Russian battleship Pobeda#Japanese career

The design of the Peresvet class was inspired by the British second-class battleships (typically faster, but with thinner armor and smaller guns than first-class battleships) of the {{sclass|Centurion|battleship|4}}. The British ships were intended to defeat commerce-raiding armored cruisers like the Russian ships {{ship|Russian cruiser|Rossia||2}} and {{ship|Russian cruiser|Rurik|1892|2}}, and the Peresvet class was designed to support the armored cruisers. This role placed a premium on high speed and long range at the expense of heavy armament and armor.McLaughlin 2003, p. 108

Pobeda was {{convert|434|ft|5|in|m|1}} long overall, had a beam of {{convert|71|ft|6|in|m}} and a draft of {{convert|26|ft|3|in|m|0}}. Designed to displace {{convert|12674|LT|t|lk=on}}, she was almost {{convert|600|LT|t}} overweight and displaced {{convert|13320|LT|t}}. Her crew consisted of 27 officers and 744 enlisted men. The ship was powered by three vertical triple-expansion steam engines using steam generated by 30 Belleville boilers. The engines were rated at {{convert|14500|ihp|lk=in}}, using forced draught, and designed to reach a top speed of {{convert|18|kn|lk=on}}. Pobeda, however, reached a top speed of {{convert|18.5|kn}} from {{convert|15578|ihp}} during her sea trials in October 1901. She carried a maximum of {{convert|2060|LT|t}} of coal, which allowed her to steam for {{convert|6200|lk=in|nmi}} at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}.McLaughlin 2003, pp. 107–108, 114

The ship's main battery consisted of four 254mm 45 caliber Pattern 1891 guns mounted in two twin-gun turrets, one forward and one aft of the superstructure. The secondary armament consisted of eleven Canet 152 mm 45 caliber Pattern 1892 quick-firing (QF) guns, mounted in casemates on the sides of the hull and in the bow, underneath the forecastle. Smaller guns were carried for defense against torpedo boats. These included twenty 75mm 50 caliber Pattern 1892 QF guns, twenty QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss Hotchkiss guns and eight {{convert|37|mm|adj=on|sp=us}} guns. She was also armed with five {{convert|15|in|adj=on|0}} torpedo tubes, three above water and two submerged. The ship carried 45 mines to be used to protect her anchorage. Pobeda{{'}}s waterline armor belt consisted of Krupp cemented armor and was {{convert|4|-|9|in|0}} thick. The armor of her gun turrets had a maximum thickness of 9 inches and her deck ranged from {{convert|2|to|3|in|0}} in thickness.McLaughlin 2003, pp. 107–108, 112–114

file:Peresvet1901.jpg {{ship|Russian battleship|Peresvet||2}} at anchor in 1901]]

Pobeda (Victory)Silverstone, p. 382 was ordered on 26 April 1898 from the Baltic Works and construction began on 30 May 1898 at the company's Saint Petersburg shipyard, well before the formal keel-laying ceremony on 21 February 1899. The ship was launched on 10 May 1900 and towed to Kronstadt on 31 August 1901 for fitting out. She made her machinery trials in October, well before she was completed the next year. She sailed to Reval (modern Tallinn) on 1 August to participate in the naval review held there a few days later to commemorate the visit of the German Kaiser, Wilhelm II, to Russia. Pobeda entered service upon completing her artillery trials in October 1902, although she was not officially accepted until 10 March 1903,McLaughlin 2008, pp. 47–48 at a cost of 10,050,000 rubles.McLaughlin 2003, p. 112 She had already sailed from Libau on 13 November 1902 and arrived at Port Arthur on 13 June 1903 for assignment to the Pacific Squadron.McLaughlin 2003, p. 115

{{main|Battle of Port Arthur}}

After the Japanese victory in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95, tensions had arisen between Russia and Japan over their ambitions to control both Manchuria and Korea. A further issue was the Russian failure to withdraw its troops from Manchuria in October 1903, as it had promised. Japan had begun negotiations to ease the situation in 1901, but the Russian government was slow and uncertain in its replies because it had not yet decided exactly how to resolve the problems. Japan interpreted these as deliberate prevarications designed to buy time to complete the Russian armament programs. The final straws were news of Russian timber concessions in northern Korea and the Russian refusal to acknowledge Japanese interests in Manchuria while continuing to place conditions on Japanese activities in Korea. These led the Japanese government to decide in December 1903 that war was now inevitable. The Pacific Squadron began mooring in the outer harbor at night as tensions with Japan increased, so as to react more quickly to any Japanese attempt to land troops in Korea.Westwood, pp. 15–21

On the night of 8/9 February 1904, the IJN launched a surprise attack on the Russian fleet at Port Arthur. Pobeda was not hit in the initial torpedo-boat attack, and sortied the following morning when the Combined Fleet, commanded by Vice Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō, attacked. Tōgō had expected the surprise night attack by his ships to be much more successful than it was, anticipating that the Russians would be badly disorganized and weakened, but they had recovered from their surprise and were ready for his attack. The Japanese ships were spotted by the protected cruiser {{ship|Russian cruiser|Boyarin|1901|2}}, which was patrolling offshore and alerted the Russian defenses. Tōgō chose to attack the Russian coastal defenses with his main armament and engage the ships with his secondary guns. Splitting his fire proved to be a poor decision as the Japanese {{convert|8|in|0|adj=on|spell=in}} and six-inch guns inflicted little damage on the Russian ships, which concentrated all their fire on the Japanese ships with some effect. Pobeda was hit once or twice amidships near the waterline, losing two men killed and four wounded, but the shell(s) failed to penetrate the ship's armor and little damage was done.Forczyk, pp. 41–43; McLaughlin 2008, p. 48

On 22 March, Pobeda joined several other battleships firing indirectly at Japanese ships bombarding Port Arthur's harbor and hit the {{ship|Japanese battleship|Fuji}} once, killing seven men.McLaughlin, p. 48 She participated in the action of 13 April, when Tōgō successfully lured out a portion of the Pacific Squadron, including Vice Admiral Stepan Makarov's flagship, the battleship {{ship|Russian battleship|Petropavlovsk|1897|2}}. When Makarov spotted the five Japanese battleships, he turned back for Port Arthur, and Petropavlovsk struck a mine laid by the Japanese the previous night. The ship sank in less than two minutes after one of her magazines exploded, and Makarov was one of the 677 killed. When Pobeda was returning to port after Petropavlovsk sank, she struck a mine herself, but was able to steam to the harbor under her own power despite an 11° list.Forczyk, pp. 43, 45–46 Her repairs were completed on 9 June although some of her guns were removed during this time to reinforce the defenses of the port. Pobeda lost a total of three 6-inch, two 75-millimeter, one 47-millimeter and four 37-millimeter guns.McLaughlin 2003, pp. 115, 163 She sailed with the rest of the Russian squadron on 23 June in an abortive attempt to reach Vladivostok. The new fleet commander, Rear Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft, ordered the squadron to return to Port Arthur when it encountered the Japanese fleet shortly before sunset as he did not wish to engage the numerically superior Japanese in a night battle.Warner & Warner, pp. 305–306 Pobeda bombarded Japanese positions besieging the port on 28 July.

{{main|Battle of the Yellow Sea}}

The Japanese bombardment of 9 August, coupled with a direct order from Tsar Nicholas II, forced Vitgeft to make another attempt to reach Vladivostok. The squadron sortied in an attempt to escape to Vladivostok the next morning. At 12:25, it was spotted by Japanese cruisers and intercepted by the Combined Fleet in what became the Battle of the Yellow Sea. Pobeda was third in line during the battle,Forczyk, p. 48 and was not seriously damaged during the early long-range stage of the action. Around 18:00, two 12-inch shells from the battleship {{ship|Japanese battleship|Asahi||2}} penetrated the conning tower of the Russian flagship {{ship|Russian battleship|Tsesarevich||2}}, killing Vitgeft and the helmsman, severely wounding the captain, and causing the ship to come to a dead stop after executing a sharp turn. Thinking that this was a maneuver planned by Vitgeft, the Russian battleline started to execute the same turn, causing all of the ships directly behind Tsesarevich, including Pobeda, to maneuver wildly to avoid hitting the stationary flagship.

As the Japanese ships continued to pound the Tsesarevich, the battleship {{ship|Russian battleship|Retvizan||2}} boldly charged Tōgō's battleline in an attempt to divert the Japanese shellfire, followed shortly afterward by Peresvet, the flagship of the squadron's second-in-command, Rear Admiral Prince Pavel Ukhtomsky. The Japanese battleline immediately shifted fire to the oncoming ships, badly damaging both and forcing them to turn away.McLaughlin 2003, p. 163 Ukhtomsky signaled the other Russian ships to follow him back to Port Arthur, but the signal was hard to discern because the flags had to be hung from the bridge railings because Peresvet{{'}}s topmasts had been shot away; the signal was only gradually recognized.McLaughlin 2008, p. 46 Although Pobeda was struck by eleven large-caliber hits that killed 4 men and wounded 29, including one below the waterline, they failed to penetrate her armor and she reached Port Arthur without any difficulties; the hits did knock out one 10-inch gun and three 75-millimeter guns.

{{main|Siege of Port Arthur}}

File:Pallada and Pobeda.jpg sunk in Port Arthur]]

Returning to Port Arthur on 11 August, the Russian squadron found the city still under siege by the Japanese Third Army led by Baron Nogi Maresuke. The new commander, Rear Admiral Robert N. Viren, decided to use the men and guns of the Pacific Squadron to reinforce the defenses of Port Arthur and even more guns were stripped from the squadron's ships. This proved to make little difference and Pobeda was struck by several {{convert|5.9|in|adj=on}} and 4.7-inch shells on 28 September that did no significant damage. The Japanese bombardment with medium guns continued for the next month and a half and the ship was repeatedly struck, without much effect. Japanese troops were able to seize 203 Hill which overlooked the harbor on 5 December. This allowed the Imperial Japanese Army's {{convert|28|cm|adj=on|sp=us}} siege guns to fire directly at the Russian ships; they hit Pobeda approximately 30 times and sank her in shallow water on 7 December 1904.McLaughlin 2003, pp. 115, 163–164 Russian attempts to destroy the ship before they surrendered were frustrated because her vital parts were already underwater.

File:Suou1908Yokosuka.jpg

Pobeda was refloated by Japanese engineers on 17 October 1905 and was classified as a first-class battleship by the IJN. She was renamed as Suwo on 25 October,Lengerer, p. 44 after the ancient province.Silverstone, p. 337 She steamed under her own power to Sasebo Naval Arsenal, where she arrived on 16 December and began temporary repairs. Her reconstruction at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal began in May 1906 and lasted until 10 October 1908. To improve her stability, Suwo{{'}}s forward fighting top was removed. Suwo was rearmed with four 10-inch 45 caliber guns, ten 6-inch guns and sixteen QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun"Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 12 cwt referring to the weight of the gun. guns. Two above-water 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes replaced her original torpedo armament and her crew now numbered 791 officers and enlisted men.Lengerer, pp. 43–44

Suwo was re-designated as a first-class coastal defense ship on 28 August 1912 and became a training ship for cadets and engineers. Initially assigned to the 1st Standing Squadron when World War I began, she shortly afterwards became the flagship of the 2nd Squadron, commanded by Vice Admiral Kato Sadakichi. The squadron was tasked to blockade the German-owned port of Qingdao, China, and to cooperate with the Imperial Japanese Army in capturing the city. Suwo and the other ships of the squadron, reinforced by the British pre-dreadnought {{HMS|Triumph|1903|6}}, bombarded German fortifications throughout the siege until the Germans surrendered on 7 November.McLaughlin 2008, p. 49; Stephenson, pp. 136, 162, 166 Suwo served as flagship of the Second Squadron of the Second Fleet in 1915–1916 before becoming a gunnery training ship at Yokosuka for the rest of the war.Preston, p. 186 In April 1922, in compliance with the Washington Naval Treaty, Suwo was disarmed at the Kure Naval Arsenal.Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 20 While her armor was being removed, the ship capsized on 13 July. She was probably scrapped in 1922–1923, but at least one source suggests she was refloated and hulked, serving until being broken up at Kure in 1946.McLaughlin 2008, p. 49{{#tag:ref|She is not listed, however, in Fukui Shinzo's authoritative Japanese Naval Vessels at the End of World War II.|group=Note}}

{{Reflist|group=Note}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book|title=Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship, Yellow Sea 1904–05|author=Forczyk, Robert|publisher=Osprey|year=2009|location=Botley, UK|isbn=978-1-84603-330-8}}
• {{cite book| last1 = Jentschura| first1 = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn =0-87021-893-X|name-list-style=amp}}
• {{cite journal

| last1 = Lengerer

| first1 = Hans

| editor1-last = Ahlberg

| editor1-first= Lars

| title = Sagami (ex-Peresvet) and Suwō (ex-Pobeda)

| date = September 2008

| pages = 41–44

| journal = Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships

| issue = Paper V}}{{subscription required}}(contact the editor at lars.ahlberg@halmstad.mail.postnet.se for subscription information)

• {{cite journal

| last1 = McLaughlin

| first1 = Stephen

| editor1-last = Ahlberg

| editor1-first= Lars

| title = Peresvet and Pobéda

| date = September 2008

| pages = 45–49

| journal = Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships

| issue = Paper V}}{{subscription required}}

• {{cite book|last=McLaughlin|first=Stephen|title=Russian & Soviet Battleships|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2003|isbn=1-55750-481-4}}
• {{cite book|last=Preston|first=Antony|author-link=Antony Preston|title=Battleships of World War I: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Battleships of All Nations 1914–1918|publisher=Galahad Books|location=New York|year=1972|isbn=0-88365-300-1}}
• {{cite book|last=Silverstone|first=Paul H.|title=Directory of the World's Capital Ships|year=1984|publisher=Hippocrene Books|location=New York|isbn=0-88254-979-0}}
• {{cite book|last=Stephenson|first=Charles|title=Germany's Asia-Pacific Empire: Colonialism and Naval Policy, 1885–1914|publisher=Boydell Press|location=Woodbridge, UK|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84383-518-9}}
• {{cite book|last=Warner|first=Denis|author2=Warner, Peggy|title=The Tide at Sunrise: A History of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905|publisher=Frank Cass|location=London|year=2002|edition=2nd|isbn=0-7146-5256-3|name-list-style=amp}}
• {{cite book|last=Westwood|first=J. N.|title=Russia Against Japan, 1904–1905: A New Look at the Russo-Japanese War |year=1986|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany, New York|isbn=0-88706-191-5}}

{{commons category|Pobeda (ship, 1900)|Pobeda}}

• {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905|editor1-first=Roger|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor2-first=Eugene M.|editor2-last=Kolesnik |publisher=Mayflower Books|location=New York|year=1979|isbn=0-8317-0302-4|url-access=registration |url= https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2|pages=170–217 |chapter=Russia |last1=Campbell |first1=N. J. M.|name-list-style=amp}}

{{Peresvet class battleships}}

{{Russo-JapaneseWarRussianShips}}

{{1904 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pobeda}}

Category:Peresvet-class battleships

Category:Ships built at the Baltic Shipyard

Category:1900 ships

Category:Russo-Japanese War battleships of Russia

Category:Maritime incidents in 1904

Category:Shipwrecks of the Russo-Japanese War

Category:Shipwrecks of China

Category:Captured ships

Category:Battleships of the Imperial Japanese Navy

Category:Naval ships captured by Japan during the Russo-Japanese War

Category:Ships sunk by coastal artillery