Rubus idaeus

{{Speciesbox

|image = Raspberry - whole (Rubus idaeus).jpg

|image_caption =

|parent = Rubus subg. Idaeobatus

|taxon = Rubus idaeus

| status = LC

| status_system = IUCN3.1

| status_ref = {{cite iucn |title=Rubus idaeus |url= https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18258863/45097315#assessment-information }} (Europe)

|authority = L. 1753 not Blanco 1837 nor Vell. 1829 nor Pursh 1814 nor Thunb. 1784

|synonyms_ref={{ThePlantList |id=rjp-310 |taxon=Rubus idaeus |authority=L.}}

|synonyms={{collapsible list|bullets = true

|title=Synonymy

|Batidaea idea (L.) Nieuwl.

|Batidaea vulgaris Nieuwl.

|Batidea peramoena Greene

|Rubus acanthocladus Borb

|Rubus buschii (Rozanova) Grossh.

|Rubus chrysocarpus Čelak. ex Gyer

|Rubus euroasiaticus Sinkova

|Rubus fragrans Salisb.

|Rubus frambaesianus Lam.

|Rubus glaber Mill. ex Simonk.

|Rubus greeneanus L.H.Bailey

|Rubus leesii Bab.

|Rubus obtusifolius Willd.

|Rubus sericeus Gilib.

|Rubus vulgatus Rozanova

|Rubus komarovii Nakai

|Rubus melanolasius (Dieck ex Focke) Kom.

|Rubus sachalinensis H.Lév.

|Rubus sibiricus (Kom.) Sinkova

|Rubus nipponicus (Focke) Koidz.

|Batidea acalyphacea Greene

|Batidea arizonica Greene

|Rubus carolinianus Rydb.

|Rubus melanolasius Dieck

|Rubus neglectus Peck

|Rubus strigosus Michx.

|Batidea viburnifolia Greene

}}}}

File:Raspberry - halved (Rubus idaeus).jpg

File:Frambuesas-cuajada-miel-brea.JPG

Rubus idaeus (raspberry, also called red raspberry or occasionally European red raspberry to distinguish it from other raspberry species) is a red-fruited species of Rubus native to Europe and northern Asia and commonly cultivated in other temperate regions.{{cite web |website=Flora Europaea |url=http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?GENUS_XREF=Rubus+&SPECIES_XREF=idaeus |title=Rubus idaeus}}{{GRIN | access-date = 15 December 2017}}

Taxonomy

A closely related plant in North America, sometimes regarded as the variety Rubus idaeus var. strigosus, is more commonly treated as a distinct species, Rubus strigosus (American red raspberry), as is done here.{{GRIN | Rubus idaeus var. strigosus | 32351 | access-date = 15 December 2017}} Red-fruited cultivated raspberries, even in North America, are generally Rubus idaeus or horticultural derivatives of hybrids of R. idaeus and R. strigosus; these plants are all addressed in the present article.

Description

Plants of Rubus idaeus are generally perennials, which bear biennial stems ("canes") from a perennial root system. In its first year, a new, unbranched stem ("primocane") grows vigorously to its full height of 1.5–2.5 m (5.0–8.3 feet), bearing large pinnately compound leaves with five or seven leaflets, but usually no flowers. In its second year (as a "floricane"), a stem does not grow taller, but produces several side shoots, which bear smaller leaves with three or five leaflets. The flowers are produced in late spring on short racemes on the tips of these side shoots, each flower about 1 cm (0.4 inches) diameter with five white petals. The fruit is red, edible, and sweet but tart-flavoured, produced in summer or early autumn; in botanical terminology, it is not a berry at all, but an aggregate fruit of numerous drupelets around a central core. In raspberries (various species of Rubus subgenus Idaeobatus), the drupelets separate from the core when picked, leaving a hollow fruit, whereas in blackberries and most other species of Rubus, the drupelets stay attached to the core.

{{cite web |website=Flora of NW Europe |url=http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=2609 |title=Rubus idaeus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206162141/https://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=2609 |archive-date=6 December 2007|url-status=dead}}{{eFloras|2|200011446|Rubus idaeus |family=Rosaceae |last1=Lu |first1=Lingdi |first2=David E. |last2=Boufford}}{{cite book |last1=Blamey |first1=M. |last2=Grey-Wilson |first2=C. |date=1989 |title=Flora of Britain and Northern Europe |isbn=0-340-40170-2}}.{{cite book |editor-last=Huxley |editor-first=A. |date=1992 |title=New RHS Dictionary of Gardening |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-333-47494-5}}.

Biotope

As a wild plant, R. idaeus typically grows in forests, forming open stands under a tree canopy, and denser stands in clearings. In the south of its range (southern Europe and central Asia), it occurs only at high altitudes in mountains. The species name idaeus refers to its occurrence on Mount Ida near Troy in northwest Turkey, where the ancient Greeks were most familiar with it.

Cultivation and uses

File:Activity on a leaf on a red raspberry bush.jpg.]]

File:Raspberries (Rubus idaeus).jpg

R. idaeus is grown primarily for its fruits, but occasionally for its leaves, roots, or other parts.

=Fruits=

The fruit of R. idaeus is an important food crop, though most modern commercial raspberry cultivars derive from hybrids between R. idaeus and R. strigosus. The fruits of wild plants have a sweet taste and are very aromatic.

=Leaves and other parts=

Red raspberries contains 31 μg/100 g of folate.{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=H |last2=Comeskey |first2=D |last3=Simpson |first3=RM |last4=Laing |first4=WA |last5=McGhie |first5=TK |year=2010 |title=Quantification of folate in fruits and vegetables: a fluorescence-based homogeneous assay |journal=Anal Biochem |volume=402 |issue=2 |pages=137–145 |doi=10.1016/j.ab.2010.03.032|pmid=20361923 }} Red raspberries have antioxidant effects that play a minor role in the killing of stomach and colon cancer cells.Nutr Res. 30(11):777-782{{cite journal |last1=McDougall |first1=GJ |last2=Ross |first2=HA |last3=Ikeji |first3=M |last4=Stewart |first4=D |year=2008 |title=Berry extracts exert different antiproliferative effects against cervical and colon cancer cells grown in vitro |journal=J Agric Food Chem |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=3016–3023 |doi=10.1021/jf073469n|pmid=18412361 }}

Young roots of Rubus idaeus prevented kidney stone formation in a mouse model of hyperoxaluria.{{cite journal |last1=Ghalayini |first1=IF |last2=Al-Ghazo |first2=MA |last3=Harfeil |first3=MN |year=2011 |title=Prophylaxis and therapeutic effects of raspberry (Rubus idaeus) on renal stone formation in Balb/c mice |journal=Int Braz J Urol |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=259–267 |doi=10.1590/S1677-55382011000200013 |pmid=21557843 |doi-access=free }} [http://www.rdchemicals.com/chemicals.php?mode=details&mol_id=8291 Tiliroside] from raspberry is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor and might be used as a skin-whitening agent and pigmentation medicine.{{cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=YH |last2=Chen |first2=J |last3=Wei |first3=DZ |last4=Wang |first4=ZT |last5=Tao |first5=XY |year=2009 |title=Tyrosinase inhibitory effect and inhibitory mechanism of tiliroside from raspberry |journal=J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=1154–1160 |doi=10.1080/14756360802694252|pmid=19772488 |doi-access=free }}

Raspberry fruit may protect the liver.{{cite journal |last1=Gião |first1=MS |last2=Pestana |first2=D |last3=Faria |first3=A |last4=Guimarães |first4=JT |last5=Pintado |first5=ME |last6=Calhau |first6=C |last7=Azevedo |first7=I |last8=Malcata |first8=FX |year=2010 |title=Effects of extracts of selected medicinal plants upon hepatic oxidative stress |journal=J Med Food |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1089/jmf.2008.0323|pmid=20136446 }}

Chemistry

Vitamin C and phenolics are present in red raspberries. Most notably, the anthocyanins cyanidin-3-sophoroside, cyanidin-3-(2(G)-glucosylrutinoside) and cyanidin-3-glucoside, the two ellagitannins sanguiin H-6 and lambertianin C are present together with trace levels of flavonols, ellagic acid and hydroxycinnamate.{{Cite journal |last1=Mullen |first1=W. |last2=Stewart |first2=A. J. |last3=Lean |first3=M. E. |last4=Gardner |first4=P. |last5=Duthie |first5=G. G. |last6=Crozier |first6=A. |title=Effect of freezing and storage on the phenolics, ellagitannins, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity of red raspberries |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=50 |issue=18 |pages=5197–5201 |year=2002 |pmid=12188629 |doi=10.1021/jf020141f }}

Polyphenolic compounds from raspberry seeds have antioxidant effects in vitro,{{cite journal |last1=Godevac |first1=D |last2=Tesević |first2=V |last3=Vajs |first3=V |last4=Milosavljević |first4=S |last5=Stanković |first5=M |year=2009 |title=Antioxidant properties of raspberry seed extracts on micronucleus distribution in peripheral blood lymphocytes |journal=Food Chem Toxicol |volume=47 |issue=11 |pages=2853–2859 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2009.09.006|pmid=19748543 }}{{cite journal |last1=Aiyer |first1=HS |last2=Kichambare |first2=S |last3=Gupta |first3=RC |year=2008 |title=Prevention of oxidative DNA damage by bioactive berry components |journal=Nutr Cancer |volume=60 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=36–42 |doi=10.1080/01635580802398448 |pmid=19003579 |s2cid=205494444 }} but have no proven antioxidant effect in humans.{{cite web |url=http://www.nutraceuticalsworld.com/issues/2009-03/view_features/new-roles-for-polyphenols/ |title=New Roles for Polyphenols. A 3-Part report on Current Regulations & the State of Science |last1=Gross |first1=P |year=2009 |work=Nutraceuticals World |publisher=Rodman Media |access-date=April 11, 2013}} Raspberry ketones are derived from various fruits and plants, not raspberries, and are marketed as having weight loss benefits.{{cite web|url=http://fic.osu.edu/members/spotlight/the-sweet-taste-of-weight-loss.html/|publisher=Ohio State University Food Innovation Center|access-date=3 Sep 2014|title=The Sweet Taste of Weight Loss|date=2014}} There is no clinical evidence for this effect in humans.{{cite web |url=http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1262-RASPBERRY%20KETONE.aspx?activeIngredientId=1262 |title=Raspberry Ketone |publisher=WebMD}}