SN Refsdal#Other multiply-lensed supernova

The host galaxy of SN Refsdal is at a redshift of 1.49, corresponding to a comoving distance of 14.4 billion light-years and a lookback time of 9.34 billion years.{{cite web|url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=redshift+z%3D1.49&a=FSelect_**LookbackTimeFromRedshift--|publisher=Wolfram Alpha|accessdate=11 March 2015|title=Cosmological redshift z=1.49}} The multiple images are arranged around the elliptical galaxy at z = 0.54 in a cross-shaped pattern, also known as an "Einstein cross".

[[File:Heic1525a.jpg|thumb|left|The image to the left shows a part of the deep field observation of the galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223 from the Frontier Fields programme. The circle indicates the predicted position of the newest appearance of the supernova. To the lower right, the Einstein cross event from late 2014 is visible.

The image on the top right shows observations by Hubble from October 2015, taken at the beginning of the observation programme to detect the newest appearance of the supernova.

The image on the lower right shows the discovery of the supernova on 11 December 2015, as predicted by several different models.]]

After the discovery of the supernova, astronomers predicted that they would be able to see it again in about one year, after the four images had faded away. This is because the initially observed four-image pattern was only one component of the lensing display. The supernova may also have appeared as a single image some 40–50 years ago elsewhere in the cluster field.

The supernova reappeared at the predicted position between 14 November and 11 December 2015{{Cite web|title = Caught in the act - Hubble captures first-ever predicted exploding star|url = http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1525/|website = www.spacetelescope.org|accessdate = 2015-12-19|language = en-GB}} (with the exact date being uncertain by approximately one month which is the interval between two consecutive Hubble observations),{{cite web|title=Detection of a SN near the center of the galaxy cluster field MACS1149 consistent with predictions of a new image of Supernova Refsdal|publisher=The Astronomer's Telegram|date=13 Dec 2015|url=http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=8402|work=Patrick Kelly}} in excellent agreement with the blind model predictions made before the reappearance was observed.{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1093/mnrasl/slv025 | title = Predicted Properties of Multiple Images of the Strongly Lensed Supernova SN Refsdal | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 449 | issue = 1 | pages = L86–L89 | year = 2015 | last1 = Oguri | first1 = Masamune | doi-access = free | arxiv=1411.6443|bibcode = 2015MNRAS.449L..86O | s2cid = 118389176 }}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1093/mnras/stv2638 | title = A Free-Form Prediction for the Reappearance of Supernova Refsdal in the Hubble Frontier Fields Cluster MACSJ1149.5+2223 | journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society| volume = 456 | issue = 1| pages = 356–365| year = 2016| last1 = Diego | first1 = J.M | last2 = Broadhurst | first2 = T. | last3 = Chen | first3 = C. | last4 = Lim | first4 = J.| last5 = Zitrin | first5 = A. | last6 = Chan | first6 =B. | last7 = Coe7 | first7 = D. | last8 = Ford | first8 = H. C. | last9 = Lam | first9 = D. | last10 = Zheng | first10 = W.| doi-access = free |arxiv=1504.05953|bibcode = 2016MNRAS.456..356D | s2cid = 32212490 }}{{Cite journal | title = Refsdal meets Popper: comparing predictions of the re-appearance of the multiply imaged supernova behind MACS1149.5+2223 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal | volume = 817| issue = 1| pages = 60| year = 2016| last1 = Treu | first1 = T |display-authors=etal |arxiv=1510.05750|bibcode = 2016ApJ...817...60T |doi = 10.3847/0004-637X/817/1/60 | s2cid = 36631665 | doi-access = free }}

The time delay between the original quadruplet observed in 2014 and the latest appearance of the supernova in 2015 was used to infer the value of the Hubble constant. This is the first time this technique, originally suggested by Refsdal, has been applied to supernovae.{{Cite journal|title=The Hubble Constant from SN Refsdal| journal = Astrophysical Journal Letters| volume = 853 |issue=1| pages = 31–36| year = 2018| last1 = Vega-Ferrero | first1 = J. | last2 = Diego | first2 = J.M | last3 = Miranda | first3 = V. | last4 = Bernstein | first4 = G. | arxiv = 1712.05800| bibcode = 2018ApJ...853...31O| doi = 10.3847/2041-8213/aaa95f| s2cid = 55840221| doi-access = free}}

Using measurements from SN Refsdal and galaxy cluster lens models, astronomers found that the Hubble constant has value H₀ = {{val|66.6|+4.1|-3.3}} km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹.{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.abh1322| title = Constraints on the Hubble constant from Supernova Refsdal's reappearance| journal = Science| volume = 380| issue = 6649| pages = eabh1322| year = 2023| last1 = Kelly | first1 = P. L.|display-authors=etal |arxiv =2305.06367v1 |bibcode = 2023Sci...380.1322K| pmid=37167351| s2cid = 258615332}}

Other reported multiply-lensed supernova are iPTF16geu,{{Cite journal |last1=Goobar |first1=A. |last2=Amanullah |first2=R. |last3=Kulkarni |first3=S. R. |last4=Nugent |first4=P. E. |last5=Johansson |first5=J. |last6=Steidel |first6=C. |last7=Law |first7=D. |last8=Mörtsell |first8=E. |last9=Quimby |first9=R. |last10=Blagorodnova |first10=N. |last11=Brandeker |first11=A. |last12=Cao |first12=Y. |last13=Cooray |first13=A. |last14=Ferretti |first14=R. |last15=Fremling |first15=C. |date=2017-04-21 |title=iPTF16geu: A multiply imaged, gravitationally lensed type Ia supernova |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aal2729 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=356 |issue=6335 |pages=291–295 |doi=10.1126/science.aal2729 |pmid=28428419 |arxiv=1611.00014 |bibcode=2017Sci...356..291G |issn=0036-8075}}{{Cite web |title=Rare Supernova Discovery Ushers in New Era for Cosmology |url=https://cs.lbl.gov/news-media/news/2017/rare-supernova-discovery-ushers-in-new-era-for-cosmology/ |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Berkeley Lab Computing Sciences |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last1=Suyu |first1=Sherry H. |last2=Goobar |first2=Ariel |last3=Collett |first3=Thomas |last4=More |first4=Anupreeta |last5=Vernardos |first5=Giorgos |date=February 2024 |title=Strong Gravitational Lensing and Microlensing of Supernovae |journal=Space Science Reviews |language=en |volume=220 |issue=1 |page=13 |doi=10.1007/s11214-024-01044-7 |issn=0038-6308 |pmc=11297109 |pmid=39099881|arxiv=2301.07729 |bibcode=2024SSRv..220...13S }} SN Requiem (AT2016jka),{{Cite journal |last1=Rodney |first1=Steven A. |last2=Brammer |first2=Gabriel B. |last3=Pierel |first3=Justin D. R. |last4=Richard |first4=Johan |last5=Toft |first5=Sune |last6=O’Connor |first6=Kyle F. |last7=Akhshik |first7=Mohammad |last8=Whitaker |first8=Katherine E. |date=November 2021 |title=A gravitationally lensed supernova with an observable two-decade time delay |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-021-01450-9 |journal=Nature Astronomy |language=en |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=1118–1125 |doi=10.1038/s41550-021-01450-9 |arxiv=2106.08935 |bibcode=2021NatAs...5.1118R |issn=2397-3366}}{{Cite web |last=Tomaswick |first=Andy |date=2021-06-21 |title=Astronomers saw the Same Supernova Three Times Thanks to Gravitational Lensing. And in Twenty Years They Think They'll see it one More Time |url=https://www.universetoday.com/151581/astronomers-saw-the-same-supernova-three-times-thanks-to-gravitational-lensing-and-in-twenty-years-they-think-theyll-see-it-one-more-time/ |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Universe Today |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=SN Requiem |url=https://requiem-galaxies.com/requiemsn |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=requiem-galaxies.com |language=en-US}} Supernova Zwicky (SN 2022qmx),{{Cite journal |last1=Goobar |first1=Ariel |last2=Johansson |first2=Joel |last3=Schulze |first3=Steve |last4=Arendse |first4=Nikki |last5=Carracedo |first5=Ana Sagués |last6=Dhawan |first6=Suhail |last7=Mörtsell |first7=Edvard |last8=Fremling |first8=Christoffer |last9=Yan |first9=Lin |last10=Perley |first10=Daniel |last11=Sollerman |first11=Jesper |last12=Joseph |first12=Rémy |last13=Hinds |first13=K.-Ryan |last14=Meynardie |first14=William |last15=Andreoni |first15=Igor |date=September 2023 |title=Uncovering a population of gravitational lens galaxies with magnified standard candle SN Zwicky |journal=Nature Astronomy |language=en |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=1098–1107 |doi=10.1038/s41550-023-01981-3 |pmid=37736027 |pmc=10509034 |arxiv=2211.00656 |bibcode=2023NatAs...7.1098G |issn=2397-3366}}{{Cite web |date=2023-06-12 |title=Rare Gravitational Lensing Warps Light Of Distant Supernova Into Four Images – W. M. Keck Observatory |url=https://www.keckobservatory.org/sn-zwicky/ |access-date=2024-08-17 |language=en-US}} Chen et al SN,{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Wenlei |last2=Kelly |first2=Patrick L. |last3=Oguri |first3=Masamune |last4=Broadhurst |first4=Thomas J. |last5=Diego |first5=Jose M. |last6=Emami |first6=Najmeh |last7=Filippenko |first7=Alexei V. |last8=Treu |first8=Tommaso L. |last9=Zitrin |first9=Adi |date=November 2022 |title=Shock cooling of a red-supergiant supernova at redshift 3 in lensed images |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05252-5 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=611 |issue=7935 |pages=256–259 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05252-5 |pmid=36352131 |arxiv=2306.12985 |bibcode=2022Natur.611..256C |issn=1476-4687}} SN H0pe{{Cite journal |last1=Polletta |first1=M. |last2=Nonino |first2=M. |last3=Frye |first3=B. |last4=Gargiulo |first4=A. |last5=Bisogni |first5=S. |last6=Garuda |first6=N. |last7=Thompson |first7=D. |last8=Lehnert |first8=M. |last9=Pascale |first9=M. |last10=Willner |first10=S. P. |last11=Kamieneski |first11=P. |last12=Leimbach |first12=R. |last13=Cheng |first13=C. |last14=Coe |first14=D. |last15=Cohen |first15=S. H. |date=July 2023 |title=Spectroscopy of the supernova H0pe host galaxy at redshift 1.78 |url=https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202346964 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=675 |pages=L4 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202346964 |arxiv=2306.12385 |bibcode=2023A&A...675L...4P |issn=0004-6361}} and SN 2022riv.{{Cite journal |last1=Roberts-Pierel |first1=Justin |last2=The LensWatch Collaboration |date=January 2023 |title=First Results of the LensWatch Collaboration: Hubble Observations and Constraints for Two New Gravitationally Lensed Supernovae

|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023AAS...24143207R/abstract |journal=Bulletin of the AAS |volume=241 |pages=432.07|bibcode=2023AAS...24143207R }}

Besides SN Refsdal, SN H0pe has also been used to measure the value of the Hubble constant using the relative delay in the arrival between images.{{Cite journal |last1=Pascale |first1=Massimo |last2=Frye |first2=Brenda L. |last3=Pierel |first3=Justin D. R. |last4=Chen |first4=Wenlei |last5=Kelly |first5=Patrick L. |last6=Cohen |first6=Seth H. |last7=Windhorst |first7=Rogier A. |last8=Riess |first8=Adam G. |last9=Kamieneski |first9=Patrick S. |last10=Diego |first10=José M. |last11=Meena |first11=Ashish K. |last12=Cha |first12=Sangjun |last13=Oguri |first13=Masamune |last14=Zitrin |first14=Adi |last15=Jee |first15=M. James |date=2025-01-14 |title=SN H0pe: The First Measurement of H₀ from a Multiply Imaged Type Ia Supernova, Discovered by JWST |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=979 |issue=1 |pages=13 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ad9928 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2025ApJ...979...13P |issn=0004-637X}}{{Cite web |date=2024-10-01 |title=Webb Researchers Discover Lensed Supernova, Confirm Hubble Tension – James Webb Space Telescope |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/webb/2024/10/01/webb-researchers-discover-lensed-supernova-confirm-hubble-tension/ |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Grayson |first=Skylar |date=April 2024 |title=A New H0pe for the Hubble Constant? |url=https://astrobites.org/2024/04/16/sn_h0pe/ |website=Astrobites}}

• Einstein Cross, the gravitationally lensed quasar that gave rise to the term "Einstein cross"
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljoeOLuX6Z4 How One Supernova Measured The Universe]

{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}

• [http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2015/08/image/a/ Images of first SN Refsdal in March] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20151218024428/http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2015/46/ reappeared in December 2015 at hubblesite.org]
• [http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasa-s-hubble-discovers-four-images-of-same-supernova-split-by-cosmic-lens/#.VQAUGI5HWjY NASA’s Hubble Discovers Four Images of Same Supernova Split by Cosmic Lens] - by NASA
• [http://cosmicspectator.org/2015/03/12/hubble-frontier-fields-program-extended-and-time-travel/ Predicted Reappearance of SN Refsdal (March 2015)]
• [http://w.astro.berkeley.edu/~pkelly/refsdal_redux.png The image taken by Hubble around November 2015 shows new supernovae 'SX' in multiply image system] at astro.berkeley.edu.
• [https://plus.google.com/b/104933578966497599647/events/ch03bp5adnej8s5kp1i0jj80sh8 Hubble Hangout December 17 2015 discussing SN Refsdal]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20151220040924/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/12/1512117-first-supernova-prediction-appears-space/ View of Exploding Star Appears, Right on Cue] National Geographic Society 17 December 2015

{{Supernovae}}

Category:Supernovae

Category:Gravitational lensing

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Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 2014