Rotterdam plus
{{short description|Steam coal pricing methodology}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
"Rotterdam plus" or "Rotterdam+" is a methodology (formula) for determining the steam coal's price for thermal power plants, based on import parity principle, which was used to forecast the wholesale market price of electricity. The formula was in application in Ukraine from May 2016 to June 2019.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Resolution on approval of the Procedure for formation of the forecasted wholesale market price of electricity|url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0428-16?lang=en#Text|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}
The formula was adopted on 3 March 2016, by Ukrainian national energy regulator, National Commission for Regulation of Energy and Utilities and automatically became invalid from 1 July 2019, due to the entry into force of the law "On electricity market."{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Law of Ukraine on the electricity market|url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2019-19?lang=en#Text|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}
Etymology
In media new methodology was named "Rotterdam plus". In this verbal construction "Rotterdam" means coal index price, and "plus" means logistic costs for delivering coal from port of Rotterdam to Ukraine's thermal power plants.{{Cite web|date=2018-04-09|title=Rotterdam Plus: Where has the investigation gone?|url=https://neweasterneurope.eu/2018/04/09/rotterdam-plus-investigation-gone/|access-date=2020-10-22|website=New Eastern Europe - A bimonthly news magazine dedicated to Central and Eastern European affairs|language=en-GB}}
History and prerequisites
Due to the hostilities in certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions,{{Cite web|last=OCCRP|title=Ukraine's Illegal coal mines: dirty, dangerous, deadly|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/2461-ukraines-illegal-coal-mines-dirty-dangerous-deadly|access-date=2020-10-22|website=www.occrp.org|language=en-GB}} Ukraine lost control of 88 coal mines, which was 60% of the total number of mines in the country.{{Cite web|title=Из 93 шахт на Донбассе работают всего 24|url=https://www.unian.net/economics/industry/989948-iz-93-shaht-na-donbasse-rabotayut-vsego-24.html|access-date=2020-10-22|website=www.unian.net|language=ru}} Coal production in 2015 decreased by 38.8% (by 25.2 million tons) compared to 2014 - to 39.8 million tons.{{Cite web|title=Ukraine cuts coal production by 38.8% in 2015|url=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/316789.html|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Interfax-Ukraine|language=en}}
Ukraine faced a shortage of anthracite (hard coal) grades before the heating season of 2014–2015. Thus, in the fall of 2014, anthracite was imported for the first time from South Africa.{{Cite web|title=Ukrainian private companies intend to import 4 mln tonnes of coal from Russia by late 2014 – Prodan|url=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/227628.html|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Interfax-Ukraine|language=en}}
In 2015, according to the State Statistics Service, Ukraine imported 14.6 million tons of coal worth $1.63 billion. Of these, 1.07 million tons of anthracite coal was imported at 99.6 million US dollars.{{Cite web|title=Державна служба статистики України|url=http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/|access-date=2020-10-22|website=www.ukrstat.gov.ua}}
The current tariff for electricity supply by thermal power plants did not cover the cost of purchasing imported coal. The coal price in that time was manually set by the Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Report on the results of comprehensive research of electricity and thermal coal markets|url=http://www.amc.gov.ua/amku/doccatalog/document?id=128504&schema=main|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}
The new methodology to forecast wholesale market price of electricity calculating with the market determination of coal price was supposed to ensure the independence of thermal power plants from coal supplies from the ATO{{clarify|What is ATO?|date=December 2020}} zone and deprive Ukraine from problems with the accumulation sufficient amount of coal in front the heating season.{{Cite web|title=Дмитро Вовк: раніше всі були фахівцями з політики і футболу, а останнім часом — з RAB-тарифів|url=https://www.epravda.com.ua/publications/2018/05/14/636741/|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Економічна правда|language=uk}}
General principle
According to the methodology, the National Commission for Regulation of Energy and Utilities calculated the forecasted wholesale price for electricity in such a way that the tariff for electricity produced by the thermal power plants would cover its cost.
The formula for determining the price consisted of the average price indices for thermal coal in the ports of northwestern Europe (Amsterdam-Rotterdam-Antwerp) for the 12 months preceding the calculation of the FWP{{clarify|What is FWP?|date=December 2020}}, plus logistics costs for the delivery of coal to Ukrainian thermal power plants.
The APІ2 index had been adjusted according to calorific value of Ukrainian coal, which was indicated in the predicted fuel structure for thermal power plants. This document was approved by the Ministry of Energy.
The logistic costs were based on the average freight rate for the delivery coal from the ARA region to Ukrainian ports, the cost of transshipment in the port (unloading the vessel) and the average railway tariff for shipping coal from the port to the thermal power plants.
The "Rotterdam +" formula did not assume that coal would be physically purchased in Rotterdam and transported to the Ukrainian port "Pivdenny" (Odessa region). The APІ2 index was used as an indicative of the European market, and the logistics costs according to the formula were to cover the costs of delivering coal from producing countries - South Africa, Colombia, the US and Australia - to Ukraine.
This approach was justified by the European Coal and Lignite Association (EURACOAL) calculations . According to the Association, the cost of delivering coal from South Africa, the United States and Colombia to Ukraine were higher than from these countries in the ARA region.{{Cite web|title=Формула "Роттердам плюс" була обґрунтована для українського ринку вугілля, - EURACOAL|url=https://economics.segodnya.ua/ua/economics/enews/formula-rotterdam-plyus-byla-obosnovanna-dlya-ukrainskogo-rynka-uglya-euracoal-1467756.html|access-date=2020-10-22|website=economics.segodnya.ua|language=uk}}
Critics and media-campaign against "Rotterdam+"
The main opponents of the formula for determining the market price of coal were large energy-intensive enterprises - mainly ferroalloy and electrometallurgical enterprises, which belong to oligarchs Igor Kolomoisky and Viktor Pinchuk.
In 2017, they established the Electricity and Utilities Consumers Association. Officially, the members of the association did not open up. According to the former head of the association, Andriy Gerus, large electricity consumers have joined the association{{Cite web|date=2020-10-13|title=Война против ДТЭК, звонок Коломойского и дорогой зеленый тариф. Интервью с Андреем Герусом|url=https://biz.liga.net/ekonomika/tek/interview/voyna-protiv-dtek-zvonok-kolomoyskogo-i-dorogoy-zelenyy-tarif-intervyu-s-andreem-gerusom|access-date=2020-10-22|website=LIGA|language=ru}}
Andriy Gerus has become a key figure in the anti-formula media campaign.{{Cite web|title=What's Wrong With the 'Rotterdam Formula'?|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/columns/2016/06/22/7116844/|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Ukrayinska Pravda}} Media support was provided by Ihor Kolomoisky's 1 + 1 Media TV channel, as well as by Viktor Pinchuk's ICTV and STB.{{fact|date=March 2025}}
In March 2018, a public organization controlled by Gerus, the Association of Energy and Utilities Consumers, launched the Rotterdam Plus online meter to calculate the amount of overpayments by consumers for electricity expected by it.{{Cite web|title=Головна сторінка · Асоціація споживачів енергетики та комунальних послуг|url=http://consumers.com.ua/|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Асоціація споживачів енергетики та комунальних послуг|language=ru}} Despite the cancellation of the "Rotterdam +" formula from 1 July 2019, the counter continues to count losses to the present. As of early August 2020, he calculated losses at over ₴67 billion.{{fact|date=March 2025}}
The object of criticism and media attacks was the DTEK holding, the largest coal producer and operator the majority of thermal power plants[7]. TV channels controlled by Kolomoisky and Pinchuk accused DTEK of receiving super-profits. Since the owner of 100% of DTEK shares is entrepreneur Rinat Akhmetov, criticism was also directed at him.{{Cite web|title=SAPO closed the Rotterdam case +|url=https://dtek.com/en/media-center/press/sapo-closed-the-rotterdam-case-/|access-date=2020-10-22|website=dtek.com}}
Criminal investigation
A year after the adoption of the formula, the National Anti-Corruption Bureau, under pressure from a media campaign, opened criminal proceedings against members of the National Commission for Regulation of Energy and Utilities, who adopted the methodology.{{Cite web|title=Rotterdam|url=https://nabu.gov.ua/en/tags/rotterdam-1|access-date=2020-10-22|website=nabu.gov.ua|language=en}}
During the investigation, NACB conducted several searches, including with the equipment seizure from NEURC.{{Cite web|title=НАБУ провело обыски в НКРЭКУ|url=https://interfax.com.ua/news/economic/566114.html|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Интерфакс-Украина|language=ru}}
In the course of 3.5 years, 10 Ukrainian and 4 international examinations were carried out, which, according to the lawyers, did not reveal any harm or loss from the formula.{{Cite web|title=Международные и украинские государственные экспертизы подтвердили обоснованность "Роттердам+" — адвокат|url=https://glavcom.ua/ru/news/mezhdunarodnye-i-ukrainskie-gosudarstvennye-ekspertizy-podtverdili-obosnovannost-rotterdam-advokat-694240.html?1595339808|access-date=2020-10-22|website=glavcom.ua|language=ru}}
Termination of investigation
The investigation lasted 3.5 years and was closed on 27 August 2020, due to the lack of evidence of the suspects' guilt and crimes in their actions.{{Cite web|title=SAPO's decision to close Rotterdam + case confirms legality of this principle – DTEK|url=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/684421.html|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Interfax-Ukraine|language=en}}
On 24 September, the legality of closing a case was confirmed by the Supreme Anti-Corruption Court. Ad on 29 September - by the Office of the General Prosecutor.{{Cite web|date=2020-10-15|title="Даже не вдавалась в суть". Венедиктова оставила закрытым дело "Роттердам+" – Слово и дело|url=https://biz.liga.net/ekonomika/tek/novosti/daje-ne-vdavalas-v-sut-venediktova-ostavila-zakrytym-delo-rotterdam-slovo-i-delo|access-date=2020-10-22|website=LIGA|language=ru}}
The meaning and impact
The introduction of "Rotterdam+" methodology for determining the coal market price was a transitional stage before the introduction of a full-fledged electricity market in Ukraine from 1 July 2019.{{Cite web|title=Введение формулы "Роттердам+" сравняло цену украинского угля с импортным|url=https://economics.segodnya.ua/economics/enews/vvedenie-formuly-rotterdam-sravnyalo-cenu-ukrainskogo-uglya-s-importnym-1316406.html|access-date=2020-10-22|website=economics.segodnya.ua|language=ru}}
According to the former head of the NERC and a member of the NERC, Alexander Rogozin, the "Rotterdam+" formula in 2016 was the best possible option for calculation coal price in the transition period before opening of electricity market.{{Cite web|title="Роттердам+" був кращим варіантом для визначення прогнозної ОРЦ, - Рогозін|url=https://www.rbc.ua/ukr/news/luchshego-varianta-rotterdam-opredeleniya-1600347102.html|access-date=2020-10-22|website=РБК-Украина|language=ru}}
According to economists, the formula provided the formation of steam coal prices with the principle of import parity, which was agreed with international financial institutions, including the IMF.{{Cite web |title=Offering Circular |url=https://www.ise.ie/debt_documents/ListingParticulars_2b5d7d49-4484-4687-ac10-506aee4c7c6c.PDF}}
Antimonopoly Committee's conclusions about the "Rotterdam+" formula
On 18 December 2020, the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine closed its own investigation about the "Rotterdam+" formula.{{Cite web|title=AMCU closes Rotterdam + case without establishing violations|url=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/710971.html|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Interfax-Ukraine|language=en}}
The Antimonopoly Committee officially established that the "Rotterdam+" formula did not harm electricity consumers in Ukraine{{Cite web|last=Kitsoft|title=Антимонопольний комітет України - АМКУ завершив справу за ознаками порушення НКРЕКП законодавства про захист економічної конкуренції|url=https://amcu.gov.ua/news/amku-zavershiv-spravu-128-261366-19-yaka-bula-rozpochata-za-oznakami-porushennya-nkrekp-zakonodavstva-pro-zahist-ekonomichnoyi-konkurenciyi|access-date=2020-12-22|website=amcu.gov.ua|language=uk}}
Re-closure of criminal investigation
On 21 January 2021, the National Anti-Corruption Bureau announced the re-closure of the "Rotterdam+" case. Soon this information was confirmed by the Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office.{{Cite web|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/prosecutor-closes-high-profile-rotterdam-investigation-again.html|access-date=2021-01-24|website=www.kyivpost.com|title=Prosecutor closes high-profile Rotterdam+ investigation, again - Jan. 21, 2021 |date=21 January 2021 }} This decision was overturned by a higher-level prosecutor and a court.
On 10 April 2021, the head of the Rotterdam plus prosecutors' group, Vitaliy Ponomarenko, closed the case for the third time. The National Anti-Corruption Bureau announced immediately that it would appeal this decision again.{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2021/04/9/7289680/ The same prosecutor closed the case of "Rotterdam +" - NABU for the third time], Ukrayinska Pravda (10 April 2021)
On 5 May 2021, the Attorney General's Office replaced the procedural leader in the "Rotterdam+" case.{{Cite web|title=Венедиктова сменила прокурора, который трижды закрывал "Роттердам +"|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2021/05/5/7292535/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Украинская правда|language=ru}} The new prosecutor on 20 May, after studying 100 volumes of the case and 350 GB of video materials, interrogations, decided to close the case.{{Cite web|title=Новый прокурор САП четвертый раз закрыл дело "Роттердам +"|url=https://www.epravda.com.ua/rus/news/2021/05/21/674123/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Экономическая правда|language=ru}}