Rutul language

Rutul belongs to the Lezgic group of the Northeast Caucasian language family. The Rutuls call their language {{Langx|rut|МыхаӀбишды чӀел|Myhabishdy chel|label=none}}.{{Cite book |last=Polinsky |first=Maria |title=The Oxford handbook of languages of the Caucasus |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-069069-4 |series=Oxford handbooks |location=New York |page=40}}

Among the languages of the Lezgic group, Tsakhur appears to be the closest relative of Rutul.{{cite web |date=11 October 2005 |title=The Tsakhur language |url=http://etheo.h10.ru/tsax01.htm |access-date=26 December 2006 |website=ETHEO Project |language=ru}} Other than these two, there are seven more languages in the Lezgic group, namely: Lezgian, Tabasaran, Aghul, Budukh, Kryts, Udi and Archi.

Rutul was not a written language until the writing system for it (based on Cyrillic) was developed in 1990. A Latin alphabet was developed in 2013 based on the Shin-Shorsu dialect.{{Cite web |url=http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/71/16/90/71169050965608079497039264944293532638/SILForum2015_002.pdf |title=Important Factors in the Development of an Orthography: Shin-Shorsu Rutul—a Case Study |last1=Clarkson |first1=Jonathan |last2=Iurkova |first2=Elena |series=SIL Forum for Language Fieldwork 2015-002 |publisher=SIL International |date=December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813105009/http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/71/16/90/71169050965608079497039264944293532638/SILForum2015_002.pdf |archivedate=2016-08-13 |access-date=2016-06-22 |url-status=bot: unknown }} Speakers are often bilingual or multilingual, having a good command of the Azeri, Lezgian and/or Russian languages. There are 8 dialects and 2 subdialects of Rutul.{{Which|date=June 2024}} The literary version of the language remains in the process of development. In the Rutul-populated regions of southern Russia, Rutul is taught in primary schools (grades 1 to 4).{{full citation needed|date=January 2010}}

File:Rutul alphabet.jpgBefore the Russian Revolution, the Rutuls used the Arabic script. In the Arabic script (Ajami), as a written source, the text of the song in the Ikhrek dialect of the Rutul language of the ashug of the 18th century Kur Rajaba is known.{{cite book |last=Ибрагимов |first=Гарун Халилович| chapter = Рутульский язык| chapter-url = | format = | url = | title = Языки Российской Федерации и соседних государств. Энциклопедия в 3-х томах | orig-year = | agency = | edition = |location= М. |date = 2001 |publisher= Наука |volume= 2 | pages = 493| series = | isbn =5-02-011268-2}} In 1913, {{Ill|Adolf Dirr|ru|Дирр, Адольф}} created a Cyrillic-based alphabet for Rutul. The modern Rutul alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet was introduced in 1990.Джамалов К. Э., Маамыдова С. М. Алифба: 1-классад китаб. МагьаӀджкъала, 1992 Arabic was used, among other things, when writing scientific papers. Turkish (Azerbaijani) was also used in everyday life. The founders of the Rutul script and the compilers of the Rutul alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet are S.M. Makhmudova,[https://web.archive.org/web/20150415223401/http://rutul.etnosmi.ru/one_stat.php?id=5562 Рутульская и агульская литература]{{Cite web|url=http://iling-ran.ru/library/sociolingva/database/examplehtml.htm|title=Институт Языкознания РАН — Рутульский язык|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208062009/http://iling-ran.ru/library/sociolingva/database/examplehtml.htm|archive-date=2015-12-08|access-date=2015-12-01|url-status=live}} K.E. Jamalov,{{Cite web|url=http://alpania.narod.ru/rutul|title=Рутульцы|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208082722/http://alpania.narod.ru/rutul|archive-date=2015-12-08|access-date=2015-12-01|url-status=live}} G.K. Ibragimov.http://www.riadagestan.ru/news/society/v_makhachkale_sostoitsya_meropriyatie_posvyashchennoe_90_letiyu_izvestnogo_rossiyskogo_filologa_garuna_ibragimova/ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208130641/http://www.riadagestan.ru/news/society/v_makhachkale_sostoitsya_meropriyatie_posvyashchennoe_90_letiyu_izvestnogo_rossiyskogo_filologa_garuna_ibragimova/}} В Махачкале состоится мероприятие, посвященное 90-летию известного российского филолога Гаруна Ибрагимова In 1992 prof. Makhmudova S. M. and Jamalov K. E. published an ABC book in Rutul for grade 1 students - “Alifba: 1-classad kitab”.{{cite book | author = Kazuto Matsumura | chapter = | chapter-url = | format = | url = http://www.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~kmatsum/kaken/Rusbiblio/MinLangRus2002.pdf | title = Indigenous Minority Languages of Russia. A Bibliographical Guide | orig-year = | agency = | edition = | location = Токио, Япония | date = 2002 | publisher = ELPR | volume = | pages = 232 | series = | isbn = | access-date = 2023-08-14 | archive-date = 2016-03-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191437/http://www.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~kmatsum/kaken/Rusbiblio/MinLangRus2002.pdf | url-status = dead }} {{Cite web|url=http://www.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~kmatsum/kaken/Rusbiblio/MinLangRus2002.pdf|title=Архивированная копия|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191437/http://www.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~kmatsum/kaken/Rusbiblio/MinLangRus2002.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-05|access-date=2015-12-01|url-status=dead}} In this edition, in addition to the previously adopted alphabet, the digraph Дз дз was introduced.{{cite conference|first=А. С. |last=Алисултанов|location=СПб.|pages=7–9/68|title=К вопросу о внесении дополнений в алфавит рутульского языка|url=https://iling.spb.ru/confs/minorlang2017/abstracts.pdf|work=Языки малочисленных народов России: устное vs. письменное|year=2017}} After that, three more school textbooks of the Rutul language were published: {{Lang|rut-Cyrl|Мыхаӏд чӏел}} (grades 2 and 4), Recipes by S. M. Makhmudova and {{Lang|rut-Cyrl|Рутул чӏел}} by E. Ismailova. In 2012-2013 a textbook on the Rutul language for universities was published: Grammar of the Rutul language, Part 1-2 by S. M. Makhmudova. In 2006, Dzhamalov K. E. and Semedov S. A. released a Rutul-Russian dictionary (Ihrek dialect) In this edition, the letter Ь ь was excluded from the alphabet, but Аь аь was included. In 2019, the Rutul-Russian dictionary by A. S. Alisultanov and T. A. Suleimanova was published.

The Rutuls have a rich literature dating back to the 11th century with the name of Zeinab Hinavi, an Albanian poet. The classic of Rutul, Lezgin and Azerbaijani poetry is the eighteenth-century ashug Kur-Rajab. In the 20th and 21st centuries, Rutul literature was developed and developed by Jameseb Salarov, Nurakhmed Ramazanov, Magomed Ulileev, Musa Makhmudov, Ezerchi, Yusif Medzhidov, Sakit Kurbanov, Shafi Ibragimov, Veysal Cherkezov and others. In 2008, the first generalizing work "Rutul literature" was published. , which provides information about Rutul writers, poets and ashugs.

The writing system for the Rutuls of Azerbaijan was developed in 2013 based on the dialect of the village of Şin. When developing this alphabet, it was proposed to write the pharyngealized vowel {{IPA|[ɨˤ]}} with the letter ı;. The authors of the alphabet also proposed a more logically consistent system for denoting velar consonants, but it was rejected as not coinciding with the system adopted in the Azerbaijani alphabet.{{cite book |last1=Clarkson |first1=J. |last2=Iurkova |first2=E. |title=Important Factors in the Development of an Orthography: Shin-Shorsu Rutul—a Case Study |publisher=SIL International |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/63843}}

The Rutul alphabet in Azerbaijan includes the following letters:{{cite book |last1=Yurkova |first1=Elena |title=Rutul ç`ilid əlifba = Rutul alphabet poster |date=2016 |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/69592}}

• Rutul people
• Northeast Caucasian languages
• Languages of Azerbaijan

{{Reflist}}

{{Incubator|code=rut}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100819194552/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/ Rutul dictionary online] (select simple or advanced browsing)
• Appendix:Cyrillic script
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010101456/http://atlas.musigi-dunya.az/atlas/az/rutuls_video.html Folk Songs and Dances of the Rutuls of Azerbaijan]
• [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\lez&limit=-1&encoding=utf-eng Rutul basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database (3 Rutul dialects: Mukhad, Ixrek, Luchek)]

{{Languages of Russia}}

{{Languages of Azerbaijan}}

{{Northeast Caucasian languages}}

{{Languages of the Caucasus}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rutul Language}}

Category:Lezgian languages

Category:Northeast Caucasian languages

Category:Languages of Azerbaijan

Category:Languages of Russia

Category:Endangered Caucasian languages