SCARB2

{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens}}

Lysosomal integral membrane protein 2 (LIMP-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SCARB2 gene.{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: SCARB2 scavenger receptor class B, member 2| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=950}} LIMP-2 is expressed in brain, heart, liver, lung and kidney, mainly in the membrane of lysosome organelles; however, in cardiac muscle, LIMP-2 is also expressed at intercalated discs. LIMP-2 in a membrane protein in lysosomes that functions to regulate lysosomal/endosomal transport. Mutations in LIMP-2 have been shown to cause Gaucher disease, myoclonic epilepsy, and action myoclonus–renal failure syndrome. Abnormal levels of LIMP-2 have also been found in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Structure

Human LIMP-2 has a theoretical molecular weight of 54.3 kDa and is 478 amino acids in length.{{cite web|title=Protein sequence of human SCARB2 (Uniprot ID: Q14108)|url=http://www.heartproteome.org/copa/ProteinInfo.aspx?QType=Protein%20ID&QValue=Q14108|website=Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB)|access-date=14 July 2015|archive-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714220344/http://www.heartproteome.org/copa/ProteinInfo.aspx?QType=Protein%20ID&QValue=Q14108|url-status=dead}}

Though LIMP-2 was initially discovered in 1985 by Lewis et al. from rat liver lysosomes,{{cite journal | vauthors = Lewis V, Green SA, Marsh M, Vihko P, Helenius A, Mellman I | title = Glycoproteins of the lysosomal membrane | journal = The Journal of Cell Biology | volume = 100 | issue = 6 | pages = 1839–47 | date = Jun 1985 | pmid = 3922993 | doi=10.1083/jcb.100.6.1839 | pmc=2113609}} LIMP-2 was cloned in 1992 by two groups, one isolated LIMP-2 from human metastatic pancreatic islet tumor cells, and one from rat liver lysosomal membranes.{{cite journal | vauthors = Fujita H, Takata Y, Kono A, Tanaka Y, Takahashi T, Himeno M, Kato K | title = Isolation and sequencing of a cDNA clone encoding the 85 kDa human lysosomal sialoglycoprotein (hLGP85) in human metastatic pancreas islet tumor cells | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 184 | issue = 2 | pages = 604–11 | date = Apr 1992 | pmid = 1374238 | doi = 10.1016/0006-291X(92)90632-U }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Akasaki K, Kinoshita H, Fukuzawa M, Maeda M, Yamaguchi Y, Furuno K, Tsuji H | title = Isolation and characterization of a novel membrane glycoprotein of 85,000 molecular weight from rat liver lysosomes | journal = Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin | volume = 40 | issue = 1 | pages = 170–3 | date = Jan 1992 | pmid = 1576668 | doi=10.1248/cpb.40.170| doi-access = free }} LIMP-2 was isolated as a protein of approximate molecular weight 85 kDa, synthesized from a precursor oform of approximately 77 kDa. The weight discrepancy between its theoretical (54.3 kDa) and observed (85 kDa) is due to the presence of 10 high mannose-type N-linked oligosaccharide chains in the human form of this protein, compared to 11 in mouse and rat.{{cite journal | vauthors = Tabuchi N, Akasaki K, Sasaki T, Kanda N, Tsuji H | title = Identification and characterization of a major lysosomal membrane glycoprotein, LGP85/LIMP II in mouse liver | journal = Journal of Biochemistry | volume = 122 | issue = 4 | pages = 756–63 | date = Oct 1997 | pmid = 9399579 | doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021820}} LIMP-2 has two hydrophobic regions, one near the N-terminus and one near the C-terminus, as well as a short isoleucine/leucine-rich cytoplasmic tail consisting of 20 amino acids that serves as the lysosomal targeting sequence.{{cite journal | vauthors = Ogata S, Fukuda M | title = Lysosomal targeting of Limp II membrane glycoprotein requires a novel Leu-Ile motif at a particular position in its cytoplasmic tail | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 269 | issue = 7 | pages = 5210–7 | date = Feb 1994 | doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37676-7 | pmid = 8106503 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Sandoval IV, Arredondo JJ, Alcalde J, Gonzalez Noriega A, Vandekerckhove J, Jimenez MA, Rico M | title = The residues Leu(Ile)475-Ile(Leu, Val, Ala)476, contained in the extended carboxyl cytoplasmic tail, are critical for targeting of the resident lysosomal membrane protein LIMP II to lysosomes | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 269 | issue = 9 | pages = 6622–31 | date = Mar 1994 | doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37418-5 | pmid = 7509809 | doi-access = free }} LIMP-2 has been shown to be expressed in brain, heart, liver, lung and kidney.

Function

The protein encoded by this gene is a type III glycoprotein that is located primarily in limiting membranes of lysosomes and endosomes. Studies of the similar proteins in mice and rat suggested that this protein may participate in membrane transportation and the reorganization of endosomal/lysosomal compartment.{{cite journal | vauthors = Gonzalez A, Valeiras M, Sidransky E, Tayebi N | title = Lysosomal integral membrane protein-2: a new player in lysosome-related pathology | journal = Molecular Genetics and Metabolism | volume = 111 | issue = 2 | pages = 84–91 | date = Feb 2014 | pmid = 24389070 | doi = 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.12.005 | pmc=3924958}} In rat hepatic cells, LIMP-2 exhibited a half-life for internalization and lysosomal transport of 32 min and 2.0 h, respectively, which resembled those of well-known lysosomal proteins, lamp-1 and lamp-2, though they have different amino acid sequences in their cytoplasmic tails.{{cite journal | vauthors = Akasaki K, Michihara A, Fukuzawa M, Kinoshita H, Tsuji H | title = Cycling of an 85-kDa lysosomal membrane glycoprotein between the cell surface and lysosomes in cultured rat hepatocytes | journal = Journal of Biochemistry | volume = 116 | issue = 3 | pages = 670–6 | date = Sep 1994 | pmid = 7852289 }}

LIMP2 has recently been identified as a novel component of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle. Intercalated discs are composed of gap junctions, adherens junctions and desmosomes, and are critical for the mechanical and electrical coupling of adjacent cardiomyocytes. The discovery of LIMP-2 as a component of this complex came about from a genetic screen of a homozygous, hypertensive transgenic rat model of renin overexpression, in which a population of these rats rapidly develop heart failure and another remains compensated.{{cite journal | vauthors = Schroen B, Heymans S, Sharma U, Blankesteijn WM, Pokharel S, Cleutjens JP, Porter JG, Evelo CT, Duisters R, van Leeuwen RE, Janssen BJ, Debets JJ, Smits JF, Daemen MJ, Crijns HJ, Bornstein P, Pinto YM | title = Thrombospondin-2 is essential for myocardial matrix integrity: increased expression identifies failure-prone cardiac hypertrophy | journal = Circulation Research | volume = 95 | issue = 5 | pages = 515–22 | date = Sep 2004 | pmid = 15284191 | doi = 10.1161/01.RES.0000141019.20332.3e | doi-access = free }} Out of 143 differentially-regulated genes, LIMP-2 was identified to be significantly upregulated in heart failure-prone rat cardiac muscle biopsies, which also proved true in human heart failure. Further analysis employing a LIMP-2 knockout mouse demonstrated that animals lacking LIMP-2 failed to flight a normal hypertrophic response following angiotensin II treatment, however they developed interstitial fibrosis and dilated cardiomyopathy coordinate with disrupted intercalated disc structure. Biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses discovered that LIMP-2 interacts with N-cadherin at intercalated discs, a function outside of lysosomal membranes. Knockdown of LIMP-2 with RNA interference decreased the binding of N-cadherin to the phosphorylated form of beta-catenin, and LIMP-2 overexpression had the reverse effect.{{cite journal | vauthors = Schroen B, Leenders JJ, van Erk A, Bertrand AT, van Loon M, van Leeuwen RE, Kubben N, Duisters RF, Schellings MW, Janssen BJ, Debets JJ, Schwake M, Høydal MA, Heymans S, Saftig P, Pinto YM | title = Lysosomal integral membrane protein 2 is a novel component of the cardiac intercalated disc and vital for load-induced cardiac myocyte hypertrophy | journal = The Journal of Experimental Medicine | volume = 204 | issue = 5 | pages = 1227–35 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17485520 | doi = 10.1084/jem.20070145 | pmc=2118572}}

LIMP-2 plays other roles in other organs. Characteristic tubular proteinuria observed in LIMP-2 knockout mice has been shown to be due to a failure of in lysosomal/endosomal fusion, thus proteins reabsorbed in the proximal tubule of the kidney are not properly proteolyzed, causing the proteinuria.{{cite journal | vauthors = Desmond MJ, Lee D, Fraser SA, Katerelos M, Gleich K, Martinello P, Li YQ, Thomas MC, Michelucci R, Cole AJ, Saftig P, Schwake M, Stapleton D, Berkovic SF, Power DA | title = Tubular proteinuria in mice and humans lacking the intrinsic lysosomal protein SCARB2/Limp-2 | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology | volume = 300 | issue = 6 | pages = F1437–47 | date = Jun 2011 | pmid = 21429972 | doi = 10.1152/ajprenal.00015.2011 | s2cid = 25993341 }} Deficiency of LIMP-2 in mice was also reported to impair cell membrane transport processes and cause pelvic junction obstruction, deafness, and peripheral neuropathy.{{cite journal | vauthors = Gamp AC, Tanaka Y, Lüllmann-Rauch R, Wittke D, D'Hooge R, De Deyn PP, Moser T, Maier H, Hartmann D, Reiss K, Illert AL, von Figura K, Saftig P | title = LIMP-2/LGP85 deficiency causes ureteric pelvic junction obstruction, deafness and peripheral neuropathy in mice | journal = Human Molecular Genetics | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 631–46 | date = Mar 2003 | pmid = 12620969 | doi=10.1093/hmg/ddg062| doi-access = free }}

Clinical significance

In patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy due to aortic stenosis, SCARB2 mRNA is significantly upregulated, suggesting that LIMP-2 may act as a hypertrophic marker.

Mutations in SCARB2 have been shown to cause action myoclonus–renal failure syndrome, a rare syndrome characterized by progressive neurological disease and associated with proteinuria, kidney failure, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.{{cite journal | vauthors = Balreira A, Gaspar P, Caiola D, Chaves J, Beirão I, Lima JL, Azevedo JE, Miranda MC | title = A nonsense mutation in the LIMP-2 gene associated with progressive myoclonic epilepsy and nephrotic syndrome | journal = Human Molecular Genetics | volume = 17 | issue = 14 | pages = 2238–43 | date = Jul 2008 | pmid = 18424452 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/ddn124 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10400.16/885 | hdl-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Berkovic SF, Dibbens LM, Oshlack A, Silver JD, Katerelos M, Vears DF, Lüllmann-Rauch R, Blanz J, Zhang KW, Stankovich J, Kalnins RM, Dowling JP, Andermann E, Andermann F, Faldini E, D'Hooge R, Vadlamudi L, Macdonell RA, Hodgson BL, Bayly MA, Savige J, Mulley JC, Smyth GK, Power DA, Saftig P, Bahlo M | title = Array-based gene discovery with three unrelated subjects shows SCARB2/LIMP-2 deficiency causes myoclonus epilepsy and glomerulosclerosis | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 82 | issue = 3 | pages = 673–84 | date = Mar 2008 | pmid = 18308289 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.12.019 | pmc=2427287}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Hopfner F, Schormair B, Knauf F, Berthele A, Tölle TR, Baron R, Maier C, Treede RD, Binder A, Sommer C, Maihöfner C, Kunz W, Zimprich F, Heemann U, Pfeufer A, Näbauer M, Kääb S, Nowak B, Gieger C, Lichtner P, Trenkwalder C, Oexle K, Winkelmann J | title = Novel SCARB2 mutation in action myoclonus-renal failure syndrome and evaluation of SCARB2 mutations in isolated AMRF features | journal = BMC Neurology | volume = 11 | pages = 134 | date = 27 October 2011 | pmid = 22032306 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2377-11-134 | pmc=3222607 | doi-access = free }}

Mutations in SCARB2 have also been shown to cause Gaucher disease and myoclonic epilepsy,{{cite journal | vauthors = Velayati A, DePaolo J, Gupta N, Choi JH, Moaven N, Westbroek W, Goker-Alpan O, Goldin E, Stubblefield BK, Kolodny E, Tayebi N, Sidransky E | title = A mutation in SCARB2 is a modifier in Gaucher disease | journal = Human Mutation | volume = 32 | issue = 11 | pages = 1232–8 | date = Nov 2011 | pmid = 21796727 | doi = 10.1002/humu.21566 | pmc=3196787}} as LIMP-2 is critical for the proper sorting and targeting of glucocerebrosidase enzyme (the enzyme deficient in Gaucher disease) to lysosomes.

SCARB2 is a receptor for two viruses that cause hand, foot, and mouth disease in children, Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16.{{cite journal | vauthors = Yamayoshi S, Yamashita Y, Li J, Hanagata N, Minowa T, Takemura T, Koike S | title = Scavenger receptor B2 is a cellular receptor for enterovirus 71 | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 15 | issue = 7 | pages = 798–801 | date = Jul 2009 | pmid = 19543282 | doi = 10.1038/nm.1992 | s2cid = 9192537 }}

Interactions

LIMP-2 has been shown to interact with:

N-cadherin.

SCARB2

Structure

Function

Clinical significance

Interactions

References

Further reading