S2 (classification)

{{About|the disability swimming classification||S2 (disambiguation){{!}}S2}}

S2, SB1, SM2 are para-swimming classifications used for categorizing swimmers based on their level of disability. People in this class have limited use of their arms, and no or extremely limited use of their hands, legs and trunk. Swimmers in this class have a variety of different disabilities including cerebral palsy and amputations.

Swimmers in this class have a number of events they can participate in including the 50m and 100m Freestyle, 200m Freestyle, 50m Backstroke, 50m Butterfly, 50m Breaststroke and 150m Individual Medley events.

Definition

File:Wheelchair rugby profile classification C5-6.svg

This classification is for swimming.{{cite web|title=Understanding Classification: A Guide to the Classification Systems used in Paralympic Sports|first=Jane|last=Buckley|year=2011|accessdate=12 November 2011|url=http://www.sportingwheelies.org.au/doc.php?ID=38|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411023150/http://www.sportingwheelies.org.au/doc.php?ID=38|archive-date=11 April 2011}} In the classification title, S represents Freestyle, Backstroke and Butterfly strokes. SB means breaststroke. SM means individual medley. Swimming classifications are on a gradient, with one being the most severely physically impaired to ten having the least amount of physical disability.{{cite web|url=http://www.maroondahweekly.com.au/news/local/news/general/paralympic-dreams-croydon-hills-teen-a-hotshot-in-pool/2632869.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204140241/http://www.maroondahweekly.com.au/news/local/news/general/paralympic-dreams-croydon-hills-teen-a-hotshot-in-pool/2632869.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-04|title=Paralympic dreams: Croydon Hills teen a hotshot in pool|last=Shackell|first=James|date=2012-07-24|publisher=Maroondah Weekly|accessdate=2012-08-01}}{{Cite book|title=Against the odds : New Zealand Paralympians|last=Gray|first=Alison|publisher=Hodder Moa Beckett|year=1997|isbn=1869585666|location=Auckland, N.Z.|page=18|oclc=154294284}} Jane Buckley, writing for the Sporting Wheelies, describes the swimmers in this classification as being: "able to use their arms with no use of their hands, legs or trunk Or have severe coordination problems in four limbs. Similar disabilities to Class 1 but these athletes would have more propulsion by use of their arms or legs."

Disability groups

This class includes people with several disability types include cerebral palsy, short stature and amputations.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7a_CQAAQBAJ|title=Science of Swimming Faster|last1=Scott|first1=Riewald|last2=Scott|first2=Rodeo|date=2015-06-01|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=9780736095716|language=en}}{{Cite journal|last1=Tim-Taek|first1=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=July 24, 2016}}{{Cite journal|last1=Tim-Taek|first1=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=July 24, 2016}}

= Amputee =

File:ISOD_A9_amputee_sportperson_profile.png

ISOD amputee A9 swimmers may be found in several classes. These include S2, S3, S4, S5 and S8.{{Cite journal|last1=Tim-Taek|first1=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=July 24, 2016}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifsport.is/ritgerd.htm|title=ritgerd|website=www.ifsport.is|access-date=2016-07-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505180703/http://www.ifsport.is/ritgerd.htm|archive-date=2016-05-05}} Prior to the 1990s, the A9 class was often grouped with other amputee classes in swimming competitions, including the Paralympic Games.{{Cite journal|last=van Eijsden-Besseling|first=M. D. F.|date=1985|title=The (Non)sense of the Present-Day Classification System of Sports for the Disabled, Regarding Paralysed and Amputee Athletes|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/20221887|journal=Paraplegia|publisher=International Medical Society of Paraplegia|volume=23|access-date=July 25, 2016}} Swimmers in this class have a similar stroke length and stroke rate to able bodied swimmers.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pAoIZG3-4cC&q=amputee&pg=PT42|title=Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science, The Paralympic Athlete|last1=Vanlandewijck|first1=Yves C.|last2=Thompson|first2=Walter R.|date=2011-07-13|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781444348286|language=en}}

The nature of a person's amputations in this class can effect their physiology and sports performance.{{Cite web|url=http://www.blazesports.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Paralympic_Sport_Classification.ppt|title=Classification 101|date=June 2012|website=Blaze Sports|access-date=July 24, 2016|archive-date=August 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816031343/http://www.blazesports.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Paralympic_Sport_Classification.ppt|url-status=dead}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZRtAwAAQBAJ|title=DeLee & Drez's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine|last1=Miller|first1=Mark D.|last2=Thompson|first2=Stephen R.|date=2014-04-04|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781455742219|language=en}} Because of the potential for balance issues related to having an amputation, during weight training, amputees are encouraged to use a spotter when lifting more than {{Convert|15|lb|kg}}. Lower limb amputations effect a person's energy cost for being mobile. To keep their oxygen consumption rate similar to people without lower limb amputations, they need to walk slower. Because they are missing a limb, amputees are more prone to overuse injuries in their remaining limbs. Common problems with intact upper limbs for people in this class include rotator cuffs tearing, shoulder impingement, epicondylitis and peripheral nerve entrapment.

= Cerebral palsy =

File:CP2_disability_profile.png

One of the disability groups in this classification is swimmers with cerebral palsy, including CP1 and CP2 classified swimmers.{{Cite journal|last1=Tim-Taek|first1=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=July 24, 2016}}

Some CP1 swimmers in this class require floaters to race. The use of such devices is not allowed in IPC sanctioned events, but is allowed in CP-ISRA sanctioned ones.{{Cite web|url=http://www.gkef-fgda.org/descargas/cp-isra.pdf|title=CLASSIFICATION AND SPORTS RULE MANUAL|date=January 2005|website=CPISRA|access-date=July 22, 2016|archive-date=August 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815220532/http://www.gkef-fgda.org/descargas/cp-isra.pdf|url-status=dead}} CP1 swimmers tend to have a passive normalized drag in the range of 1.3 to 1.7. This puts them into the passive drag band of PDB1, and PDB3.{{Cite journal|last1=Tim-Taek|first1=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=July 24, 2016}} CP1 sportspeople tend to use electric wheelchairs.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIfQfWj5jBEC|title=Sports Injuries|last1=Hutson|first1=Michael|last2=Speed|first2=Cathy|date=2011-03-17|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780199533909|language=en}} They may have controlled shakes and twitches.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3pcAgAAQBAJ|title=Sports Nutrition for Paralympic Athletes|last=Broad|first=Elizabeth|date=2014-02-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781466507562|language=en}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.tyden.cz/rubriky/sport/olympiada/kategorie-postizeni-handicapovanych-sportovcu_80384.html|title=Kategorie postižení handicapovaných sportovců|date=September 12, 2008|website=Tyden|language=cs|access-date=July 23, 2016}} They have severely limited of their trunk and limbs.{{Cite web|url=http://www.deporte.gob.mx/deporteadaptado/documentos/Handcycling/CLASIFICACIONES.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123132542/http://deporte.gob.mx/deporteadaptado/documentos/Handcycling/CLASIFICACIONES.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 23, 2012|title=Clasificaciones de Ciclismo|website=Comisión Nacional de Cultura Física y Deporte|location=Mexico|language=es-MX|access-date=July 23, 2016}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.dhif.dk/kalenderdhif/default.asp?action=downloadinvitation&file=1&meetingid=3859|title=Invitation til DHIF's Atletik Forbunds|date=2007|website=Frederiksberg Handicapidræt|language=da|access-date=July 23, 2016|archive-date=September 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916105925/http://www.dhif.dk/kalenderdhif/default.asp?action=downloadinvitation&file=1&meetingid=3859|url-status=dead}} When participating in sport, CP1 competitors tend to have low energy expenditure. This bodily activity can spike their metabolic rate.

CP2 swimmers tend to have a passive normalized drag in the range of 1.0 to 1.1. This puts them into the passive drag band of PDB4.{{Cite journal|last1=Tim-Taek|first1=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=July 24, 2016}} CP2 swimmers tend to use electric wheelchairs. They may have controlled shakes and twitches. This bodily activity can spike their metabolic rate.{{Cite web|url=https://queenslandschoolsport.eq.edu.au/Supportandresources/Formsanddocuments/Documents/Officials%20and%20executives/classification-system-for-students-with-a-disability.docx|title=CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR STUDENTS WITH A DISABILITY|website=Queensland Sport|access-date=July 23, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404055316/https://queenslandschoolsport.eq.edu.au/Supportandresources/Formsanddocuments/Documents/Officials%20and%20executives/classification-system-for-students-with-a-disability.docx|archive-date=April 4, 2015}} They can operate a manual wheelchair but this is restricted because of motor control issues. Functional control issues effect all or most of their limbs.{{Cite web|url=http://www.deporte.gob.mx/deporteadaptado/documentos/Handcycling/CLASIFICACIONES.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123132542/http://deporte.gob.mx/deporteadaptado/documentos/Handcycling/CLASIFICACIONES.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 23, 2012|title=Clasificaciones de Ciclismo|website=Comisión Nacional de Cultura Física y Deporte|location=Mexico|language=es-MX|access-date=July 23, 2016}} When participating in sport, CP2 competitors tend to have low energy expenditure. CP2 competitors have better upper body control when compared to CP1.{{Cite web|url=http://www.adam-europe.eu/prj/4017/prj/INGLES.pdf|title=PROGRAMA LEONARDO DA VINCI, TRAINING SPORT ASSISTANTS FOR THE DISABLED|last1=Hernández García|first1=Jose Ignacio|last2=Vecino|first2=Jorge Manrique|website=Programa Leonardo da Vinci|publisher=European Union|access-date=July 24, 2016|last3=Koszegi|first3=Melinda|last4=Marto|first4=Anabela|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816223113/http://www.adam-europe.eu/prj/4017/prj/INGLES.pdf|archive-date=August 16, 2016}}

= Short stature =

{{See also|Les Autres sport classification|SS1 (classification)}}SS2 swimmers may be found S1 and S5.{{Cite journal|last1=Tim-Taek|first1=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=July 24, 2016}} Men in this class are {{Convert|130|cm|in}} tall or less, with an arm length equal to or less than {{Convert|59|cm|in}}. When their standing height and arm length are added together, the distance is equal to or less than {{Convert|180|cm|in}}. For women in this class, the same measurements are {{Convert|125|cm|in}}, {{Convert|57|cm|in}} and {{Convert|173|cm|in}}.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usO95dxAEm8C|title=Pediatric Rehabilitation: Principles & Practices, Fourth Edition|last1=MD|first1=Michael A. Alexander|last2=MD|first2=Dennis J. Matthews|date=2009-09-18|publisher=Demos Medical Publishing|isbn=9781935281658|language=en}}

There are generally two types of syndromes that cause short stature. One is disproportionate limb size on a normal size torso. The second is proportionate, where they are generally small for their average age. There are a variety of causes including skeletal dysplasia, chondrodystrophy, and growth hormone deficiencies. Short stature can cause a number of other disabilities including eye problems, joint defects, joint dislocation or limited range of movement.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoeRrA_-td0C&q=%2522les%2520autres%2522%2520sport%2520classification&pg=PA295|title=ACSM's Primary Care Sports Medicine|last1=McKeag|first1=Douglas|last2=Moeller|first2=James L.|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781770286|language=en}}

= Spinal cord injuries =

{{See also|Wheelchair sport classification|}}People with spinal cord injuries compete in this class, including F1, F2 sportspeople.{{Cite journal|last=International Paralympic Committee|date=February 2005|title=SWIMMING CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION MANUAL|url=http://www.paralimpicos.es/web/2008PEKPV/deportes/natacion/clasificacion.pdf|journal=International Paralympic Committee Classification Manual|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104212238/http://www.paralimpicos.es/web/2008PEKPV/deportes/natacion/clasificacion.pdf|archive-date=2016-11-04|url-status=dead}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_aY-HejIEgC&q=C4&pg=PA544|title=Adapted Physical Education and Sport|last=Winnick|first=Joseph P.|date=2011-01-01|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=9780736089180|language=en}}{{Cite journal|last1=Tim-Taek|first1=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=July 24, 2016}}

== F1 ==

File:F1_SP1_disability_sports_profile.png

This is wheelchair sport classification that corresponds to the neurological level C6.{{Cite book|url=http://www.colimdo.org/media/2609359/deportistas_sin_adjetivos.pdf|title=Deportistas sin Adjectivos|last=Consejo Superior de Deportes|publisher=Consejo Superior de Deportes|year=2011|location=Spain|language=es-ES|access-date=2016-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104204846/http://www.colimdo.org/media/2609359/deportistas_sin_adjetivos.pdf|archive-date=2016-11-04|url-status=dead}}{{Cite journal|last1=Foster|first1=Mikayla|last2=Loveridge|first2=Kyle|last3=Turley|first3=Cami|date=2013|title=S P I N A L C ORD I N JURY|url=http://flavia-ctrs.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/7/7/50777459/spinal-cord-injury.pdf|journal=Therapeutic Recreation}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.tswaa.com/documents/wsusa/wtfusa-2003rules.doc|title=National Governing Body for Athletics of Wheelchair Sports, USA. Chapter 2: Competition Rules for Athletics|publisher=Wheelchair Sports, USA|year=2003|location=United States}} In the past, this class was known as 1A Complete. Disabled Sports USA defined the anatomical definition of this class in 2003 as, "Have functional elbow flexors and wrist dorsi-flexors. May have elbow extensors (up to power 3) but usually do not have wrist palmar flexors. May have shoulder weakness. Have no sitting balance." People with C4 lesions have head control, and limited respiratory endurance. People with C5 lesions have abduction of the arms, and flexion of the arm. People with C6 lesions have abduction and flexion of the arms, and wrist extension.

The location of lesions on different vertebrae tend to be associated with disability levels and functionality issues. People with C4 lesions can control electronic devices using a mouth controlled joystick. People with a lesion at C5 or C6 have an impairment that effects the use of their hands and lower arm.{{Cite book|url=http://www.usrowing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2015-guide-to-adaptive-rowing.pdf|title=Guide to Adaptive Rowing|publisher=US Rowing|date=February 2015|editor-last=Arenberg|editor-first=Debbie Hoefler|access-date=2016-08-03|archive-date=2016-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815054027/http://www.usrowing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2015-guide-to-adaptive-rowing.pdf|url-status=dead}} People with C5 can perform some actions with one of their arms, and can propel a wheelchair with modified rims that make it easier to do. People with C6 can have a weak grasp with their wrist. They can roll over in bed. They have some independence in that they can eat and groom themselves without assistance. They may also be able to transfer themselves to a wheelchair. In terms of motor functions, people in this class who are C4-C6 tetraplegics may have issues with their biceps, deltoids, rhomboids and rotor cuffs. They may have an absence of sensation in their hands, wrists and forearms.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H43rKeYSeBcC|title=Wheelchair Sport: A Complete Guide for Athletes, Coaches, and Teachers|last=Goosey-Tolfrey|first=Vicky|date=2010-01-01|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=9780736086769|language=en}} People in this class have a total respiratory capacity of 81% compared to people without a disability.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8r6BlfV3QYgC|title=Rehabilitation: Mobility, Exercise, and Sports : 4th International State-of-the-Art Congress|last1=Woude|first1=Luc H. V.|last2=Hoekstra|first2=F.|last3=Groot|first3=S. De|last4=Bijker|first4=K. E.|last5=Dekker|first5=R.|date=2010-01-01|publisher=IOS Press|isbn=9781607500803|language=en}}{{Cite journal|last1=Thierry|first1=Weissland|last2=Leprêtre|first2=Pierre-Marie|date=2013-01-01|title=Are tetraplegic handbikers going to disappear from team relay in para-cycling?|journal= Frontiers in Physiology|pages=77|doi=10.3389/fphys.2013.00077|pmc=3620554|pmid=23576995|volume=4|doi-access=free}} The functional characteristics for this class at the 1990 Stoke Mandeville Games had this class scoring a 0 - 3 for triceps on the MRC scale, with severe weakness of the trunk and lower limbs.{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/fitnessinspecial0000shep|url-access=registration|title=Fitness in special populations|last=Shephard|first=Roy J.|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Human Kinetics Books|isbn=9780873222709|language=en}}

People with spinal cord injuries in S2 tend to be tetraplegics with complete lesions below C6, or tetraplegics with complete lesions below C7 who have additional paralysis in their plexus or in one arm. These S2 swimmers have no hand or wrist flexion so are unable to catch water. Because of a lack of trunk control, they are unstable in the water and have hip drag. As they have no leg mobility, their legs drag. They normally swim the backstroke as they lack head control to breathe effectively for the freestyle. They start in the water, sometimes with assistance for initial propulsion.

For swimming with the most severe disabilities at the 1984 Summer Paralympics, floating devices and a swimming coach in the water swimming next to the Paralympic competitor were allowed.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPa1AAAAIAAJ|title=The 1984 Olympic Scientific Congress proceedings: Eugene, Ore., 19-26 July 1984 : (also: OSC proceedings)|last=Broekhoff|first=Jan|date=1986-06-01|publisher=Human Kinetics Publishers|isbn=9780873220064|language=en}} A study of was done comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between women in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m breaststroke. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between women in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m backstroke. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between women in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m freestyle. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between men in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m backstroke. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between men in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m freestyle. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between men in 1A (SP1, SP2), and 1B (SP3) in the 25m breaststroke.

== F2 ==

File:F2_SP2_disability_sports_profile.png

This is wheelchair sport classification that corresponds to the neurological level C7.{{Cite book|url=http://www.colimdo.org/media/2609359/deportistas_sin_adjetivos.pdf|title=Deportistas sin Adjectivos|last=Consejo Superior de Deportes|publisher=Consejo Superior de Deportes|year=2011|location=Spain|language=es-ES|access-date=2016-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104204846/http://www.colimdo.org/media/2609359/deportistas_sin_adjetivos.pdf|archive-date=2016-11-04|url-status=dead}} In the past, this class was known as 1B Complete, 1A Incomplete. The location of lesions on different vertebrae tend to be associated with disability levels and functionality issues. C7 is associated with elbow flexors. C8 is associated with finger flexors.{{Cite journal|last=International Paralympic Committee|date=February 2005|title=SWIMMING CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION MANUAL|url=http://www.paralimpicos.es/web/2008PEKPV/deportes/natacion/clasificacion.pdf|journal=International Paralympic Committee Classification Manual|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104212238/http://www.paralimpicos.es/web/2008PEKPV/deportes/natacion/clasificacion.pdf|archive-date=2016-11-04|url-status=dead}} Disabled Sports USA defined the anatomical definition of this class in 2003 as, ""Have functional elbow flexors and extensors, wrist dorsi-flexors and palmar flexors. Have good shoulder muscle function. May have some finger flexion and extension but not functional." People with lesions at C7 have stabilization and extension of the elbow and some extension of the wrist. People with a lesion at C7 have an impairment that effects the use of their hands and lower arm.{{Cite book|url=http://www.usrowing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2015-guide-to-adaptive-rowing.pdf|title=Guide to Adaptive Rowing|publisher=US Rowing|date=February 2015|editor-last=Arenberg|editor-first=Debbie Hoefler|access-date=2016-08-03|archive-date=2016-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815054027/http://www.usrowing.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2015-guide-to-adaptive-rowing.pdf|url-status=dead}} They can use a wheelchair using their own power, and do everyday tasks like eating, dressing, and normal physical maintenance. People in this class have a total respiratory capacity of 79% compared to people without a disability.

Swimming classification is done based on a total points system, with a variety of functional and medical tests being used as part of a formula to assign a class. Part of this test involves the Adapted Medical Research Council (MRC) scale. For upper trunk extension, C8 complete are given 0 points.{{Cite journal|last=International Paralympic Committee|date=February 2005|title=SWIMMING CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION MANUAL|url=http://www.paralimpicos.es/web/2008PEKPV/deportes/natacion/clasificacion.pdf|journal=International Paralympic Committee Classification Manual|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104212238/http://www.paralimpicos.es/web/2008PEKPV/deportes/natacion/clasificacion.pdf|archive-date=2016-11-04|url-status=dead}}

History

The classification was created by the International Paralympic Committee. In 2003 the committee approved a plan which recommended the development of a universal classification code. The code was approved in 2007, and defines the "objective of classification as developing and implementing accurate, reliable and consistent sport focused classification systems", which are known as "evidence based, sport specific classification". In November 2015, they approved the revised classification code, which "aims to further develop evidence based, sport specific classification in all sports".{{cite web |title=History of Classification |url=https://www.paralympic.org/classification/history |website=International Paralympic Committee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822151306/https://www.paralympic.org/classification/history |archive-date=August 22, 2023}}

Events

Swimmers in this class have a number of events they can participate in. They include the 50m and 100m Freestyle, 200m Freestyle, 50m Backstroke, 50m Butterfly, 50m Breaststroke and 150m Individual Medley events.

At the Paralympic Games

For this classification, organisers of the Paralympic Games have the option of including the following events on the Paralympic programme: 50m and 100m Freestyle, 200m Freestyle, 50m Backstroke, 50m Butterfly, 50m Breaststroke and 150m Individual Medley events.{{cite web|url=http://en.paralympic.beijing2008.cn/news/sports/swimming/n214355368.shtml|accessdate=18 November 2011|publisher=The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad|year=2008|title=Swimming Classification|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314164230/http://en.paralympic.beijing2008.cn/news/sports/swimming/n214355368.shtml|archive-date=14 March 2012}}

For the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, the International Paralympic Committee had a zero classification at the Games policy. This policy was put into place in 2014, with the goal of avoiding last minute changes in classes that would negatively impact athlete training preparations. All competitors needed to be internationally classified with their classification status confirmed prior to the Games, with exceptions to this policy being dealt with on a case-by-case basis.{{Cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/160404093217097_Classification+Guide+-+updated+version_0.pdf|title=Rio 2016 Classification Guide|date=March 2016|website=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=July 22, 2016}}

Records

In the S2 50 m Freestyle Long Course, the men's world record is held by the American Curtis Lovejoy with a time of 01:00.11 and the women's world record is held by the Ukrainian Ganna Ielisavetska with a time of 01:07.15 in 2011.{{cite web|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|url=http://www.ipc-swimming.org/records/records.html?xml=0&rct=RCTWR&dis=LC&gen=&evt=SWF50|accessdate=18 November 2011|title=IPC Swimming World Records Long Course|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519081648/http://www.ipc-swimming.org/records/records.html?xml=0&rct=RCTWR&dis=LC&gen=&evt=SWF50|archive-date=19 May 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} In the S2 100 m Freestyle Long Course, the men's world record is held by American Curtis Lovejoy and the women's world record is held by the Ukrainian Ganna Ielisavetska.{{cite web|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|url=http://www.ipc-swimming.org/records/records.html?xml=0&rct=RCTWR&dis=LC&gen=&evt=SWF10|accessdate=18 November 2011|title=IPC Swimming World Records Long Course|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519081704/http://www.ipc-swimming.org/records/records.html?xml=0&rct=RCTWR&dis=LC&gen=&evt=SWF10|archive-date=19 May 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}

Getting classified

Swimming classification for S2 swimmers generally has three components. The first is a bench press. The second is water test. The third is in competition observation.{{Cite web|url=http://nsw.swimming.org.au/visageimages/Member_information/Development/People_with_disability/Classification_Guide_1-101.pdf|title=CLASSIFICATION GUIDE|website=Swimming Australia|access-date=June 24, 2016|archive-date=June 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615121101/http://nsw.swimming.org.au/visageimages/Member_information/Development/People_with_disability/Classification_Guide_1-101.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.cpisra.org.za/files/classification/Classification_CPISRA_Brochure_Classification_Profiles.pdf|title=Classification Profiles|website=Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association|access-date=July 22, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818060111/http://www.cpisra.org.za/files/classification/Classification_CPISRA_Brochure_Classification_Profiles.pdf|archive-date=August 18, 2016}} As part of the water test, swimmers are often required to demonstrate their swimming technique for all four strokes. They usually swim a distance of 25 meters for each stroke. They are also generally required to demonstrate how they enter the water and how they turn in the pool.

In Australia, to be classified in this category, athletes contact the Australian Paralympic Committee or their state swimming governing body. In the United States, classification is handled by the United States Paralympic Committee on a national level. The classification test has three components: "a bench test, a water test, observation during competition." American swimmers are assessed by four people: a medical classified, two general classified and a technical classifier.{{cite web|url=http://usparalympics.org/sports/classification/swimming|publisher=United States Paralympic Committee|accessdate=18 November 2011|date=26 June 2011|title=U.S. Paralympics National Classification Policies & Procedures SWIMMING}}

Competitors

Swimmers who have competed in this classification include Jim Anderson,{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/Results/search.html?sport=20&gender=all&medal=medals&npc=all&games=2008PG|accessdate=18 November 2011|title=Results|publisher=International Paralympic Committee}} Sara Carracelas, Iryna Sotska who all won medals in their class at the 2008 Paralympics.

American swimmers who have been classified by the United States Paralympic Committee as being in this class include Nancy Anderson, Suzanne Collett and Curtis Lovejoy.{{cite web|url=http://assets.usoc.org/assets/documents/attached_file/filename1/50364/USA_Classification_Database_SWI.pdf|accessdate=18 November 2011|publisher=United States Paralympic Committee|title=USA NATIONAL CLASSIFICATION DATABASE|date=7 October 2011}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

References

Category:Para swimming classifications