Ruminococcus

{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}}

{{italic title}}

{{Taxobox

| name = Ruminococcus

| domain = Bacteria

| phylum = Bacillota

| classis = Clostridia

| ordo = Oscillospirales

| familia = Ruminococcaceae

| genus = Ruminococcus{{cite web | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/taxonomy/1263/ | title=Ruminococcus }}

| genus_authority = Sijpesteijn 1948

| type_species = Ruminococcus flavefaciens

| type_species_authority =Sijpesteijn 1948

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision =

• R. callidus
• R. champanellensis
• "R. equi"
• R. flavefaciens

}}

File:Gram staining of the Intestinimonas massiliensis strain GD2T.webp

Ruminococcus is a genus of bacteria in the class Clostridia. They are anaerobic, Gram-positive gut microbes. One or more species in this genus are found in significant numbers in the human gut microbiota. The type species is R. flavefaciens. As usual, bacteria taxonomy is in flux, with Clostridia being paraphyletic, and some erroneous members of Ruminococcus being reassigned to a new genus Blautia on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences.{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu C, Finegold SM, Song Y, Lawson PA | title = Reclassification of Clostridium coccoides, Ruminococcus hansenii, Ruminococcus hydrogenotrophicus, Ruminococcus luti, Ruminococcus productus and Ruminococcus schinkii as Blautia coccoides gen. nov., comb. nov., Blautia hansenii comb. nov., Blautia hydrogenotrophica comb. nov., Blautia luti comb. nov., Blautia producta comb. nov., Blautia schinkii comb. nov. and description of Blautia wexlerae sp. nov., isolated from human faeces | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | volume = 58 | issue = Pt 8 | pages = 1896–902 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18676476 | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.65208-0 | publisher = Society for General Microbiology | doi-access = free }}

One of the most highly cited papers involving the genus Ruminococcus is a paper describing interspecies hydrogen transfer between Ruminococcus albus and Wolinella succinogenes.{{cite journal | vauthors = Iannotti EL, Kafkewitz D, Wolin MJ, Bryant MP | title = Glucose fermentation products in Ruminococcus albus grown in continuous culture with Vibrio succinogenes: changes caused by interspecies transfer of H 2 | journal = Journal of Bacteriology | volume = 114 | issue = 3 | pages = 1231–40 | date = June 1973 | doi = 10.1128/JB.114.3.1231-1240.1973 | pmid = 4351387 | pmc = 285387 }}

In 1972, Ruminococcus bromii was reportedly found in the human gut, which was the first of several species discovered.{{cite journal | vauthors = Rajilić-Stojanović M, de Vos WM | title = The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota | journal = FEMS Microbiology Reviews | volume = 38 | issue = 5 | pages = 996–1047 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 24861948 | pmc = 4262072 | doi = 10.1111/1574-6976.12075 }} They may play a role in plant cell wall breakdown in the colon.{{cite journal|title=Ruminococcus bromii is a keystone species for the degradation of resistant starch in the human colon|year=2012|doi=10.1038/ismej.2012.4|doi-access=free|last1=Ze|first1=Xiaolei|last2=Duncan|first2=Sylvia H.|last3=Louis|first3=Petra|last4=Flint|first4=Harry J.|journal=The ISME Journal|volume=6|issue=8|pages=1535–1543|pmid=22343308|pmc=3400402|bibcode=2012ISMEJ...6.1535Z }}

One study found that R. albus, R. callidus, and R. bromii are less abundant in people with inflammatory bowel disease.{{cite journal | vauthors = Nagao-Kitamoto H, Kamada N | title = Host-microbial Cross-talk in Inflammatory Bowel Disease | language = English | journal = Immune Network | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–12 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28261015 | pmc = 5334117 | doi = 10.4110/in.2017.17.1.1 }} Ruminococcus are also less abundant in patients with Parkinson's disease{{cite journal |last1=Hill-Burns |first1=EM |last2=Debelius |first2=JW |last3=Morton |first3=JT |last4=Wissemann |first4=WT |last5=Lewis |first5=MR |last6=Wallen |first6=ZD |last7=Peddada |first7=SD |last8=Factor |first8=SA |last9=Molho |first9=E |last10=Zabetian |first10=CP |last11=Knight |first11=R |last12=Payami |first12=H |title=Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease medications have distinct signatures of the gut microbiome. |journal=Movement Disorders |date=May 2017 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=739–749 |doi=10.1002/mds.26942 |pmid=28195358|pmc=5469442 }} and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.{{cite journal |last1=Brenner |first1=D |last2=Hiergeist |first2=A |last3=Adis |first3=C |last4=Mayer |first4=B |last5=Gessner |first5=A |last6=Ludolph |first6=AC |last7=Weishaupt |first7=JH |title=The fecal microbiome of ALS patients. |journal=Neurobiol Aging |date=Jan 2018 |volume=61 |pages=132–137 |doi=10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.023 |pmid=29065369 |s2cid=296116 }}{{cite journal |last1=Rowin |first1=J |last2=Xia |first2=Y |last3=Jung |first3=B |last4=Sun |first4=J |title=Gut inflammation and dysbiosis in human motor neuron disease. |journal=Physiol Rep |date=Sep 2017 |volume=5 |issue=18 |pages=e13443 |doi=10.14814/phy2.13443 |pmid=28947596 |pmc=5617930 }} R. gnavus is associated with Crohn's disease.{{Cite journal|last1=Henke|first1=Matthew T.|last2=Kenny|first2=Douglas J.|last3=Cassilly|first3=Chelsi D.|last4=Vlamakis|first4=Hera|last5=Xavier|first5=Ramnik J.|last6=Clardy|first6=Jon|date=2019-06-25|title=Ruminococcus gnavus, a member of the human gut microbiome associated with Crohn's disease, produces an inflammatory polysaccharide|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=116|issue=26|pages=12672–12677|doi=10.1073/pnas.1904099116|issn=0027-8424|pmid=31182571|pmc=6601261|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019PNAS..11612672H }}