Rosids
{{short description|Large clade of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Geological Range|99.6|0|earliest = 125|Aptian or Albian–Recent}}
| image = Rosids-montage.jpg
| image_caption = Various modern rosid species
| taxon = Rosids
| authority =
| subdivision_ranks = Orders
| subdivision_ref = {{r|APG4}}
| subdivision = * Vitales
- Eurosids
- : Fabids
- :: Zygophyllales
- :: Celastrales
- :: Oxalidales
- :: Malpighiales
- :: Fabales
- :: Rosales
- :: Cucurbitales
- :: Fagales
- : Malvids
- :: Geraniales
- :: Myrtales
- :: Crossosomatales
- :: Picramniales
- :: Sapindales
- :: Huerteales
- :: Malvales
- :: Brassicales
}}
The rosids are members of a large clade (monophyletic group) of flowering plants, containing about 70,000 species,{{r|wang2009}} more than a quarter of all angiosperms.{{r|scotland2003}}
The clade is divided into 16 to 20 orders, depending upon circumscription and classification. These orders, in turn, together comprise about 140 families.{{r|soltis2005}}
Fossil rosids are known from the Cretaceous period. Molecular clock estimates indicate that the rosids may have originated in the Aptian or Albian stages of the Cretaceous, between 125 and 99.6 million years ago.{{r|davies2004}}{{r|magallon2009}}
Today's broadleaved forests are dominated by rosid species, which in turn help with diversification in many other living lineages. Additionally, rosid herbs and shrubs are a significant part of arctic/alpine and temperate floras. The clade also includes some aquatic, desert and parasitic plants.{{Cite journal |last1=Folk |first1=Ryan A. |last2=Sun |first2=Miao |last3=Soltis |first3=Pamela S. |last4=Smith |first4=Stephen A. |last5=Soltis |first5=Douglas E. |last6=Guralnick |first6=Robert P. |date=March 2018 |title=Challenges of comprehensive taxon sampling in comparative biology: Wrestling with rosids |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=433–445 |doi=10.1002/ajb2.1059 |pmid=29665035 |issn=0002-9122|doi-access=free |hdl=2027.42/143800 |hdl-access=free }}
Name
The name is based upon the name "Rosidae", which had usually been understood to be a subclass. In 1967, Armen Takhtajan showed that the correct basis for the name "Rosidae" is a description of a group of plants published in 1830 by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling.{{r|reveal2008}} The clade was later renamed "Rosidae" and has been variously delimited by different authors. The name "rosids" is informal and not assumed to have any particular taxonomic rank like the names authorized by the ICBN. The rosids are monophyletic based upon evidence found by molecular phylogenetic analysis.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}
Relationships
The rosids and Saxifragales form the superrosids clade.{{r|wang2009}}{{r|apweb}} This is one of three groups that comprise the Pentapetalae (core eudicots minus Gunnerales),{{r|cantino2007}} the others being Dilleniales and the superasterids (Berberidopsidales, Caryophyllales, Santalales, and asterids).{{r|apweb}}
Classification
Three different definitions of the rosids were used. Some authors included the orders Saxifragales and Vitales in the rosids.{{r|burleigh2009}} Others excluded both of these orders.{{r|apweb}} The circumscription used in this article is that of the APG IV classification, which includes Vitales, but excludes Saxifragales.{{r|APG4}}
Thus, the rosids consist of two groups: the order Vitales and the eurosids. The eurosids, in turn, are divided into two groups: fabids (Fabidae, eurosids I) and malvids (Malvidae, eurosids II).{{r|APG4}}
= Orders =
The rosids consist of 17 orders. In addition to Vitales, there are eight orders in fabids and eight orders in malvids. Some of the orders have only recently been recognized.{{r|apweb}} These are Vitales,{{r|reveal1995}} Zygophyllales,{{r|chalk1983}} Crossosomatales,{{r|crossoinkub2007}} Picramniales,{{r|hutchinson1973}} and Huerteales.{{r|worberg2009}}
Phylogeny
The phylogeny of rosids shown below is adapted from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.{{r|apweb}}
{{clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|label1=rosids
|1={{clade
|1=Vitales
|label2=eurosids
|2={{clade
|label1=fabids
|1={{clade
|2={{clade
|label1=COM clade
|1={{clade
|1=Celastrales
|2={{clade
|1=Malpighiales
|2=Oxalidales
}}
}}
|label2=nitrogen‑fixing clade
|2={{clade
|1=Fabales
|2={{clade
|1=Rosales
|2={{clade
|1=Fagales
|2=Cucurbitales
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=malvids
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Geraniales
|2=Myrtales
}}
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=Picramniales
|2={{clade
|1=Sapindales
|2={{clade
|1=Huerteales
|2={{clade
|1=Brassicales
|2=Malvales
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
The nitrogen-fixing clade contains a high number of actinorhizal plants (which have root nodules containing nitrogen fixing bacteria, helping the plant grow in poor soils). Not all plants in this clade are actinorhizal, however.{{r|wall2000}}
References
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
|author-last=Wall
|author-first=Luis Gabriel
|title=The actinorhizal symbiosis
|journal=Journal of Plant Growth and Regulation
|volume=19
|issue=2
|pages=167–182
|year=2000
|doi=10.1007/s003440000027
|pmid=11038226
|s2cid= 12887261
|hdl=11336/71779
|hdl-access=free
}}
}}
External links
- {{Commons category-inline}}
{{Angiosperm orders}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q338878}}