Rural Reconstruction Movement
{{Short description|Rural reform and development movement in Republican China}}
The Rural Reconstruction Movement was started in China in the 1920s by Y.C. James Yen, Liang Shuming and others to revive the Chinese village. They strove for a middle way, independent of the Nationalist government but in competition with the radical revolutionary approach to the village espoused by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party.
History
Yen's Ting Hsien (Ding Xian) Experiment in Dingzhou, Hebei{{cite book |first=Charles |last=Hayford |title=To the People: James Yen and Village China |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=1990 |oclc=21117498}} and Liang's school at Zouping, Shandong,{{cite book |first=Guy |last=Alitto |author-link=Guy Alitto |title=The Last Confucian: Liang Shu-Ming and the Chinese Dilemma of Modernity |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |date=1979 |oclc=4825473}} were only the earliest and most prominent of hundreds of village projects, educational foundations, and government zones which aimed to change the Chinese countryside. After 1931, the Nanking government offered qualified support but placed restrictions on the expansion of its work. American Christian missionaries gave their enthusiastic support.James Claude Thomson Jr., [https://archive.org/details/whilechinafacedw0000thom While China Faced West: American Reformers in Nationalist China, 1928-1937] (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969), esp. "Rural Reconstruction: The American Effort," pp. 203-220. The movement was prominent in building Chinese resistance to Japan during the latter's invasions by strengthening the village economy, culture, and political structure, including pioneering work in village health.{{cite book |first=C. C. |last=Chen |title=Medicine in Rural China : A Personal Account |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |date=1989 |oclc=18051140}} Many social activists who participated in this movement were graduated as professors of the United States. They made tangible but limited progress in modernizing the tax, infrastructural, economic, cultural, and educational equipment and mechanisms of rural regions until the cancellation of government coordination and subsidies in the mid-to-late 1930s due to rampant wars and the lack of resources. The rural reconstructive activists advocated a “third way” between the communist violent land reform and the reformism of the Nationalist Government based on the respect of human rights and individual liberties for educational doctrine.{{cite web |url=http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/cg/lt/rb/608/608PDF/cyo.pdf |script-title=zh:试论中国乡村建设运动的演进 |access-date=13 February 2024 |website=Ritsumeikan University|language=zh}}{{cite web |url=https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c091-200411073.pdf |access-date=13 February 2024 |script-title=zh:走向政治解決的鄉村建設運動 |website=Chinese University of Hong Kong|language=zh}}
After the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Rural Reconstruction activists formed the Rural Reconstruction Party, at first an important part of the China Democratic League but then rendered politically irrelevant in the emerging war between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. In 1948, however, James Yen persuaded the US Congress to fund the Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction. Before moving to Taiwan, the JCRR carried out the largest land reform project carried out in mainland China before 1949, as well as health and education projects.{{harvnb|Hayford|1990}}{{rp|209-22}} In Taiwan in the 1950s, the JCRR was key in laying the rural foundation for the quick economic growth of the 1960s and the 1970s.{{cite book |first=Joseph A. |last=Yager |title=Transforming Agriculture in Taiwan : The Experience of the Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction |location=Ithaca |publisher=Cornell University Press |date=1988 |isbn=0801421128}}
The rural reconstruction movement started by Dr. Yen continues to be active in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) had headquarters in the Philippines and celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2010.{{cite web |url=https://iirr.org/mission-history/ |website=International Institute of Rural Reconstruction |title=Mission & History |access-date=13 February 2024}}
In the 1990s, several academics and social reformers in China started a New Rural Reconstruction Movement, with stations at Ding County and Zouping.
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
- {{citation|first=Pearl S. |last=Buck|author-link= Pearl S. Buck|title=Tell the People - Talks with James Yen About the Mass Education Movement |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.350982/mode/2up|location= New York |publisher= John Day |year= 1945 |via=Internet Archive}}
- {{cite book |editor-first1=James P. |editor-last1=Grant |editor-first2=Martha |editor-last2=McKee Keehn |title=Y.C. James Yen's Thought on Mass Education and Rural Reconstruction : China and Beyond: Selected Papers from an International Conference Held in Shijiazhuang, China, May 27-June 1, 1990 |location=New York |publisher=International Institute of Rural Reconstruction |date=1993 |oclc=30475169}}
- {{cite book |last = Merkel-Hess |first = Kate|year = 2016 |title = The Rural Modern: Reconstructing the Self and State in Republican China |publisher = The University of Chicago Press| location = Chicago; London |isbn = 9780226383279}}
Category:Agricultural organizations based in China