SS Dorchester

Dorchester, one of three identical ships, the first being {{SS|Chatham|1926|2}} (torpedoed and sunk August 27, 1942) and the last being {{SS|Fairfax|1926|2}}, was built for the Merchants and Miners Transportation Company by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company.{{cite journal |last=Pacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast |year=1926 |title=Steamer Chatham Completes Successful Trials |journal=Pacific Marine Review |issue=June |pages=285–286 |location=San Francisco |publisher=J.S. Hines |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev2326paci#page/n350/mode/1up |access-date=April 19, 2015}} Keel laying was September 10, 1925 with launching on March 20, 1926, and delivery on July 17, 1926.{{cite journal |last=Pacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast |year=1926 |title=Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company |journal=Pacific Marine Review |issue=May |page=20 |location=San Francisco |publisher=J.S. Hines |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev2326paci#page/n297/mode/1up |access-date=April 19, 2015}}{{cite journal |last=Pacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast |year=1926 |title=Steamer Dorchester Delivered by Newport News |journal=Pacific Marine Review |issue=August |page=378 |location=San Francisco |publisher=J.S. Hines |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev2326paci#page/n451/mode/1up |access-date=April 19, 2015}} The ship was designed for the coastwise trade with a capacity for 302 first class and 12 steerage passengers for a total of 314 with a crew of 90 along the East coast between Miami and Boston.{{Cite web

|url= http://www.greatships.net/dorchester.html

|title=S.S. Dorchester

|work=greatships.net

|author=Stanley Brewer

|access-date=September 7, 2010

}} Propulsion was by a 3,000 horsepower, triple expansion steam engine supplied by four oil fired Scotch boilers with steam at 220 pounds pressure driving a single propeller for a speed of {{convert|13.5|knots|mph km/h}}.{{cite journal |last=Pacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast |year=1927 |title=Seventy-five Years of Service |journal=Pacific Marine Review |issue=February |pages=8–8A |location=San Francisco |publisher=J.S. Hines |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev2427paci#page/n75/mode/2up |access-date=April 19, 2015}}

Passengers were provided three decks, two promenade decks and the boat deck, with four suites having private baths and thirty rooms with beds, ninety-eight with double berths and eight with single berths with most opening onto both the corridor and deck and all had "European style" telephones with receiver and transmitter in one handset. Public spaces included a dance pavilion and sun parlor in addition to the typical lounge and smoking rooms. Cargo of about 3,300 tons was all handled through side ports rather than deck hatches. Refrigerated spaces of {{convert|1,873|cuft|m3|1}} for provisions, including ice cream storage, was provided to six compartments cooled by a 4-ton Brunswick compressor. A separate chilled pantry had {{convert|210|cuft|m3|1}} of storage.

The ship was delivered by Merchants and Miners Transportation Company to the War Shipping Administration (WSA) at Baltimore on January 24, 1942, for operation by Atlantic, Gulf & West Indies Steamship Lines (Agwilines) as agent for WSA and allocated to United States Army requirements.{{cite web |url=http://www.marad.dot.gov/sh/ShipHistory/Detail/7638 |title=Dorchester |author=Maritime Administration |work=Ship History Database Vessel Status Card |publisher= U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration |access-date=April 18, 2015}}{{cite book |last=Grover |first=David |title=U.S. Army Ships and Watercraft of World War II |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1987 |pages=17, 20, 61 |isbn=0-87021-766-6 |lccn=87015514}} Dorchester was converted to a troopship by Agwilines in New York, and fitted with additional lifeboats and life rafts, as well as four 20 mm guns, a 3"/50 caliber gun fore, and a 4"/50 caliber gun aft.

Dorchester entered service in February 1942, crewed by many of her former officers, including her master initially, and a contingent of Navy Armed Guards to man the guns and to handle communications. The ship was neither owned nor bareboat chartered by the Army and thus not officially designated a United States Army Transport (USAT).{{cite web |last=War Department |title=FM 55-105, Water Transportation: Ocean Going Vessels |publisher=War Department |date=September 25, 1944 |url=https://archive.org/stream/Fm55-105#page/n15/mode/2up |access-date=April 19, 2015}} The allocation to Army requirements, transport of Army personnel and presence of the Army administrative staff under the Transport Commander in command of embarked troops, led some to assume the ship was an Army transport.

File:Escanaba-Dorchester rescue.jpg

On January 23, 1943, Dorchester left New York harbor, bound for the Army Command Base at Narsarsuaq in southern Greenland. SG-19 consisted of six ships: SS Dorchester, two merchant ships (SS Lutz and SS Biscaya) that were leased by the United States from the Norwegian government-in-exile, and their escorts, the small United States Coast Guard cutters {{Ship|USCGC|Comanche|WPG-76|2}}, {{Ship|USCGC|Escanaba|WPG-77|2}} (both 165 feet), and {{Ship|USCGC|Tampa|1921|2}} (240 feet).{{cite web |url=http://www.armed-guard.com/dork.html |title=USAT Dorchester Files |access-date=February 5, 2008 |publisher=World War II U.S. Navy Armed Guard}}

During the early morning hours of February 3, 1943, at 12:55, Dorchester was torpedoed by {{GS|U-223}}. The damage was severe, boiler power was lost, and there was inadequate steam to sound the full 6-whistle signal to abandon ship, and Dorchester sank by the bow in about 20 minutes. Loss of power prevented the crew from sending a radio distress signal, and no rockets or flares were launched to alert the escorts. A severe list prevented launch of some port side lifeboats, and some lifeboats capsized through overcrowding. Survivors in the water were so stiff from cold they could not even grasp the cargo nets on rescue vessels. The crew of Escanaba employed a new "retriever" rescue technique whereby swimmers clad in wet suits swam to victims in the water and secured a line to them so they could be hauled onto the ship. By this method, Escanaba saved 133 men (one died later) and Comanche saved 97 men of the 904 aboard Dorchester.{{cite web |url=http://www.piersystem.com/go/doc/786/166402/ |title=Top Ten Coast Guard Rescues |access-date=February 5, 2008 |publisher=U.S. Coast Guard |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071113035712/http://www.piersystem.com/go/doc/786/166402/ |archive-date = November 13, 2007}} The sinking of Dorchester was the worst single loss of American personnel of any American convoy during World War II.{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/adminhist11_convoyrouting.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108025239/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/adminhist11_convoyrouting.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 8, 2013 |title=United States Naval Administration in World War II History of Convoy and Routing |author1=Headquarters of the Commander in Chief, United States Fleet |author2=Commander, Tenth Fleet |website=Naval History & Heritage Command |publisher=United States Navy |access-date=November 22, 2014}}

Life jackets offered little protection from hypothermia, which killed most men in the water. Water temperature was {{convert|34|°F|°C}} and air temperature was {{convert|36|°F|°C}}. When additional rescue ships arrived on February 4 "hundreds of dead bodies were seen floating on the water, kept up by their life jackets."{{cite book| title=History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume I The Battle of the Atlantic 1939-1943 |first=Samuel Eliot|last=Morison| author-link1=Samuel Eliot Morison |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |year=1975}}

The Four Chaplains were four of the Army officers among the military personnel being transported overseas for duty: they died because they gave up their life jackets to save others. These chaplains included Methodist minister George L. Fox, Reformed Church in America minister Clark V. Poling, Catholic Church priest John P. Washington and Rabbi Alexander B. Goode.[http://www.fourchaplains.org FourChaplains.org], retrieved February 6, 2011. Congress established February 3 as "Four Chaplains Day" to commemorate this act of heroism, and on July 14, 1960, created the Chaplain's Medal for Heroism, presented posthumously to the next of kin of each of the chaplains by Secretary of the Army Wilber M. Brucker at Fort Myer, Virginia on January 18, 1961.{{cite web | url = http://www.foxfall.com/fmc-fcm.htm | title = Federal Military Medals and Decorations | publisher = Foxfall Medals | access-date = April 17, 2010 | archive-date = May 28, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190528133937/http://www.foxfall.com/fmc-fcm.htm | url-status = dead }}{{clear}}

File:Immortal Chaplains-3c.jpg

In 1948 the U.S. Post Office issued a commemorative stamp in honor of the heroism and sacrifice of the chaplains.Scott Specialized Catalogue of US Postage Stamps. It was designed by Louis Schwimmer, the head of the Art Department of the New York branch of the Post Office.[http://stampcenter.com/blog/2010/06/25/682 StampCenter.com, "A sweet tribute to Four Chaplains on a Postage Stamp," Pt III of III], retrieved February 6, 2011. This stamp was highly unusual, because until 2011, U.S. stamps were not normally issued in honor of someone other than a President of the United States until at least ten years after their death.{{cite web |url=http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/leadership/stamp-advisory-committee.htm |title=Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee |publisher=USPS |date=September 2011 |access-date=September 29, 2011 |archive-date=September 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926031251/http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/leadership/stamp-advisory-committee.htm |url-status=dead }}[http://www.schwimmer.com/fourchaplains/ Four Chaplains Stamp]

The stamp went through three revisions before the final design was chosen.[http://stampcenter.com/blog/2010/06/23/a-sweet-tribute-to-four-chaplains-on-a-postage-stamp-part-ii-of-iii StampCenter.com, "A sweet tribute to Four Chaplains on a postage stamp, part II of III"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716125952/http://stampcenter.com/blog/2010/06/23/a-sweet-tribute-to-four-chaplains-on-a-postage-stamp-part-ii-of-iii/ |date=July 16, 2011 }}, retrieved February 6, 2011. None of the names of the chaplains were included on the stamp, nor were their faiths (although the faiths had been listed on one of the earlier designs): instead, the words on the stamp were "These Immortal Chaplains...Interfaith in Action." Another phrase included in an earlier design that was not part of the final stamp was "died to save men of all faiths." By the omission of their names, the stamp commemorated the event, rather than the individuals per se, thus obfuscating the ten-year rule in the same way as later did stamps honoring Neil Armstrong in 1969{{Cite web |url=http://home.hiwaay.net/~krcool/Astro/moon/moonstamps/ms1969b.gif |title="First Man on the Moon" 10₵ United States Air Mail stamp |access-date=August 30, 2013 |archive-date=August 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823054648/http://home.hiwaay.net/~krcool/Astro/moon/moonstamps/ms1969b.gif |url-status=dead }} and Buzz Aldrin in 1994,[http://home.hiwaay.net/~krcool/Astro/moon/moonstamps/ms1994b.gif "First Moon Landing, 1969" 29¢ United States postage stamp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823055014/http://home.hiwaay.net/~krcool/Astro/moon/moonstamps/ms1994b.gif |date=August 23, 2012 }}, based on a photograph of Aldrin captured by Neil Armstrong on July 20, 1969 (July 21, UTC). Aldrin, conversely, captured no photographs of Armstrong. both of whom were still alive.

The American writer Jack Kerouac served on Dorchester, where he befriended an African-American cook named "Old Glory," who died when the ship sank after the torpedo attack. Kerouac would have also been on the ship during the attack, but for a telegram he received from coach Lou Little, asking him to return to Columbia University to play football.{{cite news|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/08/15/DD8J193T9B.DTL&tsp=1|title=Kerouac's unintended legacy? A legal limbo|author=Julian Guthrie|date=August 15, 2009}}

• List by death toll of ships sunk by submarines

{{reflist}}

• [https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/coast-guardsman-charles-walter-david-jr-dorchester WWII Coast Guardsman honored for heroism] (The National WWII Museum, October 5, 2020)
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20150418201433/http://www.navy.mil/ah_online/archpdf/ah198411.pdf Chapel Of Four Chaplains] (All Hands, November 1984, pages 34–35)
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20150418203237/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/download/csipubs/Museum_Guide.pdf Photo: A life vest from the SS Dorchester (U.S. Army Chaplain Museum)]

{{coord|59|22|N|48|42|W|display=title}}

{{The Four Chaplains}}

{{February 1943 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dorchester}}

Category:1926 ships

Category:Merchant ships of the United States

Category:Troop ships of the War Shipping Administration

Category:World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean

Category:Maritime incidents in February 1943

Category:Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II

Category:Shipwrecks in the Labrador Sea