impossible to use in heavy seas. The ships had a metacentric height of {{convert|1.04|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. Their standard complements numbered some 35 officers and 598 enlisted men. While serving as a squadron flagship, the crew was augmented by 13 officers and 62 men, and as a second command ship by 9 officers and 44 sailors.{{sfn|Gröner|pp=50–52}}

{{lang|de|Roon}} and {{lang|de|Yorck}} were powered by the same engine system as the preceding class: three 3-cylinder vertical triple expansion engines, each of which drove a screw propeller. The central screw was {{convert|4.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}} in diameter, and the outer screws were {{convert|4.80|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. Steam was provided to the engines by sixteen coal-fired water-tube boilers built by Düsseldorf-Ratinger Röhrenkesselfabrik (Dürr). Each boiler had 4 fireboxes for a total of 64. The boilers were ducted into four funnels. The propulsion system produced {{convert|19000|ihp|abbr=on|-2}}, which had a rated top speed of {{convert|22|kn|km/h}}, though on trials neither ship reached that figure, with {{lang|de|Roon}} making {{convert|21.1|kn}} and {{lang|de|Yorck}} only {{convert|20.4|kn}}. The ships had four turbo generators for electrical power, which provided 260 kilowatts at 110 volts.{{sfn|Gröner|pp=51–52}}

File:SMS Scharnhorst rear gun turret.jpeg

The ships' primary armament consisted of four 21 cm SK L/40 guns mounted in two twin-gun turrets, one fore and one aft.{{efn| In Imperial German Navy gun nomenclature, "SK" ({{lang|de|Schnellfeuerkanone}}) denotes that the gun is quick loading, while the L/40 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/40 gun is 40 calibers, meaning that the gun is 40 times as long as it is in bore diameter.{{sfn|Grießmer|p=177}}}} The turrets were the DrL C/01 type turrets, which were hydraulically operated, and the mounts provided a range of elevation from −5 to +30 degrees. These guns fired a {{convert|108|kg|lb|adj=on}} armor-piercing shell at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|780|m/s|sp=us}}, for a maximum range of {{convert|16200|m|yd|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Campbell & Sieche|p=140}}{{sfn|Friedman|pp=141–142}} The {{lang|de|Roon}}-class ships carried 380 shells for the main battery.{{sfn|Gröner|p=51}}

The main battery was supported by a secondary battery of ten 15 cm SK L/40 naval gun in single turrets and casemates clustered amidships. These guns fired a {{convert|40|kg|lb|abbr=on}} shell at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|800|m/s|abbr=on}}. They could be elevated to 30 degrees, which provided a maximum range of {{convert|13900|m|yd|abbr=on}}. For close-range defense against torpedo boats, the ships carried a tertiary battery of fourteen 8.8 cm SK L/35 guns, which were mounted in individual casemates and pivot mounts in the superstructure. The 8.8 cm guns fired a {{convert|7|kg|lb|abbr=on}} shell at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|770|m/s|abbr=on}}. These guns had a maximum elevation of 25 degrees and a range of {{convert|9100|m|yd|abbr=on}}. Each ship carried 1,600 rounds for the 15 cm guns, and 2,100 shells for the 8.8 cm guns.{{sfn|Gröner|p=51}}

As was customary for warships of the period, the ships were also equipped with torpedo tubes, each carrying four {{cvt|45|cm|1}} tubes. These tubes were submerged in the hull, one in the bow, one in the stern, and one on each broadside.{{sfn|Campbell & Sieche|p=140}}{{sfn|Gröner|pp=50–51}} The C/03 torpedo used carried a {{convert|147.5|kg|adj=on|sp=us}} warhead and had a range of {{convert|1500|m|abbr=on}} when set at a speed of {{convert|31|kn}} and {{convert|3000|m|abbr=on}} at {{convert|26|kn}}.{{sfn|Friedman|p=336}}

{{lang|de|Roon}} and {{lang|de|Yorck}} were protected by Krupp cemented steel armor. At the waterline, their armored belt was {{convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick amidships where the ships' vitals were located. This was decreased slightly to {{convert|80|mm|in|abbr=on}} on either end of the central section of the belt. The belt was backed by {{convert|55|mm|in|abbr=on}} of teak planking. At the casemate deck the side armor was also 100 mm thick. The armored deck ranged in thickness from {{convert|40|-|60|mm|in|abbr=on}} and was connected to the belt by sloped armor that was {{convert|40|-|50|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick. The forward conning tower had {{convert|150|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick sides and a {{convert|30|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick roof. The rear conning tower was less well-protected; its sides were only 80 mm thick and its roof was {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick. The main battery gun turrets were armored with 150 mm thick steel plates on the sides and 30 mm thick roofs. The 15 cm turrets were protected by 100 mm thick sides and 80 mm thick gun shields.{{sfn|Gröner|pp=51–52}}

In 1918, the design staff prepared plans to convert {{lang|de|Roon}} into a seaplane tender based on earlier conversions that included the light cruiser {{SMS|Stuttgart||2}}. By this time, {{lang|de|Roon}} had been disarmed; the proposal involved the installation of a hangar aft of the main superstructure, with equipment to handle four seaplanes. She would have been armed with a battery of six 15 cm L/45 guns and six 8.8 cm flak guns, though this was never carried out due to the end of the war later that year.{{sfn|Gröner|p=51}}{{sfn|Greger|p=88}}

File:SMS Roon LOC ggbain 28287.jpg

On entering service, {{lang|de|Yorck}} joined I Scouting Group, the reconnaissance squadron of the {{lang|de|Heimatflotte}} (Home Fleet). She served as the group flagship for much of her early career, and when {{lang|de|Roon}} joined her in late 1906, the latter vessel became the flagship of the deputy commander (though {{lang|de|Roon}} alternated in this role with the armored cruiser {{SMS|Friedrich Carl|1902|2}}). In 1907, {{lang|de|Roon}} was detached for a visit to the United States to represent Germany at the Jamestown Exposition. Both vessels made long-distance cruises in the Atlantic in the late 1900s in company with I Scouting Group or the entire fleet, which was by then renamed the High Seas Fleet, including one that concluded with a visit to Spain in 1908. Apart from these voyages, the ships were primarily occupied with an uneventful routine of peacetime training exercises. {{lang|de|Roon}} was decommissioned in September 1911, her place in the squadron having been taken by more modern battlecruisers. {{lang|de|Yorck}} was involved in a collision with the torpedo boat {{SMS|S178||2}} in March 1913 that resulted in the sinking of the latter vessel. {{lang|de|Yorck}} was decommissioned shortly thereafter,{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 8|pp=122–123}}{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 7|p=81}} with most of her crew being transferred to commission the new battlecruiser {{SMS|Seydlitz||2}}.{{sfn|Staff|p=22}}

Following the outbreak of World War I in July 1914, both cruisers were mobilized and assigned to III Scouting Group in August, which was initially assigned to the High Seas Fleet in the North Sea; {{lang|de|Roon}} served as the group flagship.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 7|p=81}}{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 8|pp=123–124}}

File:NH 92713.jpg

Both ships were present in the reconnaissance screen for the High Seas Fleet when it sailed to provide distant support to I Scouting Group during the raid on Yarmouth in November; on returning to Wilhelmshaven on the night of 3 November, the ships encountered heavy fog and were forced to anchor in the Schillig roadstead outside the port to avoid running into the defensive minefields there. In the early hours of 4 November, {{lang|de|Yorck}}{{'}}s commander decided that visibility had improved enough to enter the port, but in the haze he led the ship into one of the minefields. {{lang|de|Yorck}} struck a pair of mines in quick succession and sank with heavy loss of life. {{lang|de|Roon}} continued to operate with the main fleet, taking part in the raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby in December.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 7|p=81}}{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 8|pp=123–124}} She briefly encountered a pair of British destroyers during the operation, but neither side opened fire.{{sfn|Massie|pp=340–343}}

By early 1915, it had become clear to the German naval command that older vessels like {{lang|de|Roon}} were too slow and insufficiently armored to take part in an action with the powerful British Grand Fleet,{{sfn|Scheer|p=135}} and so III Scouting Group was transferred to the Baltic Sea in April, where it was dissolved and its ships used to constitute the Reconnaissance Forces of the Baltic, with {{lang|de|Roon}} serving as the deputy commander's flagship. She thereafter took part in a series of offensive operations against Russian forces, beginning with a joint Army–Navy assault on Libau in May. This was followed by several sweeps into the central Baltic in May and June to try to catch Russian vessels, which culminated in the battle of the Åland Islands in early July. During this action, a group of Russian cruisers attacked several German vessels on a minelaying operation and {{lang|de|Roon}} sortied to reinforce the German ships. {{lang|de|Roon}} engaged the Russian armored cruiser {{ship|Russian cruiser|Bayan|1907|2}} and scored a hit, but was hit several times in return before the Germans disengaged.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 7|p=82}}{{sfn|Pavlovich|p=145}}

{{lang|de|Roon}} participated in the battle of the Gulf of Riga in August 1915 and bombarded Russian positions at Zerel on the Sworbe Peninsula in company with the armored cruiser {{SMS|Prinz Heinrich||2}}. The two cruisers surprised a group of Russian destroyers and damaged one of them before the Russians fled. By late 1915, the increased threat of British submarines, demonstrated by the sinking of {{SMS|Prinz Adalbert|1901|2}} in October, convinced the German naval command to withdraw the remaining armored cruisers still in service (by this point, just {{lang|de|Roon}} and {{lang|de|Prinz Heinrich}}). {{lang|de|Roon}} was disarmed in 1916 and used as a training ship and a floating barracks.{{sfn|Tucker|pp=293–294}}{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 7|pp=49, 82}} Design work commenced in 1918 to convert the ship into a seaplane tender; work was planned to last a period of 20 months.{{sfn|Gröner|p=52}} The shipyard that was to carry out the conversion had higher priority projects, which delayed the conversion,{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 7|p=212}} and the war ended before the project could be carried out. As a result of Germany's defeat, and the strict disarmament clauses imposed by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, the ship was stricken from the naval register on 25 November 1920 and scrapped the following year at Kiel-Nordmole.{{sfn|Gröner|p=52}}{{sfn|Dodson & Cant|pp=12, 32–33}}

{{notelist}}

{{reflist|20em}}

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}}

{{Roon class armored cruiser}}

{{WWI German ships}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roon class armored cruiser}}

Category:Cruiser classes

Category:World War I cruisers of Germany