SS Montanan

In September 1911, the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company placed an order with the Maryland Steel Company of Sparrows Point, Maryland, for four new cargo ships—{{SS|Minnesotan||2}}, {{SS|Dakotan||2}}, Montanan, and {{SS|Pennsylvanian||2}}.Maryland Steel had built three ships—{{SS|Kentuckian||2}}, {{SS|Georgian|1910|2}}, and {{SS|Honolulan|1910|2}}—for American-Hawaiian in 1909 in what proved to be a satisfactory arrangement for both companies. See: Cochran and Ginger, p. 358. The contract cost of the ships was set at the construction cost plus an 8% profit for Maryland Steel, but with a maximum cost of $640,000 per ship. The construction was financed by Maryland Steel with a credit plan that called for a 5% down payment in cash, with nine monthly installments for the balance. The deal had provisions that allowed some of the nine installments to be converted into longer-term notes or mortgages. The final cost of Montanan, including financing costs, was $73.62 per deadweight ton, which came out to just over $692,000.

Montanan (Maryland Steel yard no. 126) was the second ship built under the original contract.Further contracts on similar terms were signed in November 1911 and May 1912 to build four additional ships: {{SS|Panaman||2}}, {{SS|Washingtonian||2}}, {{SS|Iowan||2}}, {{SS|Ohioan|1914|2}}. See: Cochran and Ginger, p. 358, and Colton. She was launched on 25 January 1913, and delivered to American-Hawaiian in April. Montanan was {{GRT|6,649|disp=long}}, and was {{convert|428|ft|9|in|m|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|53|ft|7|in|m|abbr=on}} abeam. She had a deadweight tonnage of {{DWT|9,406|long}}, and her cargo holds, which had a storage capacity of {{convert|438154|cuft|abbr=on}}, were outfitted with a complete refrigeration plant so that she could carry perishable products from the West Coast—such as fresh produce from Southern California farms—to the East Coast.{{cite news | title = California cargo of produce shipped to East | work = Los Angeles Times | date = 3 October 1914 | page = II-8 }} Montanan had a single steam engine powered by oil-fired boilers which drove a single screw propeller at a speed of {{convert|15|knots|mph km/h|abbr=on}}.

When Montanan began sailing for American-Hawaiian, the company shipped cargo from East Coast ports via the Tehuantepec Route to West Coast ports and Hawaii, and vice versa. Shipments on the Tehuantepec Route arrived at Mexican ports—Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, for eastbound cargo, and Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, for westbound cargo—and traversed the Isthmus of Tehuantepec on the Tehuantepec National Railway.Hovey, p. 78. Eastbound shipments were primarily sugar and pineapple from Hawaii, while westbound cargoes were more general in nature.Cochran and Ginger, p. 355–56. Montanan sailed in this service on the east side of North America.{{cite news | title = American-Hawaiian Steamship Co. | type = display ad |work=Los Angeles Times | date = 13 April 1914 | page = I-4 }}Warwick and Foree, p. 132.

While headed from New York to Coatzacoalcos in October 1913, Montanan ran aground on Mantanilla Reef, north of The Bahamas. Answering Montanan{{'}}s distress calls, the Standard Oil Company tanker Rayo assisted in freeing Montanan from the reef. Although she was leaking slightly, Montanan continued on to her destination, and put in for repairs after a return trip to New York.

Following the United States occupation of Veracruz on 21 April 1914 (which took place while six American-Hawaiian ships were being held in various Mexican ports), the Huerta-led Mexican government closed the Tehuantepec National Railway to American shipping. This loss of access, coupled with the fact that the Panama Canal was not yet open, caused American-Hawaii to return to its historic route of sailing around South America via the Straits of Magellan in late April.Cochran and Ginger, p. 360. With the opening of the Panama Canal on 15 August, American-Hawaiian ships switched to the canal route.

On 2 December, The Washington Post reported an incident involving Montanan. While headed down the Pacific coast of Mexico with a cargo of dried fruits and canned goods, Montanan was approached by a Japanese warship, which fired a warning shot for Montanan to stop. After doing so, a boarding party with Japanese officers in a launch headed to Montanan. When the American identity of Montanan was established to the satisfaction of the Japanese, they returned to their ship without boarding Montanan. The news report did not identify the type or the name of the Japanese warship, which had been searching for a German vessel thought to be operating in the area.{{cite news | title = Japanese Cruiser Fires on American Steamship off the Coast of Mexico | newspaper = The Washington Post | date = 2 December 1914 | page = 2 }}Japan had declared war on Germany on 23 August 1914.

On Montanan{{'}}s next trip, the ship collided with a wharf in Los Angeles Harbor. Montanan had arrived in Los Angeles from Puget Sound on 22 January 1915 to complete her load before sailing for New York and Boston. The almost fully loaded ship was slow to respond to the helm and ended up "ploughing through" {{convert|50|ft|m|abbr=on}} of Municipal Pier A on Mormon Island channel before coming to a stop at a stone bulkhead. One hull plate on Montanan was dented, but the ship was otherwise undamaged. Montanan{{'}}s captain, who had a local license, did not take on a harbor pilot and American-Hawaiian was liable for the damage, estimated by the harbor engineer to be $2,500.{{cite news | title = Ship's own pilot rams hole in city's wharf | work = Los Angeles Times | date = 23 January 1915 | page = II-8 }}

Contemporary news reports offer hints at cargoes that Montanan carried during this period. In April 1915, the Los Angeles Times reported on the sailing of Montanan with a full cargo. The majority of the cargo was rice—from Japan, China, and California—which was destined for the United Kingdom to feed Indian troops fighting in Europe.{{cite news | title = Montanan sails for New York | work = Los Angeles Times | date = 9 April 1915 | page = I-6 }} In June, The Wall Street Journal reported that Montanan and {{SS|Santa Clara||2}} (of the Grace Line) had sailed from Tacoma, Washington, with 2,500 tons of copper between them.{{cite news | title = Tacoma copper shipments | work = The Wall Street Journal | date = 30 June 1915 | page = 7 }}

In October 1915, landslides closed the Panama Canal and all American-Hawaiian ships, including Montanan, returned to the Straits of Magellan route again.Cochran and Ginger, p. 361. Montanan{{'}}s exact movements from this time through early 1917 are unclear. She may have been in the half of the American-Hawaiian fleet that was chartered for transatlantic service, or she may have been in the group of American-Hawaiian ships chartered for service to South America, delivering coal, gasoline, and steel in exchange for coffee, nitrates, cocoa, rubber, and manganese ore.Cochran and Ginger, p. 362.

After the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917, the United States Army—needing transports to get its men and materiel to France—had a select committee of shipping executives pore over registries of American shipping. The committee selected Montanan, her sister ship Dakotan, and 12 other American-flagged ships that were sufficiently fast, could carry enough fuel in their bunkers for transatlantic crossings, and, most importantly, were in port or not far at sea.Sharpe, p. 359.Crowell and Wilson, pp. 313–14. After Montanan discharged her last load of cargo, she was officially handed over to the Army on 29 May.

Before troop transportation began, all of the ships were hastily refitted. Of the fourteen ships, four, including Montanan and Dakotan, were designated to carry animals and other cargo; the other ten were designated to carry troops. Ramps and stalls were built on the four ships chosen to carry livestock. Gun platforms were installed on each ship before docking at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, where the guns were put in place.Crowell and Wilson, p. 316.The only exception was for {{SS|Finland}}, an American Line steamer in transatlantic service to Liverpool. Finland had already been outfitted for guns in early 1917. All the ships were crewed by merchant officers and sailors but carried two U.S. Navy officers, Navy gun crews, quartermasters, signalmen, and wireless operators. The senior Navy officer on board would take control if a ship came under attack.Gleaves, p. 102.

The American convoy carrying the first units of the American Expeditionary Force was separated into four groups;The individual groups of the first convoy were typically counted as separate convoys in post-war sources. See, for example, Crowell and Wilson, Appendix G, p. 603. Montanan was in the fourth group with her sister ship Dakotan, Army transports {{USAT|El Occidente||2}} and {{USAT|Edward Luckenbach||2}}, and escorts consisting of cruiser {{USS|St. Louis|C-20|2}}, U.S. Navy transport {{USS|Hancock|AP-3|2}}, and destroyers {{USS|Shaw|DD-68|2}}, {{USS|Ammen|DD-35|2}}, and {{USS|Flusser|DD-20|2}}.Gleaves, p. 38. Montanan departed with her group on the morning of 17 June for Brest, France, steaming at an {{convert|11|knots|mph km/h|abbr=on}} pace.Gleaves, p. 42. A thwarted submarine attack on the first convoy group,Gleaves, pp. 42–43. and reports of heavy submarine activity off of Brest, resulted in a change in the convoy's destination to Saint-NazaireGleaves, p. 45. where the convoy arrived 2 July.Crowell and Wilson, p. 406.

File:USAT Montanan torpedoed.jpg

Montanan departed Saint-Nazaire on 14 July in the company of her convoy mates El Occidente, Dakotan, and Edward Luckenbach. Joining the return trip were Army transport {{USAT|Momus||2}}, Navy armed collier {{USS|Cyclops|AC-4|2}}, Navy oiler {{USS|Kanawha|AO-1|2}}, and cruiser {{USS|Seattle|ACR-11|2}}, the flagship of Rear Admiral Albert Gleaves, the head of the Navy's Cruiser and Transport Force.Gleaves, p. 54.

Sources do not reveal Montanan{{'}}s movements over the next months, but on 1 August 1918, Montanan sailed in Convoy HB-8 with U.S. Navy cargo ships {{USS|West Alsek|ID-3119|2}}, {{USS|West Bridge|ID-2888|2}}, and 13 others for France.{{cite DANFS | author = Naval Historical Center | title = West Alsek | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w5/west_alsek.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070821232417/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w5/west_alsek.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 21 August 2007 | short = on }}{{cite DANFS | author = Naval Historical Center | title = West Bridge | url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/west-bridge.html | short = on }} Escorted by armed yacht {{USS|Noma|SP-131|2}}, destroyers {{USS|Burrows|DD-29|2}} and {{USS|Smith|DD-17|2}}, and French cruiser {{Ship|French cruiser|Marseillaise|1900|2}},{{cite DANFS | last = Mann | title = Burrows | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/b11/burrows-ii.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070712201101/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/b11/burrows-ii.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 12 July 2007 | short = on }} the convoy was {{convert|500|nmi|mi km|-2|abbr=on}} west of its destination of Le Verdon-sur-Mer by the end of the day on 15 August. At sundown, shortly before 18:00, German submarine {{Ship|SM|U-90||2}} launched three torpedoes at Montanan.Crowell and Wilson, pp. 529–30.U-90 had sunk Navy transport {{USS|President Lincoln|1907|6}} in late May. The first two, spotted by lookouts aboard Montanan, missed, but a third, unseen torpedo struck Montanan amidships on her port side, opening a large hole. Montanan began to settle and was abandoned quickly. Two of Montanan{{'}}s Naval Armed Guardsmen drowned when their lifeboat capsized in the heavy seas; three of her civilian crewmen also died in the attack. Montanan{{'}}s 81 survivors were rescued by convoy escort Noma.

Shortly after Montanan was attacked, West Bridge, which had previously developed engine trouble and was drifting, was torpedoed by {{Ship|SM|U-107||2}} and abandoned. By the morning of 16 August both Montanan and West Bridge, with decks awash, were still afloat some {{convert|4|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} apart. Montanan{{'}}s captain and several officers reboarded the ship the next morning for an attempt to get her under tow, but despite their efforts, the ship sank later that morning.{{cite news | title = Dodged 2 of 3 torpedoes | newspaper = The Washington Post | date = 13 September 1918 | page = 5 }}In contrast, a work party from destroyer Smith was able to stabilize West Bridge, and four tugs dispatched from Brest towed that ship safely into port. See: {{cite DANFS | author = Naval Historical Center | title = West Bridge | url = https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/west-bridge.html | short = on }}

{{Reflist|group=Note}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{cite book | author = Bureau of Ordnance | author-link = Bureau of Ordnance | title = Navy Ordnance Activities: World War, 1917–1918 | url = https://archive.org/details/navyordnanceacti00unit | location = Washington, D.C. | publisher = United States Government Printing Office | year = 1920 | oclc = 686627 }}
• {{cite journal | last = Cochran | first = Thomas C. | author-link = Thomas C. Cochran (historian) |author2=Ray Ginger |author2-link=Ray Ginger | title = The American-Hawaiian Steamship Company, 1899–1919 | journal = The Business History Review | volume = 28 | issue = 4 |date=December 1954 | pages = 343–365 | location = Boston | publisher = The President and Fellows of Harvard College | oclc = 216113867 | doi = 10.2307/3111801 | jstor = 3111801 | s2cid = 154716297 }}
• {{cite web|last=Colton |first=Tim |url=http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/1major/inactive/bethsparrowspoint.htm |title=Bethlehem Steel Company, Sparrows Point MD |work=shipbuildinghistory.com |publisher=The Colton Company |access-date=18 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008154823/http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/1major/inactive/bethsparrowspoint.htm |archive-date=8 October 2008 }}
• {{cite book | last = Crowell | first = Benedict | author-link = Benedict Crowell |author2=Robert Forrest Wilson | title = The Road to France: The Transportation of Troops and Military Supplies, 1917–1918 | url = https://archive.org/details/roadtofrancetra02wilsgoog | series = How America Went to War: An Account From Official Sources of the Nation's War Activities, 1917–1920 | location = New Haven | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 1921 | oclc = 18696066 | isbn = 1-143-73956-6 }}
• {{Gleaves}}
• {{cite journal | last = Hovey | first = Edmund Otis | title = The Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Tehuantepec National Railway | journal = Bulletin of the American Geographical Society | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | year = 1907 | pages = 78–91 | location = New York | publisher = American Geographical Society | oclc = 2097765 | doi = 10.2307/198380 | jstor = 198380 }}
• {{cite DANFS | last = Mann | first = Raymond A. | title = Burrows | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/burrows-ii.html | date = 21 November 2005 | access-date = 18 August 2008 }}
• {{cite DANFS | author = Naval Historical Center | author-link = Naval Historical Center | title = Montanan | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/montanan.html | access-date = 18 August 2008 | link = off }}
• {{cite DANFS | author = Naval Historical Center | title = West Alsek | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/west-alsek.html | access-date = 18 August 2008 | link = off }}
• {{cite DANFS | author = Naval Historical Center | title = West Bridge | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/w/west-bridge.html | access-date = 18 August 2008 | link = off }}
• {{cite book | last = Sharpe | first = Henry Granville | author-link = Henry Granville Sharpe | title = The Quartermaster Corps in the Year 1917 in the World War | url = https://archive.org/details/quartermasterco00shargoog | location = New York | publisher = Century Co. | year = 1921 | oclc = 7980339 }}
• {{cite book | last = Warwick | first = Walter W. |author2=Charles M. Foree | title = Decisions of the Comptroller of the Treasury, Volume 22: July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916 | location = Washington, D.C. | publisher = Government Printing Office | year = 1916 | oclc = 1768278 }}

{{Refend}}

• {{cite Uboat.net

|id=4228

|name=Montanan

|type=1ship

}}

{{Coord|46|47|N|13|42|W|display=title}}

{{August 1918 shipwrecks}}

{{Featured article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Montanan}}

Category:Ships built in Sparrows Point, Maryland

Category:Cargo ships of the United States

Category:World War I merchant ships of the United States

Category:World War I auxiliary ships of the United States

Category:Transport ships of the United States Army

Category:Ships sunk by German submarines in World War I

Category:World War I shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean

Category:1913 ships

Category:Maritime incidents in 1918