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Rui'an dialect

{{Short description|Dialect of Wenzhounese Wu Chinese}}{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}{{refimprove|date=January 2013}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Ruian dialect

|nativename={{Lang|wuu-Hant|瑞安話}}

|pronunciation={{IPA|wuu|zʉ˦ø˧ɦo˨|}}

|states=China

|region=Wenzhou prefecture, Zhejiang province

|date=2011

|ref={{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan

|fam2=Sinitic

|fam3=Chinese

|fam4=Wu

|fam5=Oujiang

|isoexception=dialect

|glotto=none

|notice=IPA

}}

The Ruian dialect ({{Zh|c=瑞安話}}; pronounced {{IPA|wuu|zʉ˦ø˧ɦo˨|}} in the Rui'an dialect; standard {{Zh|p=Ruì'ānhuà}}) is a dialect of Wu Chinese spoken in Ruian. It belongs to the Oujiang sub-group of Wu Chinese dialects. It is closely related to the Pingyang dialect and Lucheng dialect, generally referred to as Wenzhounese.

Phonology

=Initials=

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
colspan=2| 

!Labial

!Labiodental

!Dental

!Palatal

!Velar

!Glottal

align=center

!rowspan=2|Nasal

!tenuis

|ʔm 猫

|

|ʔn 嬭

|ʔȵ 蛲

|ʔŋ

| 

align=center

!voiced

|{{IPA|m}} 迷

|

|{{IPA|n}} 拿

|{{IPA link|ȵ}} 寧

|{{IPA link|ŋ}} 咬

| 

align=center

!rowspan=3|Plosive

!aspirated

|{{IPA|pʰ}} 怕

|

|{{IPA|tʰ}} 聽

|

|{{IPA|kʰ}} 空

|

align=center

!tenuis

|{{IPA|p}} 巴

|

|{{IPA|t}} 丁

|

|{{IPA|k}} 公

|{{IPA link|ʔ}} 愛

align=center

!voiced

|{{IPA|b}} 爬

|

|{{IPA|d}} 停

|

|{{IPA|ɡ}} 爻

|

align=center

!rowspan=3|Affricate

!aspirated

|

|

|{{IPA|tsʰ}} 寸

|{{IPA|tɕʰ}} 氣

|

| 

align=center

!tenuis

|

|

|{{IPA|ts}} 增

|{{IPA link|tɕ}} 九

|

| 

align=center

!voiced

|

|

|{{IPA|dz}} 茶

|{{IPA|dʑ}} 求

|

| 

align=center

! rowspan="2" |Fricative

!voiceless

|

|{{IPA|f}} 方

|{{IPA|s}} 森

|{{IPA link|ɕ}} 想

|

|{{IPA|h}} 好

align="center"

!voiced

|

|{{IPA|v}} 會

|{{IPA|z}} 時

|

| 

|{{IPA link|ɦ}} 紅

align="center"

! rowspan="2" |Approximant

!tenuis

|{{IPA|ʔw}} 灣

|ʔ{{IPAlink|ʋ}} 歪

|ʔl 拉

|{{IPA|ʔj}} 腰

|

| 

align="center"

!voiced

|{{IPA|w}} 換

|

|{{IPA|l}} 辣

|{{IPA|j}} 藥

|

|

=Finals=

Rui'an has the following finals:

嘸 {{IPA|[m]}}, 兒 {{IPA|[ŋ]}}

姹 {{IPA|[a]}}, 好 {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, 包 {{IPA|[ɔ]}}

海 {{IPA|[e̝]}}, 先 {{IPA|[i]}}, 思 {{IPA|[ɿ]}}

下 {{IPA|[o̝]}}, 布 {{IPA|[ʉ]}} ~ 圖 {{IPA|[ɘʉ]}} ~ 水 {{IPA|[ʮ]}}

全 {{IPA|[y]}}, 安 {{IPA|[ø]}}, 歌 {{IPA|[ʋ̩ʷ]}}

會 {{IPA|[ɐi]}}, 走 {{IPA|[ɐu̜]}}

李 {{IPA|[ei]}}, 六 {{IPA|[əu̜]}}

涼 {{IPA|[iɛ]}}, 關 {{IPA|[uɔ]}}, 花 {{IPA|[uo̝]}}

經 {{IPA|[ɐŋ]}}, 聽 {{IPA|[əŋ]}}, 公 {{IPA|[oŋ]}}.

Additional finals for older accents include

天 {{IPA|[ie̝]}}, 橋 {{IPA|[yø]}}, 頭 {{IPA|[iəu̜]}}

=Tones=

In the Ruian dialect, a monosyllabic word can have one of the eight tones, but there are only four phonetically distinguished tones, divided into high (陰) and low (陽) categories. In combination with another tone, it can change depending on the tone sandhi system.

Yin Ping 陰平 {{IPA|[˦]}} 44 江天飛三

Yang Ping 陽平 {{IPA|[˧˩]}} 31 來同魚球

Yin Shang 陰上 {{IPA|[˧˥]}} 35 懂紙古本

Yang Shang 陽上 {{IPA|[˨˦]}} 24 近淡厚似

Yin Qu 陰去 {{IPA|[˥˨]}} 52 對去貨歲

Yang Qu 陽去 {{IPA|[˨]}} 22 外地路住

Yin Ru 陰入 {{IPA|[˧˨˧]}} 323 七博塔各

Yang Ru 陽入 {{IPA|[˨˩˨]}} 212 六肉白石

=Tone sandhi=

{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2019}}

In bisyllabic words, the Rui'an dialect phonetically has only six tones, high flat ˦, middle flat ˧, rising ˨˦, departing ˦˨, entering ˨˩˨ and short ˨. We'll now use A, B, C, D, E, and 0 for these six tones.

{{Confusing|1=table|reason=Chinese terms for tone categories should be explained or replaced by English terms. And what does “Example” stand for?|date=January 2019}}

class="wikitable"
tones

! 陰平

! 陰上

! 陰去

! 陰入

! 陽平

! 陽上

! 陽去

! 陽入

陰平

| 0A

| AC

| ED

| AE

| AD

| Example

| Example

| Example

陰上

| AB

| 0C

| D0

| AE

| D0

| Example

| Example

| Example

陰去

| Example

| Example

| Example

| D0

| Example

| 0C

| Example

| Example

陰入

| Example

| Example

| E0

| Example

| Example

| Example

| Example

| E0

陽平

| AE

| Example

| 0C

| Example

| Example

| Example

| Example

| Example

陽上

| Example

| Example

| Example

| Example

| Example

| Example

| Example

| Example

陽去

| 0A

| Example

| C0

| Example

| Example

| Example

| C0

| Example

陽入

| 0A

| 0C

| Example

| Example

| Example

| Example

| Example

| Example

Grammar

=Sentence Structure=

=Classifiers=

=Verbs=

=Adverbs=

;Ruian dialect

Lexicon

=Pronouns=

class="wikitable"
PronounIPATranscription
1st person sing.ŋ˧˦吾
2nd person sing.ȵi˧˦爾
3rd person sing.ɡe̝˧˩渠/佢
reflexive sing.zɿ˨自
1st person plur.ŋ˨˦ le̝˨, ŋ˨˦ la˨吾俚， 吾啦
2nd person plur.ȵi˨˦ le̝˨, ȵi˨˦ la˨爾俚， 爾啦
3rd person plur.ɡe̝˦˨ le̝˨, ɡe̝˦˨ la˨渠/佢俚，渠/佢啦
reflexive plur.zɿ˧ le̝˨, zɿ˧ la˨自俚， 自啦

=Numerals=

class="wikitable"
NumeralsIPATranscription
0ləŋ˧˩, dø˧˦零, 斷1
1ʔja˧˨˧, i˧˨˧一1 2
2ŋ˨, la˧˦二, 兩1
3sɔ˦三
4sɿ˥˨四
5ŋ˧˦五
6ləu̜˧˨˧六
7tsʰa˧˨˧七
8po̝˧˨˧八
9tɕɐu̜˧˥九
10za˨˩˨十
20ȵiɛ˨廿
30sɔ˧ za˧三十
100i˨ pa˧˨˧一百
1000i˨ tɕʰi˧一千
10.000i˨ mɔ˧一萬

:1 used when are alone or follow 第 to form ordinal numerals, and the later three lectures are cardinal numerals and are generally followed by a classifier.

:2 the first lecture is considered literal, the second colloquial.

=Vocabulary=

Below is a list of the most common vocabulary in Ruian dialect.

class="wikitable"
MeaningIPATranscriptionMandarin equivalent
to see, to look{{IPA|[tsʰɿ˥˨]}}眥看
to hear, to listen{{IPA|[tʰəŋ˦]}}聽聽
to ask{{IPA|[mɐŋ˨]}}問問
to look for{{IPA|[zɐŋ˧˩]}}尋找， 尋找
to smell{{IPA|[hoŋ˥˨]}}嗅聞
to know{{IPA|[sei˧˨˧]}}識認識
to say, to speak{{IPA|[ko̝˧˥]}}講說
to curse{{IPA|[kɐŋ˥˨]}}謴罵
to eat{{IPA|[tɕʰi˧˨˧]}}喫吃
to drink{{IPA|[hɔ˧˨˧]}}呷喝
chopstick{{IPA|[dzei˨]}}箸筷子
to stand{{IPA|[ɡe̝˧˦]}}徛站
pocket{{IPA|[tɐu̜˦]}}兜口袋
salted vegetables{{IPA|[tsʰe̝˨˩˨ ɦɔ˨]}}菜鹹鹹菜
chopping block{{IPA|[pɔ˧ tsɐŋ˨˦]}}板砧砧板
icing sugar{{IPA|[do̝˨ ɕo̝˧]}}糖霜糖霜
thing, object{{IPA|[ʔmʉ˦ zɿ˧]}}物事東西
rice spoon{{IPA|[vɔ˦ tɕiɛ˧]}}飯槳飯勺
radish{{IPA|[tsʰe̝˨˩˨ dəu̜˨]}}菜頭蘿蔔
trouble{{IPA|[sa˦ zəu̜˨˦]}}生受麻煩
doctor{{IPA|[i˧ sɿ˧]}}醫師醫生
blind{{IPA|[ʔmo̝˨˩˨ do̝˨]}}盲瞊瞎子
wife{{IPA|[lɛ˦ ʔø˧]}}老安老婆
unfamiliar{{IPA|[ta˦ sa˧]}}打生陌生
eagle{{IPA|[ta˧ ʔjɐŋ˧]}}咄鷹貓頭鷹
mole cricket{{IPA|[tʰɘʉ˦ kɐu̜˨˦]}}土狗蝼蛄
bicycle{{IPA|[dɔ˨ tɕɔ˦ tsʰo̝˧]}}踏腳車自行车
instrument{{IPA|[ko̝˨ sa˦ fʋ̩ʷ˨˦]}}家生货家具
young, teenager{{IPA|[ɦɐu̜˧ sa˨˩˨ ŋ˨]}}後生兒年輕人
serious， powerful{{IPA|[dəu̜˦ bei˨ tɕiɛ˧]}}肚皮掌厲害

=Readings=

Like other Wu dialects, in the Ruian dialect a Chinese character can have more than one reading, divided into vernacular readings (白讀) and literary readings (文讀), in comparison with other Wu dialects, the Ruian dialect has relatively few multiple readings.

Below are some samples.

class="wikitable"
rowspan=2|Hanzi

!colspan=3|Vernacular

!colspan=3|Literary

reading

!transcription

!meaning

!reading

!transcription

!meaning

人

| sɐŋ ȵɐŋ

| 新人

| bride

| koŋ zɐŋ

| 工人

| worker

日

| ne̝ tsɿ

| 日子

| day

| za dʑi

| 日期

| date

問

| mɐŋ ɦɛ

| 問號

| question mark

| vɐŋ dei

| 問題

| question

無

| ŋ tɔ

| 無膽

| despondent

| vʋ̩ʷ jo̝

| 無用

| useless

龍

| tsei lo̝

| 紙龍

| kite

| kʰoŋ loŋ

| 恐龍

| dinosaur

女

| na ŋ

| 女兒

| daughter

| ȵy zɿ

| 女士

| lady

See also

References

  • [http://www.docin.com/p-74940550.html A Study on the Phonetics of Ruian Dialect]

{{Chinese language}}

{{Zhejiang topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ruian Dialect}}

Category:Wu Chinese

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