Ruby Falls

{{short description|Cave with underground waterfall in Tennessee, United States}}

{{Infobox NRHP

| name = Lookout Mountain Caverns and Cavern Castle

| nrhp_type = hd

| nocat = yes

| image = RubyExt2.JPG

| caption = Ruby Falls' Visitors Center (Cavern Castle)

| location = Scenic Hwy., Chattanooga, Tennessee

| coordinates = {{coord|35|1|9|N|85|20|22|W|display=inline,title}}

| locmapin = Tennessee#USA

| built = 1929

| architect = Lambert, Leo B.; Brown Contracting Co.

| architecture =

| added = November 26, 1985

| area = {{convert|10|acre}}

| refnum = 85002969{{NRISref|2009a}}

}}

Ruby Falls is an underground waterfall in Ruby Falls Cave, located at the end of an approximately 85 foot tall recessional gorge{{Cite book |last=Matthews |first=Larry E. |title=Caves of Chattanooga |date=2007 |publisher=National Speleological Society |isbn=978-1-879961-27-2 |location=Huntsville, AL}} within Lookout Mountain, in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in the United States.{{cite book |last=Matthews |first=Larry E. |date=2007 |title=Caves of Chattanooga |publisher=National Speleological Society |isbn=978-1879961272}} The cave is commercialized with electric lights, paved foot trails, and an elevator for access. The waterfall may only be visited by guided tour. [https://www.rubyfalls.com/our-story/ Ruby Falls History.]

Geology

About 300 to 360 million years ago (in the Carboniferous Period, at the end of the Paleozoic Era), the eastern Tennessee area was covered with a shallow sea, the sediments of which eventually formed limestone rock.[https://www.rubyfalls.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Ruby_Falls_Tour_Highlights.pdf Ruby Falls Geology] About 200 million years ago, this area was uplifted, forming Lookout Mountain and nearby ridges. Slightly acidic groundwater running through cracks in the limestone slowly dissolved the relatively soluble rock, causing narrow cracks to widen into passages. This process, called chemical weathering,{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53N3CAAAQBAJ&q=ruby+falls+chemical+weathering|title=Sustainability, Social Responsibility, and Innovations in the Hospitality Industry|last1=Parsa|first1=H. G.|last2=Narapareddy|first2=Vijaya (Vi)|date=2015|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781482223323|page=135|language=en|access-date=1 February 2018}}{{cite web|url=http://www.rubyfalls.com/images/uploads/subpage/Ruby-Falls-Educational-Resource-Guide.pdf|title=Ruby Falls Educational Resource Guide|publisher=Ruby Falls|access-date=1 February 2018}} caused various caves to form inside Lookout Mountain.

Among them were Lookout Mountain Cave, which opened to the outside, and Ruby Falls Cave, which did not. The two were unconnected until developers joined them to create Lookout Mountain Caverns. Ruby Falls Cave is the upper of the two and contains a variety of geological formations and curiosities that Lookout Mountain Cave does not have.

Ruby Falls Cave features many of the more well-known types of cave formations (or speleothems) including stalactites and stalagmites, columns, drapery, and flowstone.{{cite web |title=Ruby Falls of Chattanooga, Geology |url=https://www.rubyfalls.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Ruby_Falls_Tour_Highlights.pdf |access-date=}} The limestone in which the cave is formed is still relatively horizontal, just as it was deposited below sea level.

The Falls are located at the end of the main passage of Ruby Falls Cave, in a large vertical shaft. The underground waterfall and stream is fed by meteoric water (e.g. rainwater) that percolates into the cave from the surface. It collects in a pool in the cave floor and then continues through the mountain, through a second deeper pit, and finally resurges as a natural spring to the Tennessee River at the base of Lookout Mountain.{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Barr, Jr.|title=Caves of Tennessee|date=1961|publisher=State of Tennessee Division of Geology|language=en}} Like all caves in the region, the waterfall is naturally seasonally dependent and would be dry during certain times of the year. However, water is artificially circulated via pumps to maintain water flow year-round.

History

File:LookoutMountainCastleChattanooga.jpg

Ruby Falls Cave has no natural openings. It was discovered in 1928, and so lacks various artifacts often associated with caves in the southeastern United States.

In 1905, the natural entrance to Lookout Mountain Cave was closed during the construction of a railway tunnel.{{cite book|last1=Manning|first1=Russ|title=The Historic Cumberland Plateau: An Explorer's Guide|date=1999|publisher=Univ. of Tennessee Press|isbn=9781572330443|page=292|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtfyLnSBF8sC&q=Ruby+Falls|access-date=6 December 2017|language=en}} In the 1920s, a chemist and cave enthusiast named Leo Lambert thought that he could re-open the cave as a tourist attraction, and formed a company to do so. He planned to make an opening farther up the mountain than the original opening and transport tourists to the cave via an elevator. For this purpose, his company purchased land on the side of Lookout Mountain above Lookout Mountain Cave and in 1928 began to drill through the limestone. In doing so, they discovered a small passageway about 18 inches high and four feet wide. Exploring this opening, Lambert discovered the formerly hidden Ruby Falls Cave and its waterfall. On his next trip to visit the cave, Lambert took his wife Ruby, and told her that he would name the falls after her.[http://www.rubyfalls.com/docs/Ruby%20Falls%20History.txt Ruby Falls History. Jane Derthick and Hu Longmire. Press Release.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022050801/http://www.rubyfalls.com/docs/Ruby%20Falls%20History.txt |date=2006-10-22 }}, accessed 11 June 2006

After the discovery of the cave housing Ruby Falls, the tunnelers kept digging to locate the original cave they were searching for, the Lookout Mountain caverns, which they reached 1,120 feet underground. On December 30, 1929 the Lookout Mountain caverns were open to the public, and by the following year in June the Ruby Falls cave was expanded and opened as well.{{cite book|last1=Sakowski|first1=Carolyn|title=Touring the East Tennessee Backroads, Second Edition|date=2007|publisher=John F. Blair, Publisher|isbn=9780895874764|page=349|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rLBrUbj02IcC&q=Ruby+Falls|access-date=6 December 2017|language=en}} By 1935 the lower of the two caves was blocked off due to Ruby Falls being the far more popular of the two caves.{{cite book|last1=Simmonds|first1=William|title=Advertising Barns: Vanishing American Landmarks|date=2004|publisher=MBI|isbn=9780760320839|page=[https://archive.org/details/advertisingbarns0000simm/page/65 65]|url=https://archive.org/details/advertisingbarns0000simm|url-access=registration|quote=Ruby Falls.|access-date=6 December 2017|language=en}}

In 1954, the pathway around the basin was cut in order to allow tourists a better view of the falls. This began the tour-related quip regarding not drinking the falls' water. Though pure and thus safe to drink, it has large concentrations of magnesium from the strata of the mountain, which makes it a natural laxative.

In 1975, the secondary exit from the falls to the base of the mountain was cut. This was to comply with recreation regulations in Tennessee. The secondary exit is used in the event that the main shaft elevator fails. This secondary exit was used for the popular Ruby Falls Haunted Cavern until 2017 when the event was renamed Dread Hollow and was moved to a new location. The haunted attraction is open to the public from late September, through October.{{cite news|title=New haunted town opens in Lookout Valley|url=http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/chattanooganow/outabout/story/2017/oct/05/dread-hollow-new-haunted-town-opens-lookout-v/452561/|access-date=6 December 2017|work=timesfreepress.com|date=October 5, 2017}}{{cite news|last1=Jolly|first1=Meagan|title=Ruby Falls Haunted Cavern Moves For All-New Dread Hollow Experience|url=http://www.chattanoogan.com/2017/8/16/353113/Ruby-Falls-Haunted-Cavern-Moves-For.aspx|access-date=6 December 2017|work=The Chattanoogan|date=August 16, 2017}}

In April 2007, the National Speleological Society (NSS) published "Caves of Chattanooga"{{cite book |last=Matthews |first=Larry E. |date=2007 |title=Caves of Chattanooga |publisher=National Speleological Society |isbn=978-1879961272 }} by Larry E. Matthews. Chapter 3, "Ruby Falls Cave", covers the history of Ruby Falls Cave from its discovery in 1928 through 2007 (includes 23 illustrations). Chapter 1, "Lookout Mountain Cave", covers the cave Leo Lambert was drilling for when he accidentally discovered Ruby Falls Cave.

Tourism and advertising

File:The Waterfalls at Ruby Falls.png]]

File:Ruby Falls Entrance.jpg

Lambert decided to open both caves to the public, although Lookout Mountain Cave was closed in 1935 since it was not very popular with tourists, who were much more impressed with the upper cave. Public tours began in 1930. Electric lights were installed in the cave, making it one of the first commercial caves to be so outfitted.[https://www.rubyfalls.com/our-story/ Ruby Falls History] A large number of billboards were placed along I-75 in the 1970s and 1980s with the words "SEE RUBY FALLS" beginning hundreds of miles north and south of the falls itself. Ruby Falls remains a staple of Chattanooga tourism, operating daily.

Ruby Falls and the larger Lookout Mountain Caverns complex have been designated a National Historic Landmark. It is often associated with the nearby Rock City attraction, which lies atop Lookout Mountain.

Popular culture references

Johnny Cash and Roy Orbison co-wrote a song with the title "See Ruby Fall" in the mid to late 1960s, a reference to the barn roof advertising slogan "See Ruby Falls" ubiquitous throughout the southern United States in the mid 20th Century.{{cite book|last1=Banister|first1=C. Eric|title=Johnny Cash FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the Man in Black|date=2014|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|isbn=9781617136085|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufYTBQAAQBAJ&q=See+Ruby+Fall+johnny+cash|access-date=6 December 2017|language=en}}