Rule according to higher law

The idea of a law of ultimate justice over and above the momentary law of the state—a higher law—was first introduced into post-Roman Europe by the Catholic canon law jurists.Wormser, The Story of the LAW, pg. 189 "Higher law" can be interpreted in this context as the divine or natural law or basic legal values, established in the international law—the choice depending on the viewpoint; no matter the source, it is a law above the law.Edward S. Corwin, The "Higher Law" Background of American Constitutional Law (1955). It is in this capacity that it possesses the equal legal value for both the common and civil law jurisdictions, as opposed to natural law which is largely associated with common law.Leslie F. Goldstein, "Popular Sovereignty, the Origins of Judicial Review, and the Revival of Unwritten Law", Journal of Politics 48 (1986): 51–71 "To recognize the necessary connection between the rule of law as an ideal and well-constructed constitutional government does not and should not be taken to imply that all states can or should maintain the same constitutional structures in practice".Mortimer Sellers, An Introduction. The Rule of Law in Comparative Perspectives, edited by Mortimer Sellers and Tadeusz Tomaszewski, Heidelberg – London – New York: Springer, 2010, pp. 4–5. {{ISBN|978-90-481-3749-7}}.

The rule according to higher law is a practical approach to the implementation of the higher law theory that creates a bridge of mutual understanding (with regard to universal legal values) between the English-language doctrine of the rule of law, traditional for the countries of common law, and the originally German doctrine of Rechtsstaat, translated into other languages of continental Europe as {{lang|fr|état de droit}} (French), {{lang|es|estado de derecho}} (Spanish), {{lang|it|stato di diritto}} (Italian), and {{langx|ru|label=none|Правовое государство|translit=pravovoe gosudarstvo}} (Russian).Peter Barenboim, Naeem Sidiqi. [http://philosophicalclub.ru/content/docs/75th_Anniversary_of_Roerich_Pact_Eng.html Bruges, the Bridge between Civilizations: The 75 Anniversary of the Roerich Pact, Grid Belgium, 2010]. {{ISBN|978-5-98856-114-9}} The latter doctrine is the product of continental European legal thought, which had adopted it from German legal philosophy. Amartya Sen mentioned that the legal theorists in ancient India used the classical Sanskrit term {{lang|sa-Latn|nyāya}} in the sense of not just a matter of judging institutions and rules, but of judging the societies themselves.Amartya Sen, "Global justice", in James J. Heckman, Robert L. Nelson, Lee Cabating and Paul Lepore, ed., Global Perspectives on the Rule of Law, London and New York: Routledge, 2010.

Before the American Civil War, African Americans were legally denied equal rights and freedoms pursuant to formally valid codes prescribing the relations between master and slave. Although these codes were de jure fully suitable for application in legal practice, antislavery advocates argued that their enforcement by the US government de facto violated the basic human rights of a significant part of the population. In 1850, for example, during a Senate debate on the extension of slavery to new states and territories, William H. Seward famously proclaimed that slavery is forbidden under "a higher law than the Constitution".[Robert C. Byrd, The Senate, 1789-1989: Classic Speeches, 1830-1993. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1994., https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Speeches_Seward_NewTerritories.htm]

In some countries, political leaders assert that the rule of law is purely a procedural concept. Therefore, they argue that any government may strip its subjects of their fundamental freedoms or infringe their vital interests so long as that is done by way of a duly-implemented legal mechanism. For example, at the Nuremberg trials, in an attempt to justify their crimes against Jewish and Romani population of Europe during World War II, some of the former leaders of Nazi Germany argued that they had broken none of the laws that were effective when Hitler had been in power. It was only by invoking the rule according to a higher law that the Allied prosecutors overcame such defenses.[https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/ga_95-I/ga_95-I.html Introductory note by Antonio Cassese] for General Assembly resolution 95(I) of 11 December 1946 (Affirmation of the Principles of International Law recognized by the Charter of the Nürnberg Tribunal) on the website of the [https://www.un.org/law/avl/ UN Audiovisual Library of International Law]

In other countries, conversely, political leaders assert that all written laws must be kept in line with the universal principles of morality, fairness, and justice. These leaders argue that, as a necessary corollary to the axiom that "no one is above the law", the rule of law requires the government to treat all persons equally under the law. However, the proclaimed right to equal treatment is susceptible to instantly becoming void each time the government denies a sufficient level of respect, dignity, and autonomy to a certain class of individuals or to human rights in general.Augusto Zimmermann, Constitutions Without Constitutionalism: The Failure of Constitutionalism in Brazil, The Rule of Law in Comparative Perspectives, edited by Mortimer Sellers and Tadeusz Tomaszewski, Springer, Heidelberg – London – New York, 2010, p. 101. {{ISBN|978-90-481-3749-7}}.

The Rechtsstaat doctrine (legal state, state of right, constitutional state, constitutional government) was first introduced by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant in his latest works completed after the U.S. and French constitutions had been adopted in the late 18th century.{{cite book|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|author-link=Friedrich Hayek|title=The Constitution of Liberty|location=London|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|date=1960|pages=196–7}} Kant's approach is based on the supremacy of country's written constitution created using principles of the Higher Law. This supremacy meant creating guarantees for the implementation of his central idea: a permanently peaceful life as a basic condition for the happiness and prosperity of the citizens. Kant was basing his doctrine exclusively on the idea of constitutionalism and constitutional government.

The Russian legal system, born in the 19th century as a result of the transformations initiated by the reforms of the Emperor Alexander II, was (and still is) based primarily upon the German legal tradition. It was from the latter that Russia had adopted the doctrine of Rechtsstaat, which literally translates as "legal state". Its closest English analogue is "the rule of law".Peter Barenboim, "Defining the rules", The European Lawyer, Issue 90, October 2009. The Russian legal state concept adopts the written constitution as the country's supreme law (the rule of constitution). It is a fundamental but undefined principle that appears in the very first dispositive provision of Russia's post-communist constitution: "The Russian Federation – Russia – constitutes a democratic federative legal state with a republican form of governance." Similarly, the very first dispositive provision of Ukraine's constitution declares that "Ukraine is a sovereign and independent, democratic, social, legal state." Hence, the effort to invest meaning to the "legal state" definition is anything but theoretical.

Valery Zorkin, President of the Constitutional Court of Russia, wrote in 2003, "Becoming a legal state has long been our ultimate goal, and we have certainly made serious progress in this direction over the past several years. However, no one can say now that we have reached this destination. Such a legal state simply cannot exist without a lawful and just society. Here, as in no other sphere of our life, the state reflects the level of maturity reached by the society."The World Rule of Law Movement and Russian Legal Reform, edited by Francis Neate and Holly Nielsen, Justitsinform, Moscow, 2007.

• Section 109 of the Constitution of Australia
• Primacy of European Union law
• Paramountcy (Canada)
• Supremacy Clause (USA)

{{div col}}

• Constitutional economics
• {{annotated link|Constitutional patriotism}}
• {{annotated link|Constitutional theory}}
• {{annotated link|Equality before the law}}
• {{annotated link|International human rights law}}
• International humanitarian law – law of war to protect non-combatants
• {{annotated link|Judicial independence}}
• {{annotated link|Jurisprudence}}
• {{annotated link|Kritarchy}}
• {{annotated link|Legal doctrine}}
• {{annotated link|Liberal legalism}}
• {{annotated link|Monism and dualism in international law}}
• {{annotated link|Nuremberg principles}}
• {{annotated link|Parliamentary sovereignty}}
• {{annotated link|Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant}}
• {{annotated link|Religious democracy}}
• {{annotated link|Religious law}}
• {{annotated link|Theocracy}}
• Philosophy of law – branch of philosophy examining the nature of law
• Law
• Natural law
• {{annotated link|Roerich Pact}}

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{{Reflist}}

• West's Encyclopedia of American Law (in 13 volumes), 2nd Ed., edited by Jeffrey Lehman and Shirelle Phelps. Publisher: Thomson Gale, 2004. {{ISBN|0-7876-6367-0}}.
• [http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php&title=358 Kant’s Principles of Politics, including his essay on Perpetual Peace. A Contribution to Political Science], translation by W. Hastie, Edinburgh: Clark, 1891. In [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch]''
• Dicey, Albert. [https://archive.org/details/cu31924030503720 Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution] (8th Edition, Macmillan, 1915).
• Bingham, Thomas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070108092651/http://cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/past_activities/the_rt_hon_lord_bingham_the_rule_of_law.php "The Rule of Law"], Centre for Public Law, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge (2006-11-16).
• Edward S. Corwin, The "Higher Law" Background of American Constitutional Law (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1955)
• {{cite journal |last1=Buchanan |first1=James M. |title=The Constitution of Economic Policy |journal=The American Economic Review |date=1987 |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=243–250 |doi=10.1126/science.236.4807.1433 |jstor=1804093 |pmid=17793230 |bibcode=1987Sci...236.1433B }}
• Wormser, René A., The Story of the LAW and the Men Who Made It—From the Earliest Times to the Present: Revised and Updated Edition of "The Law" (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1962).
• {{cite journal |last1=Buchanan |first1=James M. |title=The domain of constitutional economics |journal=Constitutional Political Economy |date=1 December 1990 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1007/BF02393031 |s2cid=144307393 }}
• [http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10849115 "Economics and the Rule of Law"] The Economist (2008-03-13).
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060623044421/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-61 Philip P. Wiener, ed., "Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas", (David Fellman, "Constitutionalism")], vol 1, p. 485 (1973–74).
• [http://www.constitution.org/cmt/belz/lcfl_07.txt Herman Belz, "A Living Constitution or Fundamental Law? American Constitutionalism in Historical Perspective"] (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 1998), {{ISBN|978-0-8476-8643-8}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080910120855/http://law.fordham.edu/publications/articles/500flspub9546.pdf Louis Michael Seidman, "Critical Constitutionalism Now"], 75 Fordham Law Review 575, 586 (Nov. 2006).

• {{cite web |url=http://www.innertemple.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=250&Itemid=198 |title=Democracy Conference |publisher=Innertemple.org.uk |access-date=2010-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528093648/http://www.innertemple.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=250&Itemid=198 |archive-date=2010-05-28 }}

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Category:Legal doctrines and principles

Category:Philosophy of law

Category:Theories of law

Category:Sovereignty

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