SN 2005ap

{{Short description|Energetic supernova ievent of 2005 in constellation Coma Berenices}}

{{Supernova

| name = SN 2005ap

| image = SN2005apLightCurve.png

| caption = A light curve for SN 2005ap, adapted from Quimby et al. (2007). The purple arrows mark the upper limits for nondetections.

| epoch = J2000.0

| type = Ic

| SNRtype =

| host = SDSS J130114+2743

| constellation = Coma Berenices

| ra = {{RA|13|01|14.84}}

| dec = {{DEC|+27|43|31.4}}

| gal = 048.8351 +87.7429

| discovery = by Robert Quimby
Texas Supernova Search

| iauc = [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap071016.html http://apod.nasa.gov/]

| mag_v =

| distance = 4.7 billion light years
(1.441 billion pc )

| notes = located 3.5" W and 3.4" N of the center of host galaxy

| names = SN 2005ap

}}

SN 2005ap was an extremely energetic type Ic supernova in the galaxy SDSS J130115.12+274327.5. With a peak absolute magnitude of around −22.7, it is the second-brightest superluminous supernova yet recorded,{{cite journal|title=SN 2005ap: A Most Brilliant Explosion|journal= The Astrophysical Journal|volume= 668|issue= 2|pages= L99|doi= 10.1086/522862|arxiv = 0709.0302 |bibcode = 2007ApJ...668L..99Q |year= 2007|last1= Quimby|first1= Robert M|last2= Aldering|first2= Greg|last3= Wheeler|first3= J. Craig|last4= Höflich|first4= Peter|last5= Akerlof|first5= Carl W|last6= Rykoff|first6= Eli S|s2cid= 18897235}} twice as bright as the previous record holder, SN 2006gy, though SN 2005ap was eventually surpassed by ASASSN-15lh. It was initially classified as type II-L,{{cite web

|last=Shiga |first=D

|date=12 October 2007

|title=Enigmatic supernova smashes brightness record

|url=https://www.newscientist.com/channel/astronomy/dn12778-enigmatic-supernova-smashes-brightness-record.html

|work=New Scientist

}} but later revised to type Ic.{{cite journal|bibcode=2012IAUS..285..306D|arxiv=1111.2566|title=The Catalina Real-time Transient Survey|journal=New Horizons in Time-Domain Astronomy|volume=285|pages=306–308|last1=Drake|first1=A. J.|last2=Djorgovski|first2=S. G.|last3=Mahabal|first3=A.|last4=Prieto|first4=J. L.|last5=Beshore|first5=E.|last6=Graham|first6=M. J.|last7=Catalan|first7=M.|last8=Larson|first8=S.|last9=Christensen|first9=E.|last10=Donalek|first10=C.|last11=Williams|first11=R.|year=2012|doi=10.1017/S1743921312000889|s2cid=44857183}} It was discovered on 3 March 2005, on unfiltered optical images taken with the 0.45 m ROTSE-IIIb (Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment) telescope, which is located at the McDonald Observatory in West Texas, by Robert Quimby, as part of the Texas Supernova Search that also discovered SN 2006gy.

{{cite journal

|last1=Quimby |first1=R. M.

|display-authors=etal

|year=2007

|title=SN 2005ap: A Most Brilliant Explosion

|journal=The Astrophysical Journal

|volume=668 |issue=2 |pages=L99–L102

|arxiv=0709.0302

|bibcode=2007ApJ...668L..99Q

|doi=10.1086/522862

|s2cid=18897235

}} Although it was discovered before SN 2006gy, it was not recognized as being brighter until October 2007. As it occurred 4.7 billion light years from Earth, it was not visible to the naked eye.

Although SN 2005ap was twice as bright at its peak than SN 2006gy, it was not as energetic overall, as the former brightened and dimmed in a typical period of a few days whereas the latter remained very bright for many months. SN 2005ap was about 300 times brighter than normal for a type II supernova. It has been speculated that this hypernova involved the formation of a quark star. Quimby has suggested that the hypernova is of a new type distinct from the standard type II supernova, and his research group have identified five other supernovae similar to SN 2005ap and SCP 06F6, all of which were extremely bright and lacking in hydrogen.

{{cite journal

|last=Quimby|first=R. M.

|display-authors=etal

|year=2011

|title=Hydrogen-poor superluminous stellar explosions

|journal=Nature

|volume=474 |issue=7352 |pages=487–9

|arxiv=0910.0059

|bibcode=2011Natur.474..487Q

|doi=10.1038/nature10095

|pmid=21654747

|s2cid=4333823

}}