SS Justicia
{{Short description|Large First World War troop ship, sunk in 1918}}
{{other ships|SS Statendam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
| {{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image | Ship image = SS Justicia.png | Ship caption = Justicia in wartime grey }} {{Infobox ship career | Hide header = | Ship country = United Kingdom | Ship flag = {{Shipboxflag|UKGBI|government}} | Ship name = *1914: Statendam
| Ship namesake = *1917: Lady Justice | Ship owner = Oceanic Steam Navigation Co | Ship operator = White Star Line | Ship registry = Liverpool | Ship route = | Ship ordered = | Ship builder = Harland & Wolff, Belfast | Ship original cost = | Ship yard number = 436 | Ship laid down = 1912 | Ship launched = 9 July 1914 | Ship completed = 7 April 1917 | Ship acquired = | Ship maiden voyage = | Ship refit = | Ship in service = | Ship out of service = | Ship identification = *UK official number 137544
| Ship fate = Sunk by six torpedoes, 1918 | Ship notes = }} {{Infobox ship characteristics | Hide header = | Header caption = | Ship type = Troop ship | Ship tonnage = {{GRT|32120}}, {{NRT|19699}} | Ship length = {{cvt|740.5|ft|abbr=on}} | Ship beam = {{cvt|86.4|ft|abbr=on}} | Ship height = | Ship draught = | Ship depth = {{cvt|43.1|ft|abbr=on}} | Ship decks = | Ship ice class = | Ship power = 2,903 NHP, 22,000 ihp | Ship propulsion = *3 × Propeller
| Ship speed = {{convert|17|kn|km/h}} | Ship capacity = | Ship crew = 600 | Ship armament = Naval gun on poop deck | Ship troops = About 4,000 | Ship notes = }} |
SS Justicia was a British troop ship that was launched in Ireland in 1914 and sunk off County Donegal in 1918. She was designed and launched as the transatlantic liner Statendam, a new flagship for the Holland America Line (NASM), but the outbreak of First World War delayed her completion. In 1915 NASM agreed to let the United Kingdom acquire her and have her completed as a troop ship.
The ship was completed in 1917 and renamed Justicia, with the intention that Cunard Line would crew and operate her. However, Cunard was unable to raise a crew for her, so the Shipping Controller appointed White Star Line to manage her.
Justicia entered service in April 1917, carrying troops from North America to Europe. She escaped a U-boat attack in January 1918, but sank that July off the coast of Ireland after two U-boats hit her with a total of six torpedoes.
The ship was {{cvt|90|ft}} longer and {{cvt|9|ft|0}} broader than NASM's then flagship, the {{GRT|24149}} {{SS|Rotterdam|1908|2}}, which Harland & Wolff had completed in 1908. Statendam would have been by far the largest NASM had yet owned. Only HAPAG's {{sclass|Imperator|ocean liner|4}}, White Star Line's {{sclass|Olympic|ocean liner|4}} and Cunard's {{RMS|Aquitania||2}} were larger. As it was, Justicia she became the second largest ship sunk by enemy action in the First World War. The only one larger than Justicia was the {{GRT|48148|link=off}} {{HMHS|Britannic}}.{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/largest.html |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=Largest Ships sunk or damaged |work=uboat.net |access-date=11 July 2022}}
Justicia shared the same combined propulsion system as several other H&W liners of her era including {{SS|Laurentic|1908|2}} and {{SS|Belgenland|1914|2}}.
Justicia{{'}}s wreck is in the territorial waters of the Republic of Ireland and protected by Irish law.
Design
NASM and H&W planned Statendam to be a modern ship with berths for 800 passengers in first class, 600 in second and 2,030 in third, with a crew of 600. The first class saloon was to be {{cvt|6|m|disp=flip}} high, making it the largest of its type on an ocean liner of its era.{{sfn|Williams|de Kerbrech|1982|p=62}} Décor was to be modern, in contrast with the historicist styles then commonly favoured by British and German shipping lines.
As a troop ship, Justicia was reconfigured to carry 4,000 or 5,000 men, but in practice this was sometimes greatly exceeded. Her holds had capacity for 15,000 tonnes of cargo.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1989|p=194}} Her registered length was {{cvt|740.5|ft|abbr=on}}, her beam was {{cvt|86.4|ft|abbr=on}} and her depth was {{cvt|43.1|ft|abbr=on}}. Her tonnages were {{GRT|32120|link=off}} and {{NRT|19699}}.{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1917|loc=J}}
Justicia was one of a series of H&W steamships that were propelled by a combination of reciprocating steam engines and a steam turbine. She had three screws. A pair of four-cylinder triple expansion engines drove her port and starboard screws. Exhaust steam from those engines powered one low-pressure turbine that drove her middle screw.{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1917|loc=J}} H&W had used this arrangement first on Laurentic for White Star Line. Justicia had three funnels, only two of which were flues for her boilers. The third was a dummy, included purely for aesthetic reasons.
With the exception of the three Olympic-class liners, Justicia was one of the largest and most powerful ships ever built with this combination of reciprocating and turbine engines. Her reciprocating engines were the same size as those in Belgenland, but her total power rating was higher. Between them, Justicia{{'}}s three engines were rated at a total of 2,903 NHP{{sfn|Mercantile Navy List 1918|p=294}} or 22,000 ihp{{cite web |url= http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=203324 |title=Justicia |work=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=11 July 2022}} and gave her a speed of {{convert|17|kn|km/h}}.{{cite web |url= http://www.theyard.info/ships/ships.asp?entryid=436 |title=Justicia |work=Harland and Wolff Shipbuilding and Engineering Works |access-date=11 July 2022}} This was an economical speed for peacetime service, but not quick enough for her to sail unescorted in wartime.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1989|p=194}}
Building and acquisition
File:Statendam II 1915 postcard.jpg, with an artist's impression of how Statendam would look when completed]]
Harland & Wolff built Statendam on slipway number 3 (the same as Titanic from 1909 to 1911) as yard number 436. Her keel plates were laid down in 1912 and she was launched on 9 July 1914. However, the First World War broke out on 28 July, and the UK joined on 4 August. Work on Statendam was slowed down to let H&W concentrate on more urgent war-related work.{{sfn|Buxton|2008|pp=17–21}} However, the fact that her construction was well advanced offered potential for her to be completed for war service.{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p=175}}
In October 1914, the UK Admiralty offered NASM £1,000,000 for use of the ship, with a guarantee to return it at the end of the war. Decorative elements already installed were removed, as was customary when converting passenger liners into troop ships. In Statendam{{'}}s case they were sent to Rotterdam for storage.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1989|p=192}} H&W completed the ship slowly, taking special measures to adapt her to war service. Unlike her contemporaries Belgenland and Orca, H&W completed Justicia with her dummy funnel. However, the size of all three funnels was smaller than their original design, in order to conserve steel.[http://www.titanic-titanic.com/justicia.shtml « Justicia of the White Star Line »], Titanic-Titanic.com. Accessed 21 March 2013
In 1915 the UK government requisitioned the still-incomplete ship. It offered her to Cunard to replace Lusitania, which had been sunk in May 1915. The name Justicia means "justice", and conforms with Cunard policy of giving its ships a name ending with -ia. However, Cunard was unable to raise a complete crew for her.{{sfn|Williams|de Kerbrech|1982|p=62}}
In November 1916, a mine sank the hospital ship {{HMHS|Britannic}}, which left White Star Line with enough crew to work Justicia.{{sfn|Williams|de Kerbrech|1982|p=62}} White Star's engineer officers and men, unlike those of Cunard, were experienced with "combination machinery" such as that in Justicia. The Shipping Controller therefore transferred Justicia to the Oceanic Steam Navigation Company (White Star Line).{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1917|loc=J}}{{sfn|Mercantile Navy List 1918|p=294}} However, the ship was not renamed to conform with White Star policy of giving its ships names ending with -ic.{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p=175}}
Justicia was completed in plain grey paint. On 7 April 1917 White Star Line took delivery of her.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1989|p=194}} She was registered in Liverpool in 1917. Her UK official number was 137544 and her code letters were JPFL.{{sfn|Mercantile Navy List 1918|p=294}}
Service and loss
White Star Line ran Justicia across the North Atlantic, bringing troops to Liverpool first from Halifax, Nova Scotia and then from New York. At the beginning of 1918 she was painted with dazzle camouflage developed by Norman Wilkinson. She was attacked soon after, on 23 January 1918, by a German submarine in the North Channel, but no torpedo hit her, and she was undamaged.{{sfn|Williams|de Kerbrech|1982|p=63}}
On 19 July 1918 Justicia left Belfast for New York, escorted by destroyers. She was unladen, and her Master was John David. 20 miles off Skerryvore, Scotland, {{SMU|UB-64||2}} hit her with one torpedo, at first mistaking her for USS {{SS|Leviathan||2}}.{{cite web |url= https://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/3222.html |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |title=Justicia |work=uboat.net |access-date=11 July 2022}} Justicia developed a list, but the watertight doors in her bulkheads were closed in time and kept her afloat. UB-64 fired two torpedoes, but Justicia{{'}}s guns destroyed one of them, and the other missed. The tug Sonia took Justicia in tow, heading for Lough Swilly. UB-64 fired a fourth torpedo, but Justicia{{'}}s gunners destroyed it. UB-64 then fired a fifth torpedo, which hit Justicia but did not sink her. Part of Justicia{{'}}s crew was evacuated, and Sonia continued to tow her.{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p=176}} The escorts damaged UB-64, which withdrew, but reported Justicia{{'}}s position via wireless telegraph.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
File:Annotated study of the liner 'Justicia' under tow after being torpedoed by UB64 and UB124 RMG PV3953.jpg of the tug Sonia trying to tow Justicia to Lough Swilly]]
The next morning, 20 July, {{SMU|UB-124||2}} found Justicia and hit her amidships with two torpedoes, killing either 10 or 16 of her engine room crew (sources differ). Her surviving crew were evacuated, and by noon she rolled onto her starboard side and sank. The destroyers {{HMS|Marne|1915|6}}, {{HMS|Milbrook|1915|2}}, and {{HMS|Pigeon|1916|2}} depth charged UB-124, forcing her to the surface, and then sank her by gunfire.{{sfn|Eaton|Haas|1989|p=195}}
The German press celebrated the sinking.{{sfn|Williams|de Kerbrech|1982|p=64}} The Royal Navy held an inquiry to establish how the U-boats could have sunk a ship that was escorted by at least three destroyers. The inquiry concluded that the German submariners' determination and bravery were "beyond belief".
The UK government compensated NASM with 60,000 tonnes of steel, which it used to build a fleet of cargo ships.{{sfn|de Kerbrech|2009|p=177}} In 1921 NASM ordered a new {{SS|Statendam|1924|2}} from Harland & Wolff. She was launched in 1924 but her completion was delayed until 1929.{{sfn|Williams|de Kerbrech|1982|p=66}}
Wreck
Justicia{{'}}s wreck lies at a depth of {{cvt|70|m|disp=flip}}, {{convert|38|km|nmi|disp=flip}} northwest of Malin Head at {{coord|55.66305|N|7.72031|W|format=dms|display=inline,title|region:IE_scale:50000}}. The wreck is orientated north – south, and has an average height of {{cvt|10|ft|0}}. It is very broken, but her bow is largely intact, with its starboard anchor still visible in its hawse. Her bridge superstructure is collapsed to port. Her 12 Scotch boilers, two reciprocating engines and single steam turbine are visible. Her stern is fairly broken up, but her rudder quadrant and the gun on her poop deck remain visible.{{cite web |url= https://dahg.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=89e50518e5f4437abfa6284ff39fd640 |title=Justicia (SS) |work=Wreck Viewer |publisher=National Monuments Service |access-date=11 July 2022}} – zoom in by using the wreck number "W07410" or entering the name "Justicia".
Being in the territorial waters of the Republic of Ireland and more than a century old, the wreck is automatically protected by the National Monuments (Amendment) Act, 1987, section 3, sub-section (4).{{cite web |url= http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1987/act/17/enacted/en/print#sec3 |title=National Monuments (Amendment) Act, 1987 |work=electronic Irish Statute Book |publisher=Oireachtas |access-date=11 July 2022}} Divers must obtain a licence from the Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media before diving on the wreck.
References
{{Reflist}}
Bibliography
- {{cite book |last=Bonsor |first=NRP |year=1975 |title=North Atlantic Seaway |volume=2 |place=Jersey |publisher=Brookside Publications |isbn=978-0905824017 |page=766}}
- {{cite book |first=Ian |last=Buxton |orig-year=1978 |year=2008 |title=Big Gun Monitors: The History of the Design, Construction and Operation of the Royal Navy's Monitors |place=Barnsley |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |isbn=978-1-84415-719-8}}
- {{cite book |last=de Kerbrech |first=Richard |year=2009 |title=Ships of the White Star Line |place=Shepperton |publisher=Ian Allan Publishing |isbn=978-0-7110-3366-5}}
- {{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=John |last2=Haas |first2=Charles |year=1989 |title=Falling Star, Misadventures of White Star Line Ships |place= |publisher=Patrick Stephens Ltd |isbn=1-85260-084-5}}
- {{cite book |year=1917 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=II–Steamers |chapter=Supplement |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |via=Internet Archive |chapter-url= https://ia-petabox.archive.org/details/HECROS1918ST/page/n1246/mode/1up |ref={{harvid|Lloyd's Register 1917}}}}
- {{cite book |year=1918 |title=Mercantile Navy List |via=Crew List Index Project |url= https://www.crewlist.org.uk/data/viewimages?&name=Jusricia&steamsail=Steam&submit=Enter&year=1918 |ref={{harvid|Mercantile Navy List 1918}}}}
- {{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=David |last2=de Kerbrech |first2=Richard |year=1982 |title=Damned by Destiny |place=Brighton |publisher=Teredo books |isbn=0-903662-09-4 |oclc=10284842}}
{{Holland America Ships}}
{{White Star Line ships}}
{{July 1918 shipwrecks}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Justicia}}
Category:Maritime incidents in 1918
Category:Ships built in Belfast
Category:Ships built by Harland and Wolff
Category:Ships of the Holland America Line
Category:Ships of the White Star Line
Category:Ships sunk by German submarines in World War I
Category:Shipwrecks of Ireland
Category:Troop ships of the United Kingdom