SN 1988Z

{{Infobox astronomical event

| name = SN 1988Z

| image =

| image_scale =

| caption =

| alt =

| names =

| event_type = Supernova

| class = IIn

| start_time =

| duration =

| detected_by =

| constellation = Leo

| ra = {{RA|10|51|50.10}}

| dec = {{DEC|+16|00|00.5}}

| epoch = J2000

| gal =

| distance =

| redshift = 0.0225

| source =

| remnant =

| host = MCG +03-28-22

| progenitor =

| progenitor_type =

| b-v =

| notes =

| peak = 16.80 (B)

| energy =

| website =

| predecessor =

| successor =

| commons =

| embedded =

| onlysourced =

}}

SN 1988Z was a prototypical type IIn supernova event in the equatorial constellation of Leo. The apparent host is an irregular galaxy with the designation MCG +03-28-22. It has a redshift of z equal to 0.0225. This was a very luminous supernova that faded unusually slowly and has remained detectable three decades after the event. It is one of the most radio and X-ray luminous supernova ever detected, and it has been extensively studied.

Observations

This event was discovered independently, both by C. Pollas at the Côte d'Azur Observatory on a photographic plate taken December 12, 1988, and by G. Candeo at the Asiago Astrophysical Observatory from a plate taken December 14. The supernova was already past maximum when it was discovered. A spectrum taken December 17 showed this was most likely a type II supernova.

File:SN1988ZLightCurve.pngs for SN 1988Z in three photometric bands, Blue, Visual and Red, adapted from Turatto et al.]]

This supernova displayed a number of unusual characteristics. It was unusually bright at maximum and showed very slow fading. There were strong, narrow emission lines caused by thick circumstellar material. Unlike a typical type II supernova, no P Cygni profiles or absorption lines were observed. Emission lines of neutral helium were also visible. The spectral lines displayed a complex structure that evolved over time. Decline in the Hydrogen-alpha line strength was unusually slow and lacked an explanation in terms of radioactive decay. The overall picture suggested interaction between the supernova ejecta and a dense circumstellar medium.

A year after the event, radio emission from the supernova was detected using the Very Large Array. The host galaxy shows a redshift of z equal to 0.022, making this the most distant radio supernova detected at that time. It was also one of the most luminous radio supernova discovered. The radio properties indicated a very massive progenitor star in the range of {{val|20|-|30|ul=Solar mass}}. In the late evolutionary stages of the star, it underwent a high rate of mass loss on the order of {{val|e=-4|u=solar mass}}·yr⁻¹, which created a dense circumstellar cocoon. In 1996, X-ray emission from the supernova was detected by ROSAT, making it the most distant supernova to be detected in this band. The estimated X-ray luminosity was {{val|e=41|u=erg}}·s⁻¹, which is consistent with a supernova event within dense circumstellar material.

Most studies now favor a model of a very massive progenitor that ejected up to {{val|10|u=Solar mass}} at a rate of around {{val|e=−3|u=Solar mass}}·yr⁻¹ for a period of about 10,000 years prior to the explosion. The mass loss rate ramped up during the final millennium prior to core collapse.

References

{{reflist|refs=

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=A systematic reclassification of Type IIn supernovae

| last1=Ransome | first1=C. L. | last2=Habergham-Mawson | first2=S. M.

| last3=Darnley | first3=M. J. | last4=James | first4=P. A.

| last5=Filippenko | first5=A. V. | last6=Schlegel | first6=E. M.

| journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

| volume=506 | issue=4 | pages=4715–4734 | date=October 2021

| doi=10.1093/mnras/stab1938 | doi-access=free

| arxiv=2107.02179

| bibcode=2021MNRAS.506.4715R | display-authors=1 }}

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=Supernova 1988Z in MCG +03-28-022

| display-authors=1 | last1=Heathcote | first1=S.

| last2=Cowley | first2=A. | last3=Hartwick | first3=D.

| journal=IAU Circular

| volume=4693 | page=1 | date=December 1988

| editor-last=Marsden | editor-first=B. G.

| bibcode=1988IAUC.4693....1H }}

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=VizieR Online Data Catalog: Asiago Supernova Catalogue (Version 2008-Mar)

| last1=Barbon | first1=R. | last2=Buondi | first2=V.

| last3=Cappellaro | first3=E. | last4=Turatto | first4=M.

| journal=VizieR On-line Data Catalog

| year=2008 | bibcode=2008yCat.2283....0B }}

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=What was supernova 1988Z?

| last1=Stathakis | first1=Raylee A. | last2=Sadler | first2=Elaine M.

| journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

| volume=250 | page=786 | date=June 1991

| issue=4

| doi=10.1093/mnras/250.4.786 | doi-access=free

| bibcode=1991MNRAS.250..786S }}

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=Supernova 1988Z in MCG +03-28-022

| display-authors=1 | first1=C. | last1=Pollas

| first2=E. | last2=Cappellaro | first3=M. | last3=Turatto

| journal=IAU Circulars

| volume=4691 | date=December 15, 1988

| editor-first=Brian G. | editor-last=Marsden

| publisher=Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams

| url=http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/04600/04691.html

| access-date=2024-01-08 }}

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=The type II supernova 1988Z in MCG +03-28-022 : increasing evidence of interaction of supernova ejecta with a circumstellar wind

| last1=Turatto | first1=M. | last2=Cappellaro | first2=E.

| last3=Danziger | first3=I. J. | last4=Benetti | first4=S.

| last5=Gouiffes | first5=C. | last6=della Valle | first6=M.

| journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

| volume=262 | pages=128–140 | date=May 1993 | display-authors=1

| doi=10.1093/mnras/262.1.128 | doi-access=free

| bibcode=1993MNRAS.262..128T }}

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=SN 1988Z: The Most Distant Radio Supernova

| last1=van Dyk | first1=Schuyler D. | last2=Weiler | first2=Kurt W.

| last3=Sramek | first3=Richard A. | last4=Panagia | first4=Nino

| display-authors=1 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal

| date=December 1993 | volume=419 | pages=L69–L72

| doi=10.1086/187139 | bibcode=1993ApJ...419L..69V }}

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=X-ray detection of Supernova 1988Z with the ROSAT High Resolution Imager

| last1=Fabian | first1=A. C. | last2=Terlevich | first2=R.

| journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

| volume=280 | issue=1 | pages=L5–L8 | date=May 1996

| doi=10.1093/mnras/280.1.L5 | doi-access=free

| bibcode=1996MNRAS.280L...5F }}

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=Endurance of SN 2005ip after a decade: X-rays, radio and Hα like SN 1988Z require long-lived pre-supernova mass-loss

| last1=Smith | first1=Nathan | last2=Kilpatrick | first2=Charles D.

| last3=Mauerhan | first3=Jon C. | last4=Andrews | first4=Jennifer E.

| last5=Margutti | first5=Raffaella | last6=Fong | first6=Wen-Fai

| last7=Graham | first7=Melissa L. | last8=Zheng | first8=WeiKang

| last9=Kelly | first9=Patrick L. | last10=Filippenko | first10=Alexei V.

| last11=Fox | first11=Ori D. | display-authors=1

| journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

| volume=466 | issue=3 | pages=3021–3034 | date=April 2017

| doi=10.1093/mnras/stw3204 | doi-access=free

| arxiv=1612.02011

| bibcode=2017MNRAS.466.3021S }}

{{citation | postscript=.

| title=A Chandra ACIS Observation of the X-Ray-luminous SN 1988Z

| last1=Schlegel | first1=Eric M. | last2=Petre | first2=Robert

| journal=The Astrophysical Journal

| volume=646 | issue=1 | pages=378–384 | date=July 2006

| doi=10.1086/504890 | arxiv=astro-ph/0604106

| bibcode=2006ApJ...646..378S }}

}}

SN 1988Z

Observations

References

Further reading