S9 (classification)

This classification is for swimming.{{cite web|url=http://www.sportingwheelies.org.au/doc.php?ID=38|title=Understanding Classification: A Guide to the Classification Systems used in Paralympic Sports|last=Buckley|first=Jane|year=2011|access-date=12 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411023150/http://www.sportingwheelies.org.au/doc.php?ID=38|archive-date=11 April 2011}} In the classification title, S represents Freestyle, Backstroke and Butterfly strokes. SB means breaststroke. SM means individual medley. Jane Buckley, writing for the Sporting Wheelies, describes the swimmers in this classification as having: "severe weakness in one leg only; Swimmers with very slight coordination problems; Swimmers with one limb loss. Unless there is an underlying medical condition usually all of these athletes will start out of the water." Swimming classifications are on a gradient, with one being the most severely physically impaired to ten having the least amount of physical disability.{{cite web|url=http://www.maroondahweekly.com.au/news/local/news/general/paralympic-dreams-croydon-hills-teen-a-hotshot-in-pool/2632869.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204140241/http://www.maroondahweekly.com.au/news/local/news/general/paralympic-dreams-croydon-hills-teen-a-hotshot-in-pool/2632869.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-12-04|title=Paralympic dreams: Croydon Hills teen a hotshot in pool|last=Shackell|first=James|date=2012-07-24|publisher=Maroondah Weekly|access-date=2012-08-01}}

This class includes people with several disability types include cerebral palsy and amputations.{{Cite journal|last1=Tim-Taek|first1=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=July 24, 2016}}

{{See also|A8 (classification)|}}

File:ISOD_A8_amputee_sportperson_profile.png

ISOD amputee A8 swimmers may be found in this class. S9 amputee swimmers in this class have similar start times to people with legs amputations in S8 to S10 classes.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pAoIZG3-4cC&q=amputee&pg=PT42|title=Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science, The Paralympic Athlete|last1=Vanlandewijck|first1=Yves C.|last2=Thompson|first2=Walter R.|date=2011-07-13|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781444348286|language=en}} Paralympic S9 swimmers in this class can get water entry distance off the block comparable to Olympic athletes. Compared to able bodied swimmers, swimmers in this class have a shorter stroke length and increased stroke rate. Because their legs are their greatest strength, they modify their entry into the water to take advantage of this.

The nature of a person's amputations in this class can effect their physiology and sports performance. Because they are missing a limb, amputees are more prone to overuse injuries in their remaining limbs. Common problems for intact upper limbs for people in this class include rotator cuffs tearing, shoulder impingement, epicondylitis and peripheral nerve entrapment.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZRtAwAAQBAJ|title=DeLee & Drez's Orthopaedic Sports Medicine|last1=Miller|first1=Mark D.|last2=Thompson|first2=Stephen R.|date=2014-04-04|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9781455742219|language=en}}

File:CP8_disability_profile.png{{See also|CP7 (classification)|CP8 (classification)}}

File:CP7_disability_profile.png

CP7 and CP8 class swimmers are sometimes found in this class.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7a_CQAAQBAJ|title=Science of Swimming Faster|last1=Scott|first1=Riewald|last2=Scott|first2=Rodeo|date=2015-06-01|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=9780736095716|language=en}}{{Cite journal|last1=Tim-Taek|first1=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=July 24, 2016}} CP7 sportspeople are able to walk, but appear to do so while having a limp as one side of their body is more affected than the other.{{Cite web|url=https://queenslandschoolsport.eq.edu.au/Supportandresources/Formsanddocuments/Documents/Officials%20and%20executives/classification-system-for-students-with-a-disability.docx|title=CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR STUDENTS WITH A DISABILITY|website=Queensland Sport|access-date=July 23, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404055316/https://queenslandschoolsport.eq.edu.au/Supportandresources/Formsanddocuments/Documents/Officials%20and%20executives/classification-system-for-students-with-a-disability.docx|archive-date=April 4, 2015}}{{Cite web|url=http://sportabilitybc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Microsoft_Word_-_Classification_Made_Easy.pdf|title=Classification Made Easy|date=July 2011|website=Sportability British Columbia|access-date=July 23, 2016}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.deporte.gob.mx/deporteadaptado/documentos/Handcycling/CLASIFICACIONES.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123132542/http://deporte.gob.mx/deporteadaptado/documentos/Handcycling/CLASIFICACIONES.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 23, 2012|title=Clasificaciones de Ciclismo|website=Comisión Nacional de Cultura Física y Deporte|location=Mexico|language=es-MX|access-date=July 23, 2016}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.tyden.cz/rubriky/sport/olympiada/kategorie-postizeni-handicapovanych-sportovcu_80384.html|title=Kategorie postižení handicapovaných sportovců|date=September 12, 2008|website=Tyden|language=cs|access-date=July 23, 2016}} They may have involuntary muscles spasms on one side of their body. They have fine motor control on their dominant side of the body, which can present as asymmetry when they are in motion.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IOOEKhrn1IAC|title=Benchmark Games|last1=Cashman|first1=Richmard|last2=Darcy|first2=Simon|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Benchmark Games|isbn=9781876718053|language=en}} People in this class tend to have energy expenditure similar to people without cerebral palsy.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3pcAgAAQBAJ|title=Sports Nutrition for Paralympic Athletes|last=Broad|first=Elizabeth|date=2014-02-06|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781466507562|language=en}}

Because of the neuromuscular nature of their disability, CP7 and CP8 swimmers have slower start times than other people in their classes. They are also more likely to interlock their hands when underwater in some strokes to prevent hand drift, which increases drag while swimming. CP8 swimmers experience swimmers shoulder, a swimming related injury, at rates similar to their able-bodied counterparts. When fatigued, asymmetry in their stroke becomes a problem for swimmers in this class. The integrated classification system used for swimming, where swimmers with CP compete against those with other disabilities, is subject to criticisms has been that the nature of CP is that greater exertion leads to decreased dexterity and fine motor movements. This puts competitors with CP at a disadvantage when competing against people with amputations who do not lose coordination as a result of exertion.{{Cite journal|last1=Richter|first1=Kenneth J.|last2=Adams-Mushett|first2=Carol|last3=Ferrara|first3=Michael S.|last4=McCann|first4=B. Cairbre|date=1992|title=llntegrated Swimming Classification : A Faulted System|url=http://journals.humankinetics.com/AcuCustom/Sitename/Documents/DocumentItem/11786.pdf|journal=Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly|volume=9|pages=5–13|doi=10.1123/apaq.9.1.5}}

CP7 swimmers tend to have a passive normalized drag in the range of 0.6 to 0.8. This puts them into the passive drag band of PDB6, PDB8, and PDB9.{{Cite journal|last1=Tim-Taek|first1=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=July 24, 2016}} CP8 swimmers tend to have a passive normalized drag in the range of 0.4 to 0.9. This puts them into the passive drag band of PDB6, PDB8, and PDB10.{{Cite journal|last1=Tim-Taek|first1=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=July 24, 2016}}

{{See also|Wheelchair sport classification|}}People with spinal cord injuries compete in this class, including F8 sportspeople.{{Cite journal|last=International Paralympic Committee|date=February 2005|title=SWIMMING CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION MANUAL|url=http://www.paralimpicos.es/web/2008PEKPV/deportes/natacion/clasificacion.pdf|journal=International Paralympic Committee Classification Manual|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104212238/http://www.paralimpicos.es/web/2008PEKPV/deportes/natacion/clasificacion.pdf|archive-date=2016-11-04|url-status=dead}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_aY-HejIEgC&q=C4&pg=PA544|title=Adapted Physical Education and Sport|last=Winnick|first=Joseph P.|date=2011-01-01|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=9780736089180|language=en}}{{Cite journal|last1=Tim-Taek|first1=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=July 24, 2016}}

{{See also|F8 (classification)|}}

File:F8_SP8_disability_sports_profile.png

File:SP8_disability_sport_profile_2.png

F8 is standing wheelchair sport class.{{Cite book|url=http://www.tswaa.com/documents/wsusa/wtfusa-2003rules.doc|title=National Governing Body for Athletics of Wheelchair Sports, USA. Chapter 2: Competition Rules for Athletics|publisher=Wheelchair Sports, USA|year=2003|location=United States}}{{Cite book|url=http://www.colimdo.org/media/2609359/deportistas_sin_adjetivos.pdf|title=Deportistas sin Adjectivos|last=Consejo Superior de Deportes|publisher=Consejo Superior de Deportes|year=2011|location=Spain|language=es-ES|access-date=2016-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104204846/http://www.colimdo.org/media/2609359/deportistas_sin_adjetivos.pdf|archive-date=2016-11-04|url-status=dead}} The level of spinal cord injury for this class involves people who have incomplete lesions at a slightly higher level. This means they can sometimes bear weight on their legs.{{Cite journal|last1=Foster|first1=Mikayla|last2=Loveridge|first2=Kyle|last3=Turley|first3=Cami|date=2013|title=S P I N A L C ORD I N JURY|url=http://flavia-ctrs.weebly.com/uploads/5/0/7/7/50777459/spinal-cord-injury.pdf|journal=Therapeutic Recreation}} In 2002, USA Track & Field defined this class as, "These are standing athletes with dynamic standing balance. Able to recover in standing when balance is challenged. Not more than 70 points in legs."{{Cite web|url=http://www.usatf.org/about/rules/2002/USATFRuleBook_Special.pdf|title=SPECIAL SECTION ADAPTATIONS TO USA TRACK & FIELD RULES OF COMPETITION FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES|date=2002|website=USA Track & Field}} In 2003, Disabled Sports USA defined this class as, "In a sitting class but not more than 70 points in the lower limbs. Are unable to recover balance in challenged standing position." In Australia, this class means combined lower plus upper limb functional problems. "Minimal disability."{{Cite web|url=http://www.sports.det.nsw.edu.au/syd_east/forms/primawdath.doc|title=Para-Athlete (AWD) entry form – NSW PSSA Track & Field|last=Sydney East PSSA|date=2016|website=New South Wales Department of Sports|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928134336/http://www.sports.det.nsw.edu.au/syd_east/forms/primawdath.doc|archive-date=2016-09-28}} It can also mean in Australia that the athlete is "ambulant with moderately reduced function in one or both lower limbs." They have a normalized drag in the range of 0.6 to 0.7.{{Cite journal|last1=Tim-Taek|first1=Oh|last2=Osborough|first2=Conor|last3=Burkett|first3=Brendan|last4=Payton|first4=Carl|year=2015|title=Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System|url=https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/document/151028124028893_84_Oh_Passive+drag+in+IPC+Swimming+Classification+System.pdf|journal=VISTA Conference|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|access-date=July 24, 2016}}

The classification was created by the International Paralympic Committee. In 2003 the committee approved a plan which recommended the development of a universal classification code. The code was approved in 2007, and defines the "objective of classification as developing and implementing accurate, reliable and consistent sport focused classification systems", which are known as "evidence based, sport specific classification". In November 2015, they approved the revised classification code, which "aims to further develop evidence based, sport specific classification in all sports".{{cite web |title=History of Classification |url=https://www.paralympic.org/classification/history |website=International Paralympic Committee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822151306/https://www.paralympic.org/classification/history |archive-date=August 22, 2023}}

In 1997, Against the odds : New Zealand Paralympians said this classification was graded along a gradient, with S1 being the most disabled and S10 being the least disabled. At this time, competitors who were S9 classified tended to be above the elbow or above the knee amputees.{{Cite book|page=18|title=Against the odds : New Zealand Paralympians|first=Alison|last=Gray|location=Auckland, N.Z.|publisher=Hodder Moa Beckett|date=1997|isbn=1869585666 |oclc=154294284}}

For this classification, organisers of the Paralympic Games have the option of including the following events on the Paralympic programme: 50m and 100m Freestyle, 400m Freestyle, 100m Backstroke, 100m Butterfly, 100m Breaststroke and 200m Individual Medley events{{cite web|url=http://en.paralympic.beijing2008.cn/news/sports/swimming/n214355368.shtml|access-date=18 November 2011|publisher=The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad|year=2008|title=Swimming Classification|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314164230/http://en.paralympic.beijing2008.cn/news/sports/swimming/n214355368.shtml|archive-date=14 March 2012}}

In the S9 50 m Freestyle Long Course, the men's world record is held by Australia's Matthew Cowdrey and the women's world record is held by South Africa's Natalie Du Toit.{{cite web|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|url=http://www.ipc-swimming.org/records/records.html?xml=0&rct=RCTWR&dis=LC&gen=&evt=SWF50|access-date=18 November 2011|title=IPC Swimming World Records Long Course|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519081648/http://www.ipc-swimming.org/records/records.html?xml=0&rct=RCTWR&dis=LC&gen=&evt=SWF50|archive-date=19 May 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} In the S9 100 m Freestyle Long Course, the men's world record is held by Australia's Rowan Crothers and the women's world record is held by South Africa's Natalie Du Toit.{{cite web|publisher=International Paralympic Committee|url=http://www.ipc-swimming.org/records/records.html?xml=0&rct=RCTWR&dis=LC&gen=&evt=SWF10|access-date=18 November 2011|title=IPC Swimming World Records Long Course|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519081704/http://www.ipc-swimming.org/records/records.html?xml=0&rct=RCTWR&dis=LC&gen=&evt=SWF10|archive-date=19 May 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}

The table below records the fastest ever Paralympic record in this class for specific events.

{{Swimmingrecordlegend|ratifier=International Paralympic Committee{{!}}IPC|IPCWR=yes|tt=no|sf=no|b=no|†=no}}

Classification generally has four phases. The first stage of classification is a health examination. For amputees in this class, this is often done on site at a sports training facility or competition. The second stage is observation in practice, the third stage is observation in competition and the last stage is assigning the sportsperson to a relevant class.{{Cite journal|last1=Tweedy|first1=Sean M.|last2=Beckman|first2=Emma M.|last3=Connick|first3=Mark J.|date=August 2014|title=Paralympic Classification: Conceptual Basis, Current Methods, and Research Update|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264789786|journal=Paralympic Sports Medicine and Science|volume=6|issue=85|pages=S11-7|doi=10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.04.013|pmid=25134747|s2cid=207403462|access-date=July 25, 2016}} Sometimes the health examination may not be done on site for amputees in this class because the nature of the amputation could cause not physically visible alterations to the body.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnP_ZJUUdPwC|title=The Paralympic Games: Empowerment Or Side Show?|last1=Gilbert|first1=Keith|last2=Schantz|first2=Otto J.|last3=Schantz|first3=Otto|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Meyer & Meyer Verlag|isbn=9781841262659|language=en}}

In Australia, to be classified in this category, athletes contact the Australian Paralympic Committee or their state swimming governing body.{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org.au/sites/default/files/APC%20Classification%20Information%20Sheet%20-%20Swimming_1.pdf|access-date=17 November 2011|title=Classification Information Sheet|publisher=Australian Paralympic Committee|date=8 March 2011|page=3}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} In the United States, classification is handled by the United States Paralympic Committee on a national level. The classification test has three components: "a bench test, a water test, observation during competition."{{cite web|url=http://usparalympics.org/sports/classification/swimming|publisher=United States Paralympic Committee|access-date=18 November 2011|date=26 June 2011|title=U.S. Paralympics National Classification Policies & Procedures SWIMMING}} American swimmers are assessed by four people: a medical classified, two general classified and a technical classifier.

{{category see also|S9-classified para swimmers}}

S9 classified swimmer [[Matthew Cowdrey|alt=profile of man|thumb]]

Swimmers who have competed in this classification include Ellie Cole,{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org/Sport/Results/search.html?sport=20&gender=all&medal=medals&npc=all&games=2008PG|access-date=18 November 2011|title=Results|publisher=International Paralympic Committee}} Jesus Collado and Matthew Cowdrey who all won medals in their class at the 2008 Paralympics.

American swimmers who have been classified by the United States Paralympic Committee as being in this class include Dana Albrycht, Luis Alicea, Hannah Aspden, Cody Bureau, Michael Prout Jr., David Gelfand, Joseph Peppersack, and Staci Perrige.{{cite web|url=http://assets.usoc.org/assets/documents/attached_file/filename1/50364/USA_Classification_Database_SWI.pdf|access-date=18 November 2011|publisher=United States Paralympic Committee|title=USA NATIONAL CLASSIFICATION DATABASE|date=7 October 2011}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Portal|Sports}}{{reflist}}

{{Para-swimming classifications}}{{Cerebral palsy sport classification}}{{Amputee sport classification}}

Category:Para swimming classifications