Ross D. King
{{Short description|Professor at the University of Manchester}}
{{other people||Ross King (disambiguation){{!}}Ross King}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ross King
| birth_name = Ross Donald King
| image = Ross King P1010844 (13870222325) (2).jpg
| image_size =
| alt = Prof. Ross King, Chalmers University of Technology, Oct. 2019
| caption = Prof. Ross King, Chalmers University of Technology, Oct. 2019
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| fields = {{Plainlist|
| workplaces = {{Plainlist|
- Chalmers University of Technology
- University of Manchester
- University of Aberdeen
- Newcastle University
- Aberystwyth University
- University of Strathclyde
- The Turing Institute
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- School of Computer Science}}
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
- University of Aberdeen (BSc)
- Newcastle University (MSc)
- University of Strathclyde (PhD)}}
| thesis_title = A machine learning approach to the problem of predicting a protein's secondary structure from its primary structure (PROMIS)
| thesis_url = http://suprimo.lib.strath.ac.uk/SUVU01:LSCOP_SU:SUALMA2147154800002996
| thesis_year = 1989
| doctoral_advisor = {{Plainlist|
- Peter Mowforth
- Douglas McGregor}}
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| notable_students =
| known_for = Robot Scientist{{Cite journal | last1 = Sparkes | first1 = A. | last2 = Aubrey | first2 = W. | last3 = Byrne | first3 = E. | last4 = Clare | first4 = A. | last5 = Khan | first5 = M. N. | last6 = Liakata | first6 = M. | last7 = Markham | first7 = M. | last8 = Rowland | first8 = J. | last9 = Soldatova | first9 = L. N. | last10 = Whelan | first10 = K. E. | last11 = Young | first11 = M. | last12 = King | first12 = R. D. | title = Towards Robot Scientists for autonomous scientific discovery | doi = 10.1186/1759-4499-2-1 | journal = Automated Experimentation | volume = 2 | pages = 1 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20119518 | pmc =2813846 | doi-access = free }}{{Cite journal |last1 = King|last2= Rowland | first2 = J. |last3 = Aubrey | first3 = W.|last4 = Liakata | first4 = M.|last5= Markham | first5 = M.|last6 = Soldatova |first6 = L. N.|last7 = Whelan | first7 = K. E. |last8 = Clare | first8 = A. |last9 = Young | first9= M. |last10 = Sparkes | first10 = A. |last11 = Oliver | first11 = S. G. |last12 = Pir | first12 = P.| title = The Robot Scientist Adam| year = 2009| journal = Computer |volume = 42 |issue = 7| pages = 46–54 | doi = 10.1109/MC.2009.270 | first1 = P. |title-link= Robot Scientist |s2cid= 13920692 }}
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| website = {{URL|https://www.chalmers.se/en/departments/bio/research/systems-biology/king-lab/Pages/default.aspx}}
| footnotes =
| spouse =
}}Ross Donald King is a Professor of Machine Intelligence{{cite web | title=Ross King | website=Chalmers | date=2017-12-12 | url=https://www.chalmers.se/en/staff/Pages/rossk.aspx | access-date=2019-11-06}} at Chalmers University of Technology.{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0004-3702(95)00122-0| title = Theories for mutagenicity: A study in first-order and feature-based induction| journal = Artificial Intelligence| volume = 85| issue = 1–2| pages = 277–299| year = 1996| last1 = Srinivasan | first1 = A. | last2 = Muggleton | first2 = S.H.| author-link2 = Stephen Muggleton| last3 = Sternberg | first3 = M.J.E.| author-link3 = Michael Sternberg| last4 = King | first4 = R.D.| author-link4 = Ross D. King| doi-access = free}}
Education
King completed a Bachelor of Science degree in Microbiology at the University of Aberdeen in 1983 and went on to study for a Master of Science degree in Computer Science at the University of Newcastle in 1985. Following this, he completed a PhD at The Turing Institute at the University of Strathclyde in 1989{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Ross|last=King |title=A machine learning approach to the problem of predicting a protein's secondary structure from its primary structure (PROMIS) |publisher=University of Strathclyde |date=1989 |url=http://suprimo.lib.strath.ac.uk/SUVU01:LSCOP_SU:SUALMA2147154800002996 |author-link=Ross D. King}} for work on developing machine learning methods for protein structure prediction.{{Cite journal
| last1 = King | first1 = R. D.
| author-link1 = Ross D. King
| last2 = Sternberg | first2 = M. J. E.
| author-link2 = Michael Sternberg
| doi = 10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80333-X
| title = Machine learning approach for the prediction of protein secondary structure
| journal = Journal of Molecular Biology
| volume = 216
| issue = 2
| pages = 441–457
| year = 1990
| pmid = 2254939
}}
Research
King's research interests are in the automation of science, drug design, AI, machine learning and synthetic biology.{{Cite journal | last1 = King | first1 = R. D. | author-link1 = Ross D. King| last2 = Sternberg | first2 = M. J. E. | author-link2 = Michael Sternberg| doi = 10.1002/pro.5560051116 | title = Identification and application of the concepts important for accurate and reliable protein secondary structure prediction | journal = Protein Science | volume = 5 | issue = 11 | pages = 2298–2310 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8931148| pmc =2143286 }}{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1073/pnas.89.23.11322
| last1 = King | first1 = R. D.
| author-link1 = Ross D. King
| last2 = Muggleton | first2 = S.
| author-link2 = Stephen Muggleton
| last3 = Lewis | first3 = R. A.
| last4 = Sternberg | first4 = M. J.
| author-link4 = Michael Sternberg
| title = Drug design by machine learning: The use of inductive logic programming to model the structure-activity relationships of trimethoprim analogues binding to dihydrofolate reductase
| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
| volume = 89
| issue = 23
| pages = 11322–11326
| year = 1992
| pmid = 1454814
| pmc = 50542
| bibcode = 1992PNAS...8911322K | doi-access = free }} He is probably best known for the Robot Scientist{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1073/pnas.93.1.438
| last1 = King | first1 = Ross D.
| author-link1 = Ross D. King
| last2 = Muggleton | first2 = Stephen H.
| author-link2 = Stephen Muggleton
| last3 = Srinivasan | first3 = A.
| last4 = Sternberg | first4 = M. J.
| author-link4 = Michael Sternberg
| title = Structure-activity relationships derived by machine learning: The use of atoms and their bond connectivities to predict mutagenicity by inductive logic programming
| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
| volume = 93
| issue = 1
| pages = 438–442
| year = 1996
| pmid = 8552655
| pmc = 40253
| bibcode = 1996PNAS...93..438K | doi-access = free }}{{Cite journal
| last1 = King | first1 = R. D.
| author-link1 = Ross D. King
| last2 = Liakata | first2 = M.
| last3 = Lu | first3 = C.
| last4 = Oliver | first4 = S. G.
| last5 = Soldatova | first5 = L. N.
| title = On the formalization and reuse of scientific research
| doi = 10.1098/rsif.2011.0029
| journal = Journal of the Royal Society Interface
| volume = 8
| issue = 63
| pages = 1440–1448
| year = 2011
| pmid = 21490004
| pmc =3163424
| last1 = Anderson | first1 = Philip W.
| author-link1 = Philip Warren Anderson
| last2 = Abrahams | first2 = Elihu
| doi = 10.1126/science.324_1515c
| title = Machines Fall Short of Revolutionary Science
| journal = Science
| volume = 324
| issue = 5934
| pages = 1515–1516
| year = 2009
| pmid = 19541975
|bibcode = 2009Sci...324.1515A }}{{Cite journal
| last1 = Waltz | first1 = David
| author-link1 = David Waltz
| last2 = Buchanan | first2 = Bruce G.
| doi = 10.1126/science.1172781
| title = Automating Science: Computers with intelligence can design and run experiments, but learning from the results to generate subsequent experiments requires even more intelligence
| journal = Science
| volume = 324
| issue = 5923
| pages = 43–44
| year = 2009
| pmid = 19342574
| s2cid = 36543867
| last1 = Stevenson | first1 = R. W.
| last2 = Murphy | first2 = J. F.
| last3 = Clare | first3 = T. J.
| doi = 10.1126/science.324_1014a
| title = Robot Inventors: Patently Impossible?
| journal = Science
| volume = 324
| issue = 5930
| pages = 1014
| year = 2009
| pmid = 19460985
| last1 = King | first1 = R. D.
| author-link1 = Ross D. King
| last2 = Rowland | first2 = J.
| last3 = Oliver | first3 = S. G.
| author-link3 = Stephen Oliver (scientist)
| last4 = Young | first4 = M.
| last5 = Aubrey | first5 = W.
| last6 = Byrne | first6 = E.
| last7 = Liakata | first7 = M.
| last8 = Markham | first8 = M.
| last9 = Pir | first9 = P.
| last10 = Soldatova
| doi = 10.1126/science.325_945a | first10 = L. N.
| last11 = Sparkes | first11 = A.
| last12 = Whelan | first12 = K. E.
| last13 = Clare | first13 = A.
| title = Make Way for Robot Scientists
| journal = Science
| volume = 325
| issue = 5943
| pages = 945
| year = 2009
| pmid = 19696334
|bibcode = 2009Sci...325R.945K | title-link = Robot Scientist
| last1 = King | first1 = R. D.
| author-link1 = Ross D. King
| last2 = Rowland | first2 = J.
| last3 = Oliver | first3 = S. G.
| author-link3 = Stephen Oliver (scientist)
| last4 = Young | first4 = M.
| last5 = Aubrey | first5 = W.
| last6 = Byrne | first6 = E.
| last7 = Liakata | first7 = M.
| last8 = Markham | first8 = M.
| last9 = Pir | first9 = P.
| last10 = Soldatova
| doi = 10.1126/science.1165620 | first10 = L. N.
| last11 = Sparkes | first11 = A.
| last12 = Whelan | first12 = K. E.
| last13 = Clare | first13 = A.
| title = The Automation of Science
| journal = Science
| volume = 324
| issue = 5923
| pages = 85–89
| year = 2009
| pmid = 19342587
|bibcode = 2009Sci...324...85K | s2cid = 14948753
| last1 = King | first1 = R. D.
| author-link1 = Ross D. King
| last2 = Whelan | first2 = K. E.
| last3 = Jones | first3 = F. M.
| last4 = Reiser | first4 = P. G. K.
| last5 = Bryant | first5 = C. H.
| last6 = Muggleton | first6 = S. H.
| author-link6 = Stephen Muggleton
| last7 = Kell | first7 = D. B.
| author-link7 = Douglas Kell
| last8 = Oliver | first8 = S. G.
| author-link8 = Stephen Oliver (scientist)
| doi = 10.1038/nature02236
| title = Functional genomic hypothesis generation and experimentation by a robot scientist
| journal = Nature
| volume = 427
| issue = 6971
| pages = 247–252
| year = 2004
| pmid = 14724639
| title-link = Robot Scientist
| bibcode = 2004Natur.427..247K
| s2cid = 4428725
}}{{Cite journal | last1 = King | first1 = R. D. | author-link1 = Ross D. King| doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0111-72 | title = Rise of the Robo Scientists | journal = Scientific American | volume = 304 | issue = 1 | pages = 72–76 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21265330| bibcode = 2011SciAm.304a..72K }} project which has created a robot that can:
- hypothesize to explain observations
- devise experiments to test these hypotheses
- physically run the experiments using laboratory robotics
- interpret the results from the experiments
- repeat the cycle as required
The Robot Scientist can autonomously execute high-throughput hypothesis led research. In addition to automating experimentation Robot Scientists are well suited to recording scientific knowledge: as the experiments are conceived and executed automatically by computer, it is possible to completely capture and digitally curate all aspects of the scientific process. Robot Scientist is the first machine to have been demonstrated to have discovered novel scientific knowledge. A new Robot Scientist Eve{{Cite journal | last1 = Wilson | first1 = N. | title = Technology: A robot scientist | doi = 10.1038/nrg1300 | journal = Nature Reviews Genetics | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 164 | year = 2004 | s2cid = 5633301 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | last1=Bilsland | first1=Elizabeth | last2=Sparkes | first2=Andrew | last3=Williams | first3=Kevin | last4=Moss | first4=Harry J. | last5=de Clare | first5=Michaela | last6=Pir | first6=Pınar | last7=Rowland | first7=Jem | last8=Aubrey | first8=Wayne | last9=Pateman | first9=Ron | last10=Young | first10=Mike | last11=Carrington | first11=Mark | last12=King | first12=Ross D. | last13=Oliver | first13=Stephen G. | title=Yeast-based automated high-throughput screens to identify anti-parasitic lead compounds | journal=Open Biology | publisher=The Royal Society | volume=3 | issue=2 | year=2013 | issn=2046-2441 | doi=10.1098/rsob.120158 | pmid=23446112 | pmc=3603448 | page=120158}}{{cite journal | last1=Williams | first1=Kevin | last2=Bilsland | first2=Elizabeth | last3=Sparkes | first3=Andrew | last4=Aubrey | first4=Wayne | last5=Young | first5=Michael | last6=Soldatova | first6=Larisa N. | last7=De Grave | first7=Kurt | last8=Ramon | first8=Jan | last9=de Clare | first9=Michaela | last10=Sirawaraporn | first10=Worachart | last11=Oliver | first11=Stephen G. | last12=King | first12=Ross D. | title=Cheaper faster drug development validated by the repositioning of drugs against neglected tropical diseases | journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface | publisher=The Royal Society | volume=12 | issue=104 | date=2015-03-06 | issn=1742-5689 | doi=10.1098/rsif.2014.1289 | pmid=25652463 | pmc=4345494 | page=20141289}}{{cite journal | last1=Bilsland | first1=Elizabeth | last2=van Vliet | first2=Liisa | last3=Williams | first3=Kevin | last4=Feltham | first4=Jack | last5=Carrasco | first5=Marta P. | last6=Fotoran | first6=Wesley L. | last7=Cubillos | first7=Eliana F. G. | last8=Wunderlich | first8=Gerhard | last9=Grøtli | first9=Morten | last10=Hollfelder | first10=Florian | last11=Jackson | first11=Victoria | last12=King | first12=Ross D. | last13=Oliver | first13=Stephen G. | title=Plasmodium dihydrofolate reductase is a second enzyme target for the antimalarial action of triclosan | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=8 | issue=1 | pages=1038 | date=2018-01-18 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-018-19549-x | pmid=29348637 | pmc=5773535 | bibcode=2018NatSR...8.1038B }}{{cite journal | last1=Coutant | first1=Anthony | last2=Roper | first2=Katherine | last3=Trejo-Banos | first3=Daniel | last4=Bouthinon | first4=Dominique | last5=Carpenter | first5=Martin | last6=Grzebyta | first6=Jacek | last7=Santini | first7=Guillaume | last8=Soldano | first8=Henry | last9=Elati | first9=Mohamed | last10=Ramon | first10=Jan | last11=Rouveirol | first11=Celine | last12=Soldatova | first12=Larisa N. | last13=King | first13=Ross D. | title=Closed-loop cycles of experiment design, execution, and learning accelerate systems biology model development in yeast | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume=116 | issue=36 | date=2019-08-16 | issn=0027-8424 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1900548116 | pmid=31420515 | pmc=6731661 | pages=18142–18147| doi-access=free }} is designed to automate drug discovery. Eve automates high-throughput screening, hit confirmation, and lead generation through QSAR learning and testing. Eve is being applied to the discovery of lead compounds for neglected tropical diseases.
King's research has been funded by the EPSRC{{cite web |url=http://gow.epsrc.ac.uk/NGBOViewPerson.aspx?PersonId=49796 |title=Grants awarded to Ross King by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) }} and the BBSRC.,{{cite web |url=http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/news/archive/2009/090402-pr-robot-scientist.aspx |title=2 April 2009 - Robot scientist becomes first machine to discover new scientific knowledge - Media release - BBSRC |archive-date=2013-05-14|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514063142/http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/news/archive/2009/090402-pr-robot-scientist.aspx}} European Union, HEFCW, the Royal Academy of Engineering and JISC. He worked at Aberystwyth University for 15 years then moved to Manchester in January 2012. He left the School of Computer Science at the University of Manchester in 2019 and moved to Chalmers University of Technology.
He has an h-index of 54 according to Google Scholar.{{cite web |title=Ross D. King |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=BgZp7XcAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao |website=Google Scholar |access-date=30 April 2022}}
Collaborations
In 2000 King was a founder of the spin-out company PharmaDM,{{Cite web | url=http://www.pharmadm.com |title = Pharmadm.com}} which developed data mining tools for the pharmaceutical industry. The company was based largely on research applying data mining to bioinformatics and chemoinformatics. The other scientific founders come from the University of Oxford and Leuven.
King has also developed an algorithm for converting protein coding DNA sequences into music with Colin Angus of The Shamen.{{cite web |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/160632.article |title=Music to my DNA structure |work=Times Higher Education 2001-05-25 |date=25 May 2001 }} The song S2-translation{{YouTube|id=gorBU4e-vN8|title="The Shamen - S2 Translation (S2 Protein)"}} based on this is in the Rough Guide to Rock,{{cite book |author=Buckley, Peter J. |title=The Rough Guide to Rock (Rough Guides) |publisher=Rough Guides Limited |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-84353-105-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetorock0003unse }} and was on an album that sold more than 100,000 copies.
External links
- [http://videolectures.net/ross_d_king Ross D. King] on VideoLectures.net
References
{{reflist|2}}
{{Wikinews|Welsh University announces intelligent robot conducting biology experiments}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:King, Ross D.}}
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Category:Alumni of Newcastle University
Category:Alumni of the University of Strathclyde
Category:Academics of the University of Manchester
Category:Academics of Aberystwyth University
Category:People associated with the Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester
Category:Academic staff of the Chalmers University of Technology