SMS Beowulf

{{main|Siegfried-class coastal defense ship}}

In the late 1880s, the German {{lang|de|Kaiserliche Marine}} (Imperial Navy) grappled with the problem of what type of capital ship to build in the face of limited naval budgets (owing to parliamentary objections to naval spending and the cost of dredging the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal). General Leo von Caprivi, the new {{lang|de|Chef der Admiralität}} (Chief of the Admiralty), requested a series of design proposals, which ranged in size from small {{cvt|2500|t|LT|adj=on|0}} coastal defense ships to heavily armed {{cvt|10000|t|LT|adj=on}} ocean-going battleships. Caprivi ordered ten coastal defense ships to guard the entrances to the canal, since even opponents of the navy in the {{lang|de|Reichstag}} (Imperial Diet) agreed that such vessels were necessary. The first six of these, the {{sclass|Siegfried|coastal defense ship|4}}, were based on the smallest proposal.{{sfn|Dodson|pp=33–34}}

File:SMS Hagen 1910 line color.png

{{lang|de|Beowulf}} was {{convert|79|m|sp=us}} long overall and had a beam of {{convert|14.90|m|abbr=on}} and a maximum draft of {{convert|5.74|m|abbr=on}}. She displaced {{cvt|3500|t|LT|lk=on}} normally and up to {{cvt|3741|t|LT}} at full load. Her hull had a long forecastle deck that extended most of the vessel's length. She was also fitted with a pronounced ram bow. {{lang|de|Beowulf}} had a crew of 20 officers and 256 enlisted men.{{sfn|Gröner|pp=10–11}}

Her propulsion system consisted of two vertical 3-cylinder triple-expansion engines, each driving a screw propeller. Steam for the engines was provided by four coal-fired fire-tube boilers that were vented through a single funnel. The ship's propulsion system provided a top speed of {{convert|15.1|kn|lk=in}} from {{convert|4800|PS|lk=on}} and a range of approximately {{convert|1490|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Gröner|pp=10–11}}

The ship was armed with a main battery of three 24 cm K L/35 guns mounted in three single gun turrets. Two were placed side by side forward, and the third was located aft of the main superstructure. They were supplied with a total of 204 rounds of ammunition. For defense against torpedo boats, the ship was also equipped with a secondary battery of eight 8.8 cm SK L/30 naval gun guns in single mounts. {{lang|de|Beowulf}} also carried four {{cvt|35|cm|1}} torpedo tubes, all in swivel mounts on the deck. One was at the bow, another at the stern, and two amidships. The ship was protected by an armored belt that was {{convert|240|mm|abbr=on}} in the central citadel, and an armored deck that was {{convert|30|mm|abbr=on}} thick. The conning tower had {{convert|80|mm|abbr=on}} thick sides.{{sfn|Gröner|p=11}}

In 1897, the ship had her anti-torpedo nets removed. {{lang|de|Beowulf}} was extensively rebuilt between 1900 and 1902 in an attempt to improve her usefulness. The ship was lengthened to {{cvt|86.13|m}}, which increased displacement {{cvt|4320|t}} at full load. The lengthened hull space was used to install additional boilers; her old fire-tube boilers were replaced with more efficient water-tube boilers, and a second funnel was added. The performance of her propulsion machinery increased to {{convert|15.1|kn}} from {{convert|5078|PS}}, with a maximum range of {{cvt|3400|nmi}} at 10 knots. Her secondary battery was increased to ten 8.8 cm guns, and the 35 cm torpedo tubes were replaced with three {{cvt|45|cm|1}} tubes. Her crew increased to 20 officers and 287 enlisted men. Work was completed by 1900.{{sfn|Gröner|pp=10–11}}

File:S.M. Küstenpanzerschiff Beowulf.jpg of {{lang|de|Beowulf}} in 1902]]

{{lang|de|Beowulf}} was laid down in January 1890 at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen under the contract name "P".{{efn|German warships were ordered under provisional names. Additions to the fleet were given a single letter; ships intended to replace older or lost vessels were ordered as "{{lang|de|Ersatz}} (name of the ship to be replaced)".{{sfn|Dodson|pp=8–9}}}} She was launched on 8 November 1890, christened after the legendary Geatish hero Beowulf by {{lang|de|Konteradmiral}} (KAdm—Rear Admiral) Hans von Koester. She was completed in late 1891 and began sea trials thereafter, before being formally commissioned on 1 April 1892. Her first captain was {{lang|de|Kapitän zur See}} (KzS—Captain at Sea) Prince Heinrich of Prussia, the brother of Kaiser Wilhelm II. The ship's trials were interrupted by the need for the ship to join the maneuver squadron to replace her sister ship {{SMS|Siegfried||2}} after the latter vessel suffered a boiler explosion that necessitated lengthy repairs.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=52}}{{sfn|Lyon|p=246}} She joined I Division of the fleet for its annual training exercises, along with the three ironclads {{SMS|Baden|1880|2}}, {{SMS|Bayern|1878|2}}, and {{SMS|Württemberg|1878|2}}. At this time, the capital ships of the fleet were organized into a maneuver squadron for training exercises each year, spending the winter out of commission.{{sfn|Sondhaus|pp=194–195}} In April, she embarked Wilhelm II, Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg, and {{lang|de|Vizeadmiral}} (Vice Admiral) Friedrich von Hollmann, the chief of the {{lang|de|Reichsmarineamt}} (Imperial Navy Office), for a voyage from Wilhelmshaven to the island of Helgoland in the German Bight and back.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=52}}

The ship then went to Kiel to resume her trials, though these were interrupted again by a naval review held to welcome Tsar Alexander III of Russia and his son Nicholas, both of whom came aboard along with Wilhelm II to visit {{lang|de|Beowulf}}. The ship then completed her trials and rejoined the maneuver squadron on 19 June, which relocated to the North Sea shortly thereafter. The ship was sent to escort Wilhelm II aboard his yacht {{lang|de|Kaiseradler}} for a voyage from 30 July to 8 August to Britain to observe the Cowes Regatta, held off the Isle of Wight. On the way back, {{lang|de|Beowulf}} lay off Amrum for four days before proceeding to Kiel, where she joined the rest of the maneuver squadron on 17 August. There, the annual, large-scale fleet maneuvers began. Following the conclusion of the exercises, {{lang|de|Beowulf}} returned to Wilhelmshaven on 29 September, where she was reassigned to II Division, replacing the old ironclad {{SMS|Friedrich der Grosse|1874|2}}. That month, Prince Heinrich was replaced by {{lang|de|Korvettenkapitän}} (KK—Corvette Captain) Kries, though his tenure as the ship's captain was brief, and he was in turn replaced in December by KK Rudolf von Eickstedt.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=51–52}}

Unlike in previous years, where the fleet was decommissioned over the winter months, {{lang|de|Beowulf}} remained on active service through the winter of 1892–1893, when she and {{lang|de|Siegfried}} joined the elderly ironclads {{SMS|König Wilhelm||2}} and {{SMS|Deutschland|1874|2}} for a winter training cruise in the Mediterranean Sea. {{lang|de|Beowulf}} was assigned to II Division for the 1893 training year; the unit also included her recently commissioned sister {{SMS|Frithjof||2}} and several old ironclads. On the first set of maneuvers, {{lang|de|Beowulf}} and the other capital ships performed as the hostile French fleet, which was "attacked" by torpedo boats in the North Sea. The second set of maneuvers took place in the Baltic Sea, and {{lang|de|Beowulf}} and the ironclads again simulated a French fleet.{{sfn|Sondhaus|pp=194–195}} After the end of the annual exercises, she was assigned to the Reserve Division of the North Sea on 1 October with a reduced crew. On 1 February 1894, {{lang|de|Beowulf}} became the flagship of the Reserve Division, and after her crew was replenished under the command of KK August Gruner, conducted short training cruises in the North and Baltic Seas. On 19 August, she was assigned to IV Division of II Squadron, which was created for the duration of the fleet maneuvers. {{lang|de|Beowulf}} was decommissioned on 2 October for repairs to her boilers, which were leaking badly; the work was carried out in the {{lang|de|Kaiserliche Werft}} (Imperial Shipyard) in Wilhelmshaven.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=51–52}}

File:SMS Beowulf NH 64242.jpg

{{lang|de|Beowulf}} remained out of service until 1 August 1895, when she was recommissioned for the annual fleet maneuvers with KK Karl Ascher as her captain. She returned to IV Division, II Squadron for the exercises, after which she replaced her sister {{SMS|Hildebrand||2}} as the flagship of the Reserve Division in September. At that time, KK Eduard Holzhauer relieved Ascher. She took a pair of short training cruises in the Baltic in October and November. The year 1896 passed without incident of note for {{lang|de|Beowulf}}; as in previous years, she served with IV Division during the fleet maneuvers in August and September. Afterward, KK August von Heeringen replaced Holzhauer as the ship's commander. She conducted individual training in the Strander Bucht in October, but on 13 October, she suffered a serious engine breakdown. {{lang|de|Beowulf}} went to Kiel for temporary repairs to allow her to steam to Wilhelmshaven, where she was decommissioned for permanent repairs.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=51–53}}

She was recommissioned on 3 August 1897 to participate in the fleet maneuvers, this time in III Division, II Squadron. The ship suffered another breakdown on 13 September, forcing her to return to Wilhelmshaven; repair work lasted until 1 October. When she returned to service, she came under the command of KK Hugo Emsmann. {{lang|de|Beowulf}} spent the rest of the year on training cruises; while cruising off Norway on 15 November, she was caught in a severe storm that forced her to take shelter in the port of Arendal for three days. On 31 May 1898, {{lang|de|Beowulf}} got underway in company with {{lang|de|Frithjof}} for a visit to Norway; the ships stopped in Molde, Ålesund, and Stavanger over the course of the voyage, which concluded in Wilhelmshaven on 11 June. She spent the rest of the year with the normal routine of training exercises with the fleet and individually. In July, KK Wilhelm Kindt temporarily replaced Emsmann as the ship's captain for the duration of the fleet maneuvers, when Emsmann returned to the vessel. KK Hermann Lilie took command of the ship in November. From 12 to 19 November, she visited Gravesend, Britain.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=51–53}}

The ship conducted her normal peacetime training exercises in the first half of 1899, thereafter joining III Division for the annual maneuvers from 1 August to 16 September. She was decommissioned in early 1900 for an extensive reconstruction, which was carried out at the {{lang|de|Kaiserliche Werft}} in Danzig. Work began on 15 May and was completed by mid-1902; after completing sea trials, she was recommissioned on 1 July under the command of KK Carl Paschen. She participated in the annual fleet maneuvers the next month, and after their conclusion in mid-September, she was decommissioned in Danzig on 25 September. {{lang|de|Beowulf}} was not scheduled to be reactivated for the 1903 training year, but after {{lang|de|Hagen}} suffered a breakdown that required extensive repairs, {{lang|de|Beowulf}} was recommissioned to take her place in II Squadron on 8 July with KK Hartwig von Dassel in command. The fleet exercises concluded on 15 September, and unlike in previous years, {{lang|de|Beowulf}} remained in service in II Squadron, though KK Franz von Holleben replaced Dassel at that time. She took part in a cruise to the Netherlands and Norway with the rest of the squadron in 1904. After the fleet maneuvers that year, {{lang|de|Beowulf}} was replaced in the squadron by the pre-dreadnought battleship {{SMS|Wörth||2}} on 23 September and she was allocated to the Reserve Squadron. She was briefly reactivated in 1909 for the annual maneuvers, serving in III Battle Squadron under the command of KzS Gottfried von Dalwigk zu Lichtenfels.{{sfn|Gröner|pp=10–11}}{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=51–53}}

File:Siegfried or Odin-class coastal defense ship during World War I NH 92630.jpg

File:North and Baltic Seas, 1911.png

Following the outbreak of World War I in July 1914, {{lang|de|Beowulf}} and her sister ships were mobilized for wartime service. The ship was recommissioned on 12 August under the command of FK Ebert and assigned to VI Battle Squadron, initially attached to the High Seas Fleet, though they were tasked with coastal defense duties. The ships were deployed to guard Germany's North Sea coastline, primarily the mouths of the Ems and Weser rivers and Jade Bay, the location of Wilhelmshaven, the main German naval base in the North Sea.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=53–54, 161}}{{sfn|Campbell & Sieche|p=142}}

In May 1915, {{lang|de|Beowulf}} participated in a combined naval and ground assault on the port of Libau in the Baltic. The attack took place on 7 May, and consisted of {{lang|de|Beowulf}}, the armored cruisers {{SMS|Prinz Adalbert|1901|2}}, {{SMS|Roon||2}}, and {{SMS|Prinz Heinrich||2}}, and the light cruisers {{SMS|Augsburg||2}}, {{SMS|Thetis||2}}, and {{SMS|Lübeck||2}}. They were escorted by a number of destroyers, torpedo boats, and minesweepers. The cruisers of IV Scouting Group of the High Seas Fleet was detached from the North Sea to provide cover for the operation. The bombardment went as planned, though the destroyer {{SMS|V107||2}} struck a mine in Libau's harbor, which blew off her bow and destroyed the ship. German ground forces were successful in their assault and they took the city.{{sfn|Halpern|pp=191–193}} {{lang|de|Beowulf}} then steamed to Memel, where she lay from 10 to 21 May, before departing for Libau. She then sortied to bombard Russian positions at Windau on 28 June. After the pre-dreadnoughts {{SMS|Brandenburg||2}} and {{lang|de|Wörth}} arrived in Libau to relieve {{lang|de|Beowulf}} on 12 July, she departed for Danzig for maintenance, which included a thorough re-tubing of her boilers.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=54}}

Work on the ship was completed on 8 September, allowing her to return to guard duties in the North Sea three days later. She largely operated off Borkum during this period. On 31 August, VI Squadron was disbanded, though {{lang|de|Beowulf}} remained on patrol duty, now assigned to the Coastal Defense Division of the Ems, operating here until 28 February 1916. Having been withdrawn from front-line service, she had her crew reduced on 2 March, and she was thereafter employed as a target ship for U-boats and as a tender for the light cruiser {{SMS|Hamburg||2}}, the flagship of the Leader of U-boats. At that time, {{lang|de|Kapitänleutnant}} (Captain Lieutenant) Franz Strauch relieved Ebert as the ship's commander. On 12 March 1917, {{lang|de|Beowulf}} was decommissioned in Danzig.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=52, 54}}

She was recommissioned on 12 December for use as an icebreaker, and was thus employed from January to March 1918. During that period, she supported the German intervention in the Finnish Civil War, which was centered on the two dreadnought battleships {{SMS|Westfalen||2}} and {{SMS|Rheinland||2}}. Men from {{lang|de|Beowulf}}{{'}}s crew were used to commission two formerly Russian gunboats, {{ship|Russian gunboat|Golub||2}} and {{ship|Russian gunboat|Pingvin||2}}, which were renamed {{lang|de|Beo}} and {{lang|de|Wulf}}; these vessels were later used by the early Finnish Navy after the war. {{lang|de|Beowulf}} later left Helsingfors, Finland, for maintenance at Libau that lasted from 27 May to 24 July. While {{lang|de|Beowulf}} was still undergoing repairs, she became the flagship of KAdm Ludolf von Uslar on 1 June, who was then the commander of naval forces in the eastern Baltic, though he rarely came aboard the vessel during his tenure. The ship left Libau on 8 August, steaming first to Helsingfors and then to Reval to join preparations for the planned Operation Schlussstein, though the operation was cancelled on 1 September. Following Germany's defeat on 11 November, {{lang|de|Beowulf}} returned to Danzig, where she was decommissioned on 30 November.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=54}} On 17 June 1919, she was stricken from the naval register and was later sold to {{lang|de|Norddeutsche Tiefbaugesellschaft}} of Berlin. {{lang|de|Beowulf}} was broken up for scrap in 1921 in Danzig.{{sfn|Gröner|p=11}}

{{notes}}

{{reflist|20em}}

• {{cite book

| last1 = Campbell

| first1 = N. J. M.

| last2 = Sieche

| first2 = Erwin

| chapter = Germany

| pages = 134–189

| editor1-last = Gardiner

| editor1-first = Robert

| editor2-last = Gray

| editor2-first = Randal

| year = 1986

| title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921

| publisher = Conway Maritime Press

| location = London

| isbn = 978-0-85177-245-5

| name-list-style=amp

| ref ={{sfnRef|Campbell & Sieche}}

| url=https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_z3o0

}}

• {{cite book

| last = Dodson

| first = Aidan

| author-link = Aidan Dodson

| year = 2016

| title = The Kaiser's Battlefleet: German Capital Ships 1871–1918

| publisher = Seaforth Publishing

| location = Barnsley

| isbn = 978-1-84832-229-5

| ref = {{sfnRef|Dodson}}

}}

• {{cite book

| last = Gröner

| first = Erich

|author-link=Erich Gröner

| year = 1990

| title = German Warships: 1815–1945

| volume = I: Major Surface Vessels

| publisher = Naval Institute Press

| location = Annapolis

| isbn = 978-0-87021-790-6

| ref ={{sfnRef|Gröner}}

}}

• {{cite book

| last = Halpern

| first = Paul G.

| year = 1995

| title = A Naval History of World War I

| publisher = Naval Institute Press

| location = Annapolis

| isbn = 978-1-55750-352-7

| ref ={{sfnRef|Halpern}}

}}

• {{cite book

| last1 = Hildebrand

| first1 = Hans H.

| last2 = Röhr

| first2 = Albert

| last3 = Steinmetz

| first3 = Hans-Otto

| year = 1993

| title = Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart

| trans-title=The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present

| volume = 2

| language = de

|location = Ratingen

|publisher = Mundus Verlag

|isbn = 978-3-8364-9743-5

| ref = {{sfnRef|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz}}

|name-list-style=amp

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Lyon

|first=Hugh

|chapter=Germany

|editor1-last=Gardiner

|editor1-first=Robert

|editor2-last=Chesneau

|editor2-first=Roger

|editor3-last=Kolesnik

|editor3-first=Eugene M.

|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905

|url=https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2

|url-access=limited

|year=1979

|location=Greenwich

|publisher=Conway Maritime Press

|isbn=978-0-85177-133-5

|ref={{sfnRef|Lyon}}

}}

• {{cite book

| last = Sondhaus

| first = Lawrence

| year = 1997

| title = Preparing for Weltpolitik: German Sea Power Before the Tirpitz Era

| publisher = Naval Institute Press

| location = Annapolis

| isbn = 978-1-55750-745-7

| ref ={{sfnRef|Sondhaus}}

}}

{{Commons category}}

• {{cite journal|last1=Nottleman|first1=Dirk|year=2012 |title=From Ironclads to Dreadnoughts: The Development of the German Navy 1864–1918- Part III: The von Caprivi Era|journal=Warship International|volume=LXIX |issue=4 |pages=317–355 |issn=0043-0374}}

{{Siegfried class coast defense ship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beowulf}}

Category:1890 ships

Category:World War I coastal defense ships of Germany

Category:Siegfried-class coastal defense ships

Category:Ships built in Bremen (state)