SOLRAD 7A

The SOLRAD science satellite program was conceived in 1958 to observe the Sun in the X-ray spectrum. It was quickly combined, to provide civilian cover (launches being unclassified at that time),{{cite book|last1=Day|first1=Dwayne A.|last2=Logsdon|first2=John M.|last3=Latell|first3=Brian|title=Eye in the Sky: The Story of the Corona Spy Satellites|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington and London|page=176|date=1998|isbn=1-56098-830-4}} with the concurrently conceived United States Naval Research Laboratory's GRAB satellite project,{{cite book|author=American Astronautical Society|title=Space Exploration and Humanity: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZNxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA300|date=23 August 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif |isbn=978-1-85109-519-3|pages=300–303}} which would collect information on foreign radars and communications installations.{{cite web|url=https://www.nrl.navy.mil/Media/News/releases/nrl-center-space-technology-reaches-century-mark-orbiting-spacecraft-launches/|title=NRL Center for Space Technology Reaches Century Mark in Orbiting Spacecraft Launches|last1=Parry|first1=Daniel|publisher=U.S. Naval Research Laboratory|date=October 2, 2011|access-date=January 12, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107072110/https://www.nrl.navy.mil/news/releases/nrl-center-space-technology-reaches-century-mark-orbiting-spacecraft-launches|archive-date=January 7, 2019}} There were five SOLRAD/GRAB missions between 1960 and 1962, with the scientific SOLRAD experiments sharing satellite space with GRAB's intelligence payload. Two of the missions were successful.

In 1962, all U.S. overhead reconnaissance projects were consolidated under the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), which elected to continue and expand the GRAB mission starting July 1962{{Cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/nro/review-2008.pdf|title=Review and Redaction Guide|publisher=National Reconnaissance Office|date=2008|access-date=January 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423201027/https://fas.org/irp/nro/review-2008.pdf|archive-date=April 23, 2016|url-status=live}} with a next-generation set of satellites, code-named POPPY.{{cite web|url=http://www.theblackvault.com/documents/spysatellites/PoppySatellite.pdf|title=History of the Poppy Satellite System|date=2006-08-14|publisher=National Reconnaissance Office|access-date=2010-02-28}} With the initiation of POPPY, SOLRAD experiments would no longer be carried on electronic spy satellites; rather, they would now get their own satellites, launched alongside POPPY missions to provide some measure of mission cover.{{Cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt|title=Launch Log|last=McDowell|first=Jonathan|access-date=2018-12-30}}

The first POPPY mission was launched on December 13, 1962, along with several other satellites on a mission similar to that of SOLRAD 3, complete with an Injun (satellite) ionospheric research satellite. The mission was successful, despite POPPY 1's elliptical (rather than the planned circular) orbit, and data was returned for 28 months.{{cite web|url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1115/1|title=A flower in the polar sky: the POPPY signals intelligence satellite and ocean surveillance|last=Day|first=Dwayne A.|access-date=February 17, 2019}} No SOLRAD was launched concurrent with this first POPPY mission.

SOLRAD 6, the first of the second-generation SOLRADs, was launched alongside POPPY 2 on June 15, 1963, but decayed into the atmosphere on August 1, 1963, returning little data.

SOLRAD 7A was equipped with ionization chambers to monitor solar X-Rays in the wavelength ranges of 1–8 Å, 8–12 Å, and 44–60 Å. This satellite contained five X-ray photometers, four UV photometers, and two systems to accurately determine the solar aspect angle. Its purposes were to monitor the soft component of solar X-rays (2 to 60 Å) and the low-frequency portion of the solar hydrogen Lyman-alpha emission spectrum (1225 to 1350 Å), and to transmit measurements back to Earth.{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-001D|title=SOLRAD 7A|website=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|access-date=January 2, 2019}}

Launched on January 11, 1964, along with four other spacecraft aboard a Thor Augmented Delta-Agena D,{{Cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1964.pdf|title=Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1964|series=Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy|access-date=2018-12-30|id=SP-4005|publisher=NASA|location=Washington, D.C.|year=1965}} (including POPPY 3, an electronic signals intelligence (ELINT) surveillance package) its orbit was nearly circular at {{convert|900|km|sp=us}}. SOLRAD 7A's spin axis was roughly perpendicular to the Sun-satellite direction with an initial spin rate of about two revolutions per second; however, the magnetic brooms produced varying torques by interacting with the Earth's magnetic field resulting in a slow precession of the spin axis.

SOLRAD 7A transmitted data in real time on 136 MHz, providing 10 to 20 minutes of data at a pass to ground stations. The satellite's 44- to 55-Å and 8- to 16-Å detectors both failed soon after launch, but data was continuously returned from its other instruments until September 1964. Sporadic data were received until February 1965. In addition to the intended recipients, several European observatories successfully recorded the telemetry. Dubbed "SOLRAD 6" by several sources,{{cite book |date=1966 |title=Significant Achievements in Solar Physics 1958–1964 |location=Washington D.C. |publisher=NASA |oclc=860060668 }}{{rp|68}} the satellite reported comparatively low solar X-ray emission levels during its time in orbit.{{cite web|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1968SoPh....5..546L|title=The 44-60 Å Flux During the Ascending Period of the Solar Cycle No. 20 (1964-67)|journal = Solar Physics|volume = 5|issue =4|pages=546–550|access-date=March 5, 2019}} After February 5, 1965, no usable data were obtained from the satellite, although it continued operating until July 1966.{{cite journal|title=The NRL Solrad X-ray Detectors: a Summary of the Observations and a Comparison with the SMS/GOES Detectors|journal=Solar Physics|volume=133|issue=2|page=378|bibcode = 1991SoPh..133..371K|last1 = Kahler|first1 = S. W.|last2=Kreplin|first2=R. W.|year=1991|doi=10.1007/BF00149895}}

From SOLRAD 7A data, it was concluded that the X-ray region of the solar corona was a series of small cells that flared and decayed rapidly, emitting hard X-rays in the process. This dramatically change previous models: Earthbound telescopes had only been able to detect the very hot, flashing gas those cells created, the net result making the corona seem a homogeneous region extending {{convert|1000000|mi|km|0|sp=us}} from the Sun.{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1965.pdf|title=Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1965|publisher=NASA|access-date=January 2, 2019|page=10|year=1966|location=Washington, D.C.|series=Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy|id=SP-4006}}

The operational period of the satellite allowed it to contribute to the International Quiet Solar Year, an international scientific program mounted to gather information about the Sun during the nadir of its 11-year luminosity cycle (Jan. 1, 1964, through Dec. 31, 1965).{{cite web|url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85067461.html|title=Encyc. Britannica online, Mar. 2, 2005 (citation by LOC)|access-date=January 6, 2020}} SOLRAD 7A data indicated that the Sun's X-ray output was at a minimum during May, June and July 1964.

The satellite is still in orbit and its position can be tracked online.{{cite web|url=http://www.satflare.com/track.asp?q=00730#TOP|title=SOLRAD 7A - NORAD 730 - 3D Online Satellite Tracking|access-date=January 2, 2019}}

COSPAR satellite ID: 1964-001D

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