Rufus Phillips

Phillips was born in Middletown, Ohio and was raised in rural Charlotte County, Virginia.{{sfn|Phillips|2008|p=27-29}} He attended Woodberry Forest School and then Yale College from 1947 to 1951. {{sfn|Phillips|2008|p=29-31}}

He was a Central Intelligence Agency officer beginning in 1952.{{sfn|Ringle|1977}}{{sfn|Phillips|2008|p=31}} In 1953, Phillips joined the United States Army and became an officer and finished Jump School.{{sfn|Phillips|2008|p=32-33}} He served briefly in South Korea; he then in 1954 became a military advisor to the South Vietnam government as a protégé of then Colonel Edward Lansdale, specializing in military Civic Action.{{sfn|Phillips|2008|p=177-190}} He would later maintain that the Viet Minh were largely defeated by 1956, but then the US government bureaucracies created a power vacuum by pressuring the South Vietnamese to:

1. Abandon civic action programs and reorientate their military to counter a conventional invasion from North Vietnam (mistaking this as the greater threat);
2. Institute police forces modeled on American police (which were incapable of providing rural security); and
3. Restore rural development responsibilities to the corrupt civilian bureaucracy.

By 1959 the gains of 1954-1956 were lost.{{sfn|Phillips|2008|p=197-204,226}}

Phillips then shifted to Laos in April 1957.{{sfn|Phillips|2008|p=217}} Phillips left the military in 1956 and the CIA in 1959; he liked the CIA nation building work more than pure intelligence gathering and disliked the bureaucracy of CIA headquarters. He was angered by the arrogance of some in the Agency who looked on the Vietnamese as pawns.{{sfn|Phillips|2008|p=221-222}}

From the end of 1959 to mid-1962 Phillips worked with his father's company, Airways Engineering, designing airports around the world. He married Barbara Hubner in May 1960; their children Rufus and Anne would be born in 1961 and 1962.{{sfn|Phillips|2008|p=234-235}}

Phillips participated in the April 1962 RAND Counterinsurgency Symposium alongside other counterinsurgency experts such as Wendell Fertig, David Galula, Frank Kitson, Edward Lansdale, and Samuel V. Wilson.{{sfn|Hosmer|Crane|2006}}{{sfn|Phillips|2008|p=236}}

Phillips returned to Vietnam with his family after May 1962 as a USAID official supporting the Strategic Hamlet Program.{{sfn|Phillips|2008|p=236-239}} He was one of the architects of the Chieu Hoi program to persuade Vietcong fighters to defect.{{sfn|Phillips|2008|p=289}}

{{main|Krulak-Mendenhall mission}}

In early September 1963 Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara recommended Marine Major General Victor Krulak be sent on a four-day fact-finding mission; State Department official Joseph Mendenhall was also assigned to the trip. Phillips had returned to the US due to his father's terminal illness just days before the Krulak-Mendenhall mission.{{sfn|Phillips|2008|p=374-383}}

Krulak's and Mendenhall's divergent reports (Krulak stated the war was being won, Mendenhall strongly disagreed) led President Kennedy to ask them "You two did visit the same country, didn't you?" Phillips had been asked to attend this White House meeting, and he gave testimony on his recent experience in Vietnam, stating that 60 hamlets in the Mekong Delta had been overrun by the Viet Cong in the past month. McNamara and Krulak alleged he was not telling the truth. David Halberstam would write “Now, coming before the President, he [Phillips] was admitting the failures of his own program, in itself a remarkable moment in the American bureaucracy, a moment of intellectual honesty.”{{sfn|Halberstam|1972|p=316}} Phillips later wrote that Krulak's and Mendenhall's criticisms of each other was fairly accurate. Krulak did whitewash the military situation, especially in the Mekong Delta, while Mendenhall's urban contacts' pessimism was not reflective of the rural situation elsewhere in the country. Phillips walked away from this and subsequent meetings thinking that only President Kennedy seemed to show any interest in learning about Vietnam, and that all the other principals were motivated only by pride and bureaucratic loyalty.{{sfn|Phillips|2008|p=386-397}}

After his last high level meeting he had a confrontation with former Ambassador to South Vietnam Frederick Nolting:

{{blockquote|He had been surprised by what I had said at the first meeting at the White House and thought my opinions that we were losing the war unwarranted. I didn’t think I had gone that far. He said, “You just ruined it.” I replied, “No, you ruined it by not getting Lansdale out there when it would have done some good.” We glared at each other for a moment. He had clearly not understood that I wanted to save Diem but also to tell the truth about Vietnamese reality. Afterward I felt a sense of regret. He had tried mightily to do the right thing, yet he had not understood his personal limitations or those imposed by the formality of his position [i.e., the fact that the South Vietnamese would not tell the truth about their difficulties unless it was done in private informal settings with Americans whom they had developed a personal level of trust].{{sfn|Phillips|2008|p=397}}}}

Phillips felt that his time was wasted at these meetings - no one asked him anything about Vietnam - and asked Assistant Secretary of State Roger Hilsman to not include him.{{sfn|Phillips|2008|p=397-398}}

After Phillips returned to Saigon to move his family back to the US he discovered major bureaucratic infighting had occurred as a result of his testimony to President Kennedy, including that his family had been targeted. The military advisors were ordered to not talk to his USAID subordinates, and one advisor (the one who confirmed the 60 hamlets overrun account) was reprimanded. General Harkins had said publicly that he would "get" Phillips. Likewise, some of the CIA staff at the embassy stopped working with his subordinates. The CIA station chief, John Richardson, had tried to intimidate his wife Barbara with an allegation that she had overheard information for which she had not been cleared; she was able to deflect the allegation. A few days later the wife of one of Richardson's subordinates tried unsuccessfully to get Barbara Phillips to admit she knew of classified matters. The police guard at his home had been changed, raising the possibility that Ngô Đình Nhu might have planned some kind of retribution, so he arranged for Filipino military friends to move in with their weapons.{{sfn|Phillips|2008|p=402}}

Phillips left USAID as an employee at the end of 1963 and returned to Airways Engineering, but he continued to occasionally visit South Vietnam as an USAID consultant through 1968.{{sfn|Phillips|2008|p=396,538}} He supported South Vietnamese independence and their fight against the Viet Cong but saw the large US military intervention as sabotaging the nation building needed for victory. He rendered testimony to the platform committee of the 1968 Democratic National Convention, where he was disappointed to see the committee wanted to abandon South Vietnam.{{sfn|Phillips|2008|p=618-621}}

Phillips lived in Fairfax County, Virginia. He served on the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors and was a Democrat. He ran for the United States House of Representatives in 1974, and lost the primary election.{{sfn|Gerwehr|Hachigian|2005}}{{sfn|Ringle|1977}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=274097|title=Candidate - Rufus Phillips|website=Our Campaigns|access-date=April 10, 2018}}

Phillips was the author of Why Vietnam Matters: An Eyewitness Account of Lessons Not Learned (2008).{{cite news |title=BOOKS: Vietnam, Allied invasion of Italy |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/feb/22/books-vietnam-allied-invasion-of-italy/ |work=The Washington Times |date=February 22, 2009 |access-date=August 1, 2010 }} He was a regular guest on The John Batchelor Show and discussed topics on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}

• {{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Rufus |title=Why Vietnam Matters: An Eyewitness Account of Lessons Not Learned |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=2008 |isbn=9781682473108 |oclc=992225373 }}

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite news |last=Boot |first=Max |author-link=Max Boot |date=January 11, 2022 |title=I lost my oldest friend in 2021. Rufus Phillips was the 'good American.' |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/01/11/i-lost-my-oldest-friend-2021-rufus-phillips-was-good-american/ |access-date=April 26, 2023}}
• {{cite news |last1=Gerwehr |first1=Scott |last2=Hachigian |first2=Nina |title=In Iraq's prisons: A little tenderness can turn around insurgents |date=August 26, 2005 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/25/opinion/25iht-edscott.html |access-date=August 1, 2010 }}
• {{cite book |last=Halberstam |first=David |author-link= David Halberstam |title=The Best and the Brightest |date=1972 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0449908709 }}
• {{Cite book |last1=Hosmer |first1=Stephen T. |last2=Crane |first2=S. O. |title=Counterinsurgency: A Symposium, April 16–20, 1962 |publisher=RAND Corporation |year=2006 |location=Santa Monica, CA. |url=http://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R412-1 |access-date=April 10, 2018}}
• {{Cite news |last=Ringle |first=Ken |title=Faifax Democrat Joins Senate Race |date=November 20, 1977 |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/11/20/faifax-democrat-joins-senate-race/0587dceb-337e-44c1-87d2-f80ff37bacab/ |access-date=April 10, 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}

• [http://international.loc.gov/service/mss/mssmisc/mfdip/2005%20txt%20files/2004phi04.txt Interview with Rufus C. Phillips, III]
• [http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/meeting-lt-col-david-galula-april-1962 Meeting Lt. Col. David Galula - April 1962]
• [http://www.whyvietnammatters.com/ Why Vietnam Matters]
• [http://www.pritzkermilitary.org/whats_on/pritzker-military-presents/rufus-phillips-why-vietnam-matters/ Webcast Interview] at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on November 22, 2008
• {{C-SPAN|1031567}}

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Category:1929 births

Category:2021 deaths

Category:People from Middletown, Ohio

Category:People from Charlotte County, Virginia

Category:Military personnel from Ohio

Category:CIA personnel of the Vietnam War

Category:Yale College alumni

Category:Businesspeople from Virginia

Category:United States Army officers

Category:Virginia Democrats

Category:Members of the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors

Category:Writers from Ohio

Category:Writers from Virginia

Category:American male writers